铝合金方形管件液压胀形成形性的有限元模拟和实验研究

管材液压胀形件的变形复杂,难以确定其最佳成形路径。着眼于A6063铝合金方形管件的液压胀形,探索可以提高其成形性的最佳加载路径。使用ABAQUS EXPLICIT软件,对管材液压胀形过程进行有限元模拟,分析轴向和圆周方向的应变,假定管材在液压胀形中为平面应力状态,使用由S-R理论得出的FLD对不同应变路径下的管材液压胀形的成形性进行评价,并在此基础上确定最佳加载路径。为了验证理论结果的有效性,使用直径为Φ40 mm、厚度为2 mm的A6063铝合金管进行了实验研究,实验结果和理论预测基本一致。     

金属薄壁管液压胀形极限测试装置的试验研究

分析了金属薄壁管液压胀形中胀形区截面节点的应力和应变状态,分别针对轴向进给力F的作用大于或小于液压力P的作用,金属薄壁管胀形区截面节点的应变状态分别对应成形极限图的左侧和右侧应变状态,开发1套能实现胀形区截面节点不同应变状态的金属薄壁管液压胀形极限测试装置,通过示例,获得了简单加载路径下金属薄壁管液压胀形成形极限图。     

遗传算法结合有限元模拟对液压胀形加载路径的优化

加载路径对液压胀形件的最终质量有着至关重要的影响。在优化加载路径的过程中,设计变量的取值区间对模拟时间的减少及最优解的收敛有重要的意义。文章根据塑性理论分析,给出了管形件液压胀形过程中弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段及贴模阶段的轴向喂入量及内压力的工程计算表达式。选取应力比为优化变量,依据屈服准则,得出了胀形过程中合理的变量区间。利用有限元软件包、优化算法及工程计算表达式,得到了液压胀形最优的加载路径。实验结果和有限元模拟结果一致性较好,该方法为轴对称件的加载路径优化提供了新的思路。     

铝合金Ω形波纹管轴向低压压形工艺

为了得到具有大直径大膨胀率且壁厚减薄小的铝合金Ω形波纹管,提出了一种轴向低压压形工艺,其核心思想是通过合理匹配成形内压与轴向进给间的关系来提高波纹管的成形质量。同时,通过实验与数值模拟分析结合的方式,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立了波纹管轴向低压压形过程的有限元模型,并基于波纹管轴向低压压形过程中的等效应力及壁厚分布情况,分析了3种不同加载路径对波纹管成形过程的影响,获得了成形内压与轴向进给间最佳的匹配关系。结果表明,由加载路径3阶梯形匹配关系所得波纹管的形状精度高,最大减薄率为12.1%,验证了工艺的可行性。     

工艺参数对双层304不锈钢波纹管液压胀形的影响

为提高波纹管的成形质量以及合理选取胀形工艺参数,基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS模拟304不锈钢双层波纹管液压胀形过程,并利用实验验证了有限元模型的正确性。基于建立的模型,研究了内压力、模具行程、挤压速度和加载路径对波纹管成形的影响。结果表明,影响双层波纹管液压胀形壁厚减薄和波高的主要工艺参数为内压力和模具行程;随着内压力和模具行程的增大,最大壁厚减薄率和波高均线性增大,且内外层壁厚差值增大;过大的内压和挤压速度会导致波高不均匀性增大;降低起波阶段内压力及在成形初期施加轴向进给的加载路径有利于减小波纹管的减薄率。最后,通过双层波纹管的液压胀形实验验证了数值模拟的正确性。     

轴向补料对双金属薄壁管冲击液压成形影响的研究

双金属薄壁管冲击液压胀形技术是在液压胀形与冲压成形基础上发展起来的一种复合成形技术。为了获取更好的成形质量，在液压预成形与冲击液压成形相结合的基础上，通过改变液压预成形的加载路径实现双金属薄壁管成形。介绍双金属薄壁管冲击液压成形原理及内管轴向补料方案；利用Dynaform有限元分析内管轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管壁厚分布的影响，获得轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管成形规律；同时，分析内管轴向补料距离对管材中截面的对角线长度变化影响规律，从而获得内管轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管填充性的影响。通过液压预成形阶段加载路径的研究，探明了轴向补料对双金属薄壁管成形规律的影响，为冲击液压载荷作用下的双金属薄壁管成形提供理论与应用支撑。     

