液压作动筒裂纹分析

某型发动机液压作动筒在打压和试车阶段发现泄漏,检查发现焊缝处存在裂纹。利用微距照相机和扫描电镜对液压作动筒裂纹外观、裂纹断口进行宏微观观察,并用能谱仪进行成分分析,利用金相显微镜和显微硬度计对作动筒进行了组织与硬度检测。结果表明：液压作动筒受到应力腐蚀作用,在打压试验或试车前期就萌生裂纹,造成早期失效;建议严格控制焊缝背面余高和尖角过渡,同时从作动筒清洗等工序查找腐蚀介质来源并加以控制。     

20钢热水管焊缝爆裂的失效分析

采用宏观形貌、金相组织和断口观察以及成分分析和力学性能测定等方法,分析了某20钢高温输水管爆裂的原因.结果表明,断裂失效发生在焊缝部位,焊缝组织存在明显蠕变现象,断口起裂处具有典型脆性断裂特征,裂纹内有腐蚀产物,属于典型应力腐蚀裂纹.裂纹扩展后期近外表面处具有蠕变疲劳裂纹特征.应力腐蚀裂纹是该热水管爆裂失效的主要原因.     

烟气轮机动叶片失效分析

对某型号失效的烟气轮机动叶片进行了断口和裂纹源区形貌、金相组织观察及化学成分分析,结果表明:高温硫腐蚀和局部应力偏高是导致动叶片裂纹萌生的主要原因,使用过程中的腐蚀疲劳最终导致其断裂失效.      

换热器波纹管失效分析

某种换热器的主要换热元件波纹管使用后发生严重损坏。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线能谱（EDS）等手段对失效波纹管进行断口宏、微观分析、能谱分析、金相检验及化学成分分析,以确定其失效原因。结果表明：该波纹管的失效性质为应力腐蚀,波纹管断口形貌以沿晶断裂为主,断口上可见明显的腐蚀产物,断口内壁有明显的腐蚀坑和由腐蚀坑发展的裂纹,能谱分析结果表明断口腐蚀产物中含有一定量的S和Cl元素;分析认为波纹管在加工过程中的残余应力和使用环境中的Cl-是导致其发生应力腐蚀的主要原因,此外材料中Cr含量偏低也是导致其发生应力腐蚀的另一原因。     

压缩机进口处金属波纹软管爆裂失效分析

压缩机进口处金属软管在正常运行条件下发生爆裂失效,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、EDS分析等方法对爆裂软管不同区域进行微观组织、裂纹形貌以及腐蚀产物进行分析。结果表明,金属软管化学成分满足牌号要求,组织为正常的奥氏体+少量析出相。波纹管底部存在环向裂纹,裂纹起裂于内壁面,以穿晶方式向外壁面扩展。环向微观断口呈解理台阶特征,纵向微观断口呈韧窝塑性破坏特征,断口处腐蚀产物含有较多的C、O和Fe元素,以及少量的S、Cl、Ca等元素。波纹金属软管的失效是因为波纹管内壁波谷处率先发生了氯化物应力腐蚀开裂,纵向裂纹为环向裂纹扩展失稳后产生的。     

电站锅炉水冷壁管腐蚀疲劳断口分析

对锅炉水冷壁开裂管样断口特征和断裂机理进行分析,结果表明裂纹源区于腐蚀坑,在扩展区可见疲劳弧线、腐蚀产物和腐蚀坑,局部区域可见疲劳条带和二次裂纹;在锅炉启停过程中,准解理型和韧窝型断口形貌特征交替出现;水冷壁管的腐蚀疲劳失效为交变温差应力与腐蚀介质共同作用的结果.     

发动机带管路液压作动筒裂纹分析

由1Cr11Ni2W2MoV马氏体热强不锈钢经电子束焊接的发动机带管路液压作动筒,在焊后打压时或工厂试车后多次出现漏油故障。为了研究其失效机理,采用宏观检查、金相分析、断口观察、硬度测试等方法对作动筒材料、焊接工艺、焊接质量进行研究,并开展了相关试验。结果表明:作动筒焊缝裂纹是由于电子束焊设备出现了不稳定现象引起的;改用其他设备焊接裂纹不再产生。     

合成氨装置脱氧器/酸气气提器材料的失效原因分析

某化肥厂合成氨装置中的脱氧器/酸气气提器筒体泄露。对该筒体材料的成分、显微组织、腐蚀状况、裂纹及断口进行了分析。结果表明,该筒体材质为316L不锈钢,失效的原因是Cl-在筒体内局部富集发生点蚀,进而引发材料的应力腐蚀开裂。此外筒体内的酸性介质H2S、CO2、HCOOH和CO、O2等加速了应力腐蚀裂纹的扩展。鉴于本工艺条件,建议对设备材料进行升级。     

