AMINO-TRIS-（METHYLENEPHOSPHONIC ACID） LAYERS ADSORPTION ON AA6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY

The amino-tri-（methylenephosphonic acid） layers were adsorbed on the surface of AA6061 aluminum alloy for improving the lacquer adhesion and corrosion inhibition as a substitute for chromate coatings. The surface structure and characteristic of the amino-tri-（methylenephosphonic acid） layers on AA6061 aluminum alloy were investigated by means of XPS and ATR-FTIR analysis. The analyzed results showed that the amino-tri-（methylenephosphonic acid） adsorption layers adsorb on the surface of aluminium alloy via acid-base interaction in a bi-dentate conformation. After the amino-tri-（methylenephosphonic acid） layers were coated with epoxy resin, the layers showed good adhesive strength and favorable corrosion resistance in contrast to chromate coatings.     

Influence of processing parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of Ti＋TiC laser clad layer on titanium alloy

Laser cladding experiments were carried out on Ti-6Al-4V alloy with Ti＋33%TiC（volume fraction） powders. Laser processing parameters were studied systematically to investigate the influences on the surface quality. Microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the clad layer were evaluated. The results show that the laser parameter has considerable influence on mierostructure and wear resistance of laser clad layer. With the optimized technical parameters, a clad layer with good surface quality and uniform microstructure was obtained. The microhardness of the clad layer HV0.2 is 1 080, and the wear rate is reduced by 57 times.     

Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Cermet/Iron Alloy Cladding Layers on A6061 Alloy Coated by Resistance Seam Welding Method

Cermet/iron alloy cladding layers were coated on the surface of Al–Mg–Si alloy(A6061) plates by resistance seam welding method with tungsten carbide(WC) and high-carbon iron alloy(SHA) powders.The cladding layer consisted of WC reinforcement,SHA binder,A6061 and Fe Al3.The effect of WC ratio(30 wt%,50 wt% and 70 wt%) on the microstructure and wear behavior of the cladding layers was investigated in detail.Abrasive wear test was performed under two kinds of load condition by using a rubber wheel apparatus to evaluate wear resistance.The results showed that the wear resistance of the cladding layer was improved by 3.5–5 times than that of the substrate.At lower load,the wear resistances of the samples 30% and 70% WC were nearly the same,which suggested that Fe Al3 played an important role in improvement of the wear resistance instead of WC.While at higher load,the amount of WC determined the wear resistance of the cladding layer.Furthermore,wear behavior of these cladding layers was explained with reference to the observed microstructure of the worn surface.     

Study On the Tribological Behavior of the Arc-added Glow Discharge Plasma Non-hydrogen Carburization On Titanium Alloy Surfaces

This paper introduces a new titanium alloys surface strengthening treatment by using the arc-added glow discharge plasmas non-hydrogen carburization technique. High purity and high strength graphite is selected as cooling cathode arc source for supplying carbon atoms and particle, which migrate to the titanium alloy(Ti6Al4V) surface and form modified layer. Thus, the hydrogen embrittlement is avoided while the tfibological behavior of the titanium alloy surface is improved in the respects of anti-friction and anti-wear ability.The tribological behavior of the modified layer under dry sliding against SAE52100 steel was evaluated on a ball-on-disc test rig. The results showed that the modified layer obtained a thickness of 30μm at 980℃, 30minutes. The microhardness of the Ti6Al4V alloy surface attained 936 HV, which was much larger than that of the Ti6AI4V alloy. The Ti6AI4V alloy was characterized by adhesion wear and scuffing under dry sliding against the steel, while the surface modified layer experienced much abated adhesion wear and scuffing under the same testing condition. This could be attributed to the carbon dement with different modalities exists in the modified layer.The modified layer showed good friction-reducing and fair anti-wear ability in dry sliding against the steel. Using the SEM,XRD and XPS, the phase structure and morphology of the carburization modified layer was analyzed.     