基于均匀增容的大变径比管件液压胀形加载路径研究

目前液压胀形加载路径设计多属于试错法,路径调试缺乏系统的指导思想,没有量化的反馈,因此,提出了基于均匀增容的液压胀形加载路径的设计方法。以管坯内部容积随轴向推进量线性均匀变化为目标,将整个液压胀形过程分为若个子步,通过调整每一子步的管坯内部压力,使每一子步的管坯内部容积沿均匀增容线变化,得到液压胀形管件。以某大型汽车桥壳管件预成形管坯为例,通过数值模拟得到了均匀增容的加载路径,给出了基于均匀增容线的合理成形区间,进行了生产试验,得到了外形轮廓清晰、壁厚减薄率满足设计要求的合格样件,试验结果表明:基于均匀增容的液压胀形加载路径适用于实际生产,样件成品率高、成形性好。     

超薄壁不锈钢波纹管件液压成形工艺研究

为了解决传统拼焊制造超薄壁不锈钢波纹管弹性差、寿命短、易破裂等问题，采用液压成形技术成形超薄壁不锈钢波纹管件。针对超薄壁不锈钢波纹管件截面形状复杂以及管壁易失稳起皱破裂的成形难点，设计了不同的加载路径。利用CATIA进行建模，使用Dynaform有限元分析软件进行数值模拟。基于波纹管成形过程中的波高与壁厚减薄情况研究了模具间隙、预胀形内压和整形压力对成形质量的影响规律。试验结果表明，对于复杂异形截面的填充，管内压强和轴向进给的增大有利于材料流动进入圆角区域以及管坯与模具的贴合。对于内径Φ50 mm,壁厚0.4 mm的复杂截面波纹管，预胀形内压7.5 MPa,整形压力20 MPa,轴向进给为20 mm为最佳参数匹配。开展了相关试验，验证了模拟结果与试验结果相符，获得的波纹管满足尺寸与性能的需求。     

圆管液压成形过程有限元模拟及失效分析研究

选择圆管中间膨胀的液压成形为研究对象.应用LS-DYNA软件,实现圆管液压胀形的模拟仿真过程,为具体的成形实验提供了参考.管件液压成形过程的三种主要的失效形式有弯曲、褶皱、破裂,而液压成形控制中最主要的参数就是压力,轴向给进力以及材料性质.研究中针对不同加载路径所得到的不同成形效果与失效进行分析,得到的模拟结果与相同条件下的真实实验结果比较接近.研究表明,成形工艺中加载路径(内压力与轴向给进的配比关系)的重要性,同时也说明了该液压成形模拟仿真具有一定的准确性.     

微小管轴向超声辅助液压成形装置的设计与开发

针对现有的超声振动液压成形装置中振动主要施加在模具上、振动能量传递路径长、结构复杂等特点,开发了一种将振动直接作用于管材的微小管轴向超声辅助液压成形装置,可在普通压力机上进行超声和常规的轴压胀形。该装置选用标准模架作为轴向进给机构,结构简单、成本低,通过设计耦合了变幅杆功能和密封结构的一体化工具头,将超声振动顺利叠加在轴压胀形过程中,并以TP2无缝内螺纹铜管为试验材料进行了相关试验。结果表明:该装置拆装方便、操作简单,振动的加载降低了对成形过程中轴压载荷和液压力的要求,加强了材料的轴向流动。     

新型管材冲击液压成形装置的设计

针对常规的管材液压成形技术需要昂贵的专用设备及模具、生产效率低等不足,开发了一种简单实用、可在冲床或压力机上使用的管材冲击液压成形装置,可用于薄壁金属管材的自然胀形、轴压胀形和异形截面中空件的冲击液压成形。该装置无需外部高压供给系统和专用液压成形设备,通过撞击轴压头挤压容腔中液体的方式来为管材提供液压力和轴压力。通过设计轴压头的行程和调节溢流阀的溢流压力值等来实现最大液压力和轴向进给量的合理匹配,并以304不锈钢毛细管和H65黄铜毛细管为试验管材做了相关试验。研究结果表明:该装置结构简单、操作方便;可实现最大液压力与轴向进给量的协调控制;合理的载荷匹配能显著地提高管材冲击液压成形的成形性能;H65黄铜毛细管破裂时所需的液压力小于304不锈钢毛细管破裂时所需的液压力。     

A simple experimental tooling with internal pressure source used for evaluation of material formability in tube hydroforming

Material properties have powerful impact on the tube hydroforming (THF) process and the quality of the deformed tube, so it is important to select proper materials and evaluate the material formability prior to conducting the process. A simplified and applied tooling, which has no use for any external hydraulic pressure source but internal one, was designed for charactering the material formability in THF. A pressurized-fluid supplier is automatically established to provide the internal pressure and axial load synchronously required for THF, and the ratio of the two loads is achieved by proper design of the supplier. As a