316L奥氏体不锈钢非对称载荷下的疲劳与循环塑性行为

对316L奥氏体不锈钢非对称拉-拉疲劳载荷作用下的疲劳和循环塑性行为进行研究。通过疲劳寿命、循环应变幅、平均应变、平均应变率和失效应变的差异划分高、低应力区:在高应力区,平均应变、平均应变率和失效应变大,存在显著的循环塑性变形,疲劳寿命短;在低应力区,循环塑性变形累积有限,疲劳寿命显著增加。通过失效区域的显微组织观察和断口分析发现:在高应力区断口附近产生了大量的孔洞,断口以韧窝为主要特征;在低应力区存在疲劳裂纹,其扩展方向垂直于加载方向,断口由起裂点、疲劳裂纹扩展区、过渡区和快速断裂区组成。316L奥氏体不锈钢高应力区为循环塑性变形主导区,失效形式为循环塑性累积产生的韧性失效;低应力区为疲劳主导区,失效形式为疲劳裂纹扩展失效。     

补焊长度对304不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响

通过慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),研究了不同补焊长度的304不锈钢补焊试样在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:所有试样的断裂位置均处在靠近补焊起点处。试样的宏观断口可明显区分为焊缝区、热影响区和母材三个区域,焊缝区断口形貌呈均匀分布的等轴韧窝,未发现应力腐蚀现象;热影响区断口呈现典型的准解理形貌,属于脆性断裂;母材具有一定的应力腐蚀倾向,且补焊长度越大,母材的应力腐蚀特征越为明显。     

长管拖车气瓶声发射检测技术

为发现长管拖车气瓶实际使用中存在的裂纹、腐蚀等危险缺陷,保障长管拖车的安全运行,根据长管拖车气瓶结构、尺寸和材料特点,制定了相应的声发射检测方案。加工了裂纹和腐蚀减薄等人工缺陷,对长管拖车气瓶进行了整体声发射检测试验。模拟了裂纹、线腐蚀、点腐蚀和面腐蚀等四种不同缺陷的监测过程和定位结果,并对这些声发射源的定位、分布和关联特性分别进行了分析。     

1Cr17Ni2钢制气瓶瓶体裂纹原因分析

2件1Cr17Ni2钢制氮气气瓶使用前经水检、气检和疲劳等试验后发现气瓶瓶体存在漏点。通过宏微观形貌观察、能谱分析、金相检查和硬度测试等手段,结合气瓶的加工及热处理工艺,确定了气瓶裂纹的性质和原因。结果表明:2个气瓶裂纹的性质均为应力腐蚀开裂,建议调整气瓶焊接后的退火温度,降低其应力腐蚀敏感性,并建议对焊接过程进行全方位控制,防止焊接电极接触瓶体等不规范操作行为。     

腐蚀环境下自冲铆接头竞争失效机制及力学性能分析

为研究腐蚀环境下自冲铆接头失效模式的转变机理和力学性能特征,采用0.6 mol/L的NaCl溶液对多组自冲铆接头进行周浸腐蚀试验,通过力学测试和扫描电子显微镜对接头的力学性能及失效模式进行分析. 结果表明,异质接头的失效模式随腐蚀周期延长由 Ⅰ 向 Ⅲ 转变,转变速率取决于接头材质,同质接头的失效模式不受腐蚀周期的影响. 短期腐蚀下,搭接区板间腐蚀产物使得同质和异质接头失效载荷均有所上升;异质接头上升幅度较大,腐蚀后期其失效载荷较同质接头损失严重. 异质接头稳定性较差,凸模制备的同质组合接头较平模稳定性好. 异质接头电化学腐蚀剧烈,下板铆接点底部材料的脱落由应力集中所产生的撕裂纹所致.     

Plasma nitriding of 42CrMo low alloy steels at anodic or cathodic potentials

The nitriding of low alloy steel has been carried out at anodic potential in a space enclosed by an active screen that consists of two cylinders with different diameter. These two cylinders made up a hollow cathode in a discharge system. The difference in diameter of the two cylinders is about 8-10 mm to maintain strong discharge between them. They can also be heated rapidly to the required temperature for treatment. The sample to be nitrided was held at the same potential as that of the anode used in the discharge and heated through heat radiation from the hot cylinders and by electron bombardment. Electrons bombarded the surface of the sample even though the intensity of bombardment was low because of the anodic sheath. To illustrate the effect of the anodic potential on the nitriding a comparison was made between nitriding at anodic and cathodic potential (general plasma nitriding). The phase composition, the compound layer thickness and the surface topography of the nitrided layer, as well as its properties, were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness tester. In particular, the corrosion properties of the untreated and plasma nitrided samples were evaluated using anodic polarization tests in 3.5% NaCl solution. The results showed that anodic plasma nitriding not only increased the surface hardness but also improved the corrosion resistance of the low alloy steel.     