GRINDING RESIDUAL STRESS OF CEMENTED CARBIDE

Grinding residual stress in the surface layer of WC-6 Wt—％Co hard alloy was measured by means of X-ray diffraction. The effects of various grinding parameters and treatment processes on the stress were studied. By means of electrolytic etching, the stress distribution along the depths beneath the surface was measured. The relationship between the stress and the service life of the alloy is discussed.     

Microstructure of interaction interface between Al-Si, Zn-Al alloys and Al2O3p／6061Al composite

Interaction behaviors between Al-Si, Zn-Al alloys and Al2O3p/6061Al composite at different heating temperatures were investigated. It is found that Al2O3p/6061Al composite can be wetted well by AlSi-1, AlSi-4 and Zn-Al alloys and an interaction layer forms between the alloy and composite during interaction. Little Al-Si alloys remain on the surface when they fully wet the composite and Si element in Al-Si alloy diffuses into composite entirely and assembles in the composite near the interface of Al-Si alloy/composite to form a Si-rich zone. The mierostrueture in interaction layer with Si penetration is still dense. Much more residual Zn-Al alloy exists on the surface of composite when it wets the composite, and porosities appear at the interface of Zn-Al alloy/composite. The penetration of elements Zn, Cu of Zn-Al alloy into composite leads to the generation of shrinkage cavities in the interaction layer and makes the microstructure of Al2O3p/6061Al composite loose.     

Microstructure of Nitrided Aluminum Alloys Using an Electron-Beam-Excited-Plasma （EBEP）

Nitriding of surface of aluminum alloys was carried out with using an electron-beam-excited-plasma (EBEP) technique. The EBEP is sustained by electron impact ionization with energetic electron beam. Two kinds of substrates,aluminum alloys AA5052 and AA5083, were exposed to the down flow of EBEP source at 843 K for 45min. The specimens were characterized with respect to following properties: crystallographic structure (XRD), morphology (SEM) and the cross sectional microstructures of the nitrided layer was observed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There are some Al2O3 particles on the surface of the nitrided AA5052 and AA5083. The AlN layers were formed on the substrates with the thickness of 4.5μm for AA5052 and 0.5μm for AA5083. A relatively uniform nitrided surface layer composed of AlN can be observed on the AA5052 substrate. The grains size near the interfaces between the substrate and AlN layer were smaller than that near the surface. On the surface of AlN layer, the concentration of nitrogen was high and in the middle of AlN layer it had a constant concentration like the aluminum and the concentration was decreased with approaching to the interface. On the surface of nitrided AA5083, a uniform AlN layer was not formed as the reason for the high nitriding temperature.     

Analysis of Oxides Formed on the Surface of the Alloy 690 in Hydrogenated Supercritical Water

The oxides formed on the surface of the alloy 690 in hydrogenated supercritical water at 400℃ for 1000 h were investigated using scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The oxides on me surface of the alloy 690 exhibited multi-layer structure:an outer layer consisted of granular crystallites(NiO and NiFe_2O_4) and a compact inner layer(spinel and Cr_2O_3).Chemical analysis indicated that the outer layer was enriched in nickel but depleted in chromium,whereas the inner layer was enriched in chromium and iron but depleted in nickel.The inner layer was also characterized as layered structure by Fe-rich spinel on top of continuous Cr_2O_3 layer.Besides,Cr_2O_3 nodules were readily observed at the oxides/alloy interface.     

A photocatalytic reaction kinetics model based on electrical double layer theory（I）——Surface complexation model at TiO2／water interface

The kinetics of photocatalysis can be usually described by Langmiur-Hinshelwood adsorption expression.The adsorption can be greatly influenced by the surface properties of photocatalyst.Triple layer model(TML) was chosen to describe the surface adsorption of TiO2 based on electrical double layer(EDL theory at the TiO2/water interface.And through the potentiometric titration the parameters of TLM were determined by the extrapolation method and Fiteql3.1 software.The results show that surface complexation dominates the surface charge and the numerical calculation fits the experiment dtat satisfactorily.     

Microstructure characteristics of as-surface nanocrystallized 1420 aluminum alloy by high-energy shot peening

A nanostructured surface layer was fabricated on 1420 aluminum alloy by high-energy shot peening.Microstructures were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscope(HRTEM), and microhardness measurement was conducted along the depth from top surface layer to matrix of the sample peened for 30 rain. The results show that a nanocrystalline layer about 20μm in thickness is formed on the surface of the sample after high-energy shot peening, in which the grain size is changed from about 20 nm to 100 nm. In the surface layer of 20-50μm in depth, the microstructure consists of submicron grains. The surface nanocrystallization is accomplished by dislocation slip. The microhardness of the top surface nanostructured layer is enhanced obviously after high-energy shot peening(HESP) compared with that of the coarse-grained matrix.     

The effect of an addition of Sc and Zr on the precipitation behavior of AA6061 alloy

The effect of an addition of Sc and Zr on the precipitation behavior of AA6061 alloy was investigated. AA6061 alloy containing Sc and Zr showed different age hardening behavior compared to unadulterated AA6061 alloy. The hardness of the AA6061 alloy peaked when aged for 5 h at 190 °C due to the formation of β″ phases, whereas that of AA6061 alloy containing Sc and Zr peaked at 12 h of aging, and was greater than that of AA6061 alloy when aged for 24 h to 36 h. Thermally stable Al₃(Sc, Zr) phases with a L1₂ structure and low density of β″ phases were found in the Sc- and Zr-added AA6061 alloy aged for 5 h at 190 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the precipitation rate of the β″ phases was retarded by the addition of Sc and Zr to AA6061 alloy.     

Quantitative analysis of influence of α-Al(MnFeCr)Si dispersoids on hot deformation and microstructural evolution of Al-Mg-Si alloys

The microstructural evolution of AA6061 and Mn-bearing Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys was studied by compression tests that were carried out between 300 and 500°C with a wide range of strain rates. Compared to the AA6061 alloy, the large amount of α-Al(MnFeCr)Si dispersoids in the Mn-bearing alloy yielded a significant increase in the flow stress under all deformation conditions. The effects of the deformation parameters on the evolution of the microstructure were studied using electronic backscatter diffraction measurements. The predominant softening mechanism of both alloys was dynamic recovery. The presence of α dispersoids in Mn-bearing alloys effectively refined the size of substructures with misorientation angles in the range of 2°-5°, which retarded the dynamic recovery. To predict the subgrain size under various deformation conditions, the threshold stresses that were caused by α dispersoids were calculated by the modified Orowan equation and incorporated into a conventional constitutive equation. The subgrain size that was predicted by the modified constitutive equation showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental measurements.     

Corrosion Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded 6061 Aluminum and HT590 Steel

Corrosion properties of dissimilar friction stir welded 6061 aluminum and HT590 steel were investigated to understand effects of galvanic corrosion. As cathode when coupled, HT590 was cathodically protected. However, the passivation of AA6061 made the aluminum alloy cathode temporarily, which leaded to corrosion of HT590. From the EIS analysis showing Warburg diffusion plot in Nyquist plots, it can be inferred that the stable passivation layer was formed on AA6061. However, the weld as well as HT590 did not show Warburg diffusion plot in Nyquist plots, suggesting that there was no barrier for corrosion or even if it exists, the barrier had no function for preventing and/or retarding charge transport through the passivation layer. The open circuit potential measurements showed that the potential of the weld was similar to that of HT590, which lied in the pitting region for AA6061, making the aluminum alloy part of the weld keep corrosion state. That resulted in the cracked oxide film on AA6061 of the weld, which could not play a role of corrosion barrier.     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

海洋环境中铝合金表面改性涂层的电化学性能

目的对换热管用6061铝合金表面进行改性防护,研究一种在其表面具有牺牲性阳极保护效果且腐蚀速率小的涂层材料。方法采用线材火焰喷涂工艺在6061铝合金表面制备不同成分的锌铝涂层,分别为纯Zn、Zn50、Al95、Al、Al-RE共5种涂层,使用SEM、EDS、XRD分析测试方法对涂层形貌及成分进行分析,并测定涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的Tafel曲线。结果相同参数下在铝合金表面制备的涂层表观质量良好,无明显缺陷,符合热喷涂对于涂层质量的要求。常温环境下,Zn、Zn50、Al95、Al、Al-RE涂层的电位比6061铝合金的电位更负,5种涂层对6061铝合金都具有阳极性保护层的作用。结论从腐蚀电流和腐蚀电位考虑,Al95、Al-RE作为牺牲性阳极保护涂层的作用会更好。     