Discussion of paper: The peeling of the zinc layer in galvanised coatings

Abstract

Copper is basically a corrosion resistant metal in a wide variety of environments and many copper alloys are available to make possible the selection of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance appropriate to many industrial applications. Some more recent methods of enhancing the corrosion resistance of copper metals are described, including the use of corrosion inhibitors such as benzotriazole, and the protection of copper alloy condenser tubes by iron corrosion products.

Cathodic protection techniqueseither with impressed current or with the use of aluminium anodes are effective in preventing the corrosion of copper domestic water cylinders in areas having particularly aggressive water supplies. The possibilities of water treatment are also discussed.

Finally, the resistance of copper to atmospheric corrosion is described with particular reference to the development of artificial patination processes as well as the maintenance of the original surface appearance through the use of protective lacquers.     

主成分分析和小波神经网络在气缸疲劳失效预测中的应用

对气缸疲劳失效的预测一方面可以为基于状态的维修(CBM)提供重要参考,保证系统可靠运行,另一方面可以在设计过程中针对性地提供所需的寿命值,防止气缸冗余设计。常用的基于失效样本的预测方法由于样本数据量相当有限使得所建立的预测模型不具有说服力。通过主成分分析法(PCA)和小波神经网络(WNN)建立了一种失效预测方法,并将其运用于气缸性能失效的预测。利用主成分分析法处理气缸运行过程中监测得到的多维性能参数,在保留信息完整性的条件下选择出尽量少的主成分。对样本数据进行合理分组作为小波神经网络的输入。采用遗传算法(GA)来获取小波神经网络的初始权值和阈值;对小波神经网络进行训练和测试,完成对气缸性能失效预测;实验结果表明这种方法在气缸的疲劳失效预测方面具有令人满意的效果。     

Modeling the cracking of cover concrete due to non-uniform corrosion of reinforcement

In situations when external chloride penetration is the cause of depassivation, the corrosion process may start from the outer region of a rebar, which might expand non-uniformly. Therefore, the main objective of the present work is to explore the effect of non-uniform corrosion on cracking behavior of cover concrete. The influences of concrete heterogeneities and the porous layer generated at the rebar/concrete interface on the failure patterns and the corrosion level of cover concrete are considered. The random aggregate structures of concrete are built, and the concrete is regarded as a composite composed of three phases, i.e. the aggregate, mortar matrix, and the interfacial transition zones (ITZs). The plasticity damaged model is employed to describe the mechanical properties of the mortar matrix and the ITZs, and it is assumed that the aggregate is elastic. Non-uniform radial displacement with a half ellipse shape is adopted to describe the expansion distribution of the corrosion products. The failure pattern and the corrosion pressure of cover concrete, and the critical corrosion level when the cover concrete cracks due to non-uniform corrosion expansion are studied based on the meso-scale numerical method. The comparison of the simulation results with the available test results on the failure pattern of cover concrete shows fairly good agreement. Moreover, the influence of meso-structural heterogeneities is explored, and the cracking behavior obtained under non-uniform and uniform expansion conditions are compared. Finally, the influences of cover thickness, rebar diameter and the location of rebar (namely side-located rebar and corner-located rebar), on the failure pattern and the corrosion level are examined.     

Electrochemical corrosion parameters for active and passive reinforcing steel in carbonated and sound concrete

The electrochemical corrosion parameters, such as corrosion potential, corrosion current density, and the Tafel constants are necessary inputs for the corrosion modeling in reinforced concrete. Literature shows large variability in their values, whereas the data are scarce for the carbonated concrete. This paper presents a range of corrosion parameters for the active steel in carbonated and the passive steel in noncarbonated concrete. Forty-eight singly reinforced concrete cylinders were cast, of which 24 were carbonated and the others were sound samples. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained at three different scan rates and extrapolated to extract the corrosion parameters. To validate these parameters, a macrocell corrosion system was simulated using FEM-based Comsol multiphysics® software. The numerical results were compared to two experimental studies. A natural dispersion in the values of corrosion parameters for both active and passive steels was observed. The average Stern–Geary constant was 54 and 47 mV for active and passive steels, respectively. Numerical simulations with the obtained parameters predicted the macrocell corrosion in partially carbonated concrete with a high accuracy. The presented values of corrosion parameters in this study could help researchers and engineers to simulate the corrosion phenomena in concrete accurately.