Friction welding of Al–Mg–Si alloy to Ni–Cr–Mo low alloy steel

Abstract

It is difficult to weld the dissimilar material combination of aluminium alloys and low alloy steels using fusion welding processes, on account of the formation of a brittle interlayer composed of intermetallic compound phases and the significant difference in physical and mechanical properties. In the present work an attempt has been made to join these materials via the friction welding method, i.e. one of the solid phase joining processes. In particular, the present paper describes the optimisation of friction welding parameters so that the intermetallic layer is narrow and joints of acceptable quality can be produced for a dissimilar joint between Al-Mg-Si alloy (AA6061) and Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel, using a design of experiment method. The effect of post-weld heat treatment on the tensile strength of the joints was then clarified. It was concluded that the friction time strongly affected the joint tensile strength, the latter decreasing rapidly with increasing friction time. The highest strength was achieved using the shortest friction time. The highest joint strength was greater than that of the AA6061 substrate in the as welded condition. This is due to the narrow width of the brittle intermetallic layer generated, which progressed from the peripheral (outer surface) region to the centreline region of the joint with increasing friction time. The joints in the as welded condition could be bent without cracking in a bend test. The joint tensile strength in the as welded condition was increased by heat treatment at 423 K (150° C), and then it decreased when the heat treatment temperature exceeded 423 K. All joints fractured in the AA6061 substrate adjacent to the interface except for the joints heated at 773 K (500° C). The joints fractured at the interface because of the occurrence of a brittle intermetallic compound phase.     

Optimizing pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding parameters of AA6061 aluminium alloy using Hooke and Jeeves algorithm

Though the preferred welding process to weld aluminium alloy is frequently constant current gas tungsten arc welding （CCGTAW）, it resulted in grain coarsening at the fusion zone and heat affected zone（HAZ）. Hence, pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding（PCGTAW） was performed, to yield finer fusion zone grains, which leads to higher strength of AA6061 （Al-Mg-Si） aluminium alloy joints. In order to determine the most influential control factors which will yield minimum fusion zone grain size and maximum tensile strength of the joints, the traditional Hooke and Jeeves pattern search method was used. The experiments were carried out based on central composite design with 31 runs and an algorithm was developed to optimize the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The results indicate that the peak current （Ip） and base current （IB） are the most significant parameters, to decide the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of the AA6061 aluminum alloy joints.     

Corrosion properties of Nd:YAG laser-GMA hybrid welded AA6061 Al alloy and its microstructure

The paper presents the corrosion behaviour of the Nd:YAG laser-gas metal arc (GMA) welds of AA6061-T6 alloy. The laser-GMA hybrid welding enhances the corrosion susceptibility of AA6061 alloy. The surface morphology observation and composition analysis were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. An increasing of the precipitate phase is observed in the weld fusion zone (WFZ). The WFZ suffers more severe pitting and cracks are associated with pitting. It is proposed that the increased precipitate phase increases the galvanic corrosion couples and results in the aggravation of pitting and cracking in the WFZ.     

The role of silicon in the corrosion of AA6061 aluminium alloy laser weldments

The galvanic corrosion temporal increase observed on examination of the weld fusion zone (WFZ) of AA6061 laser weldments in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution cannot be attributed to electron tunnelling as the surface oxide layer is too thick, or the presence of Cl⁻ within the surface layer as this element was not found to be present. Aluminium alloy and WFZ galvanic and surface analyses indicate that the cathodic WFZ corrosion characteristics are due to increases in silicate concentrations in the surface oxide layer, leading to increased ionic and/or p-type semi-conductor conductivity, intermetallic concentrations and surface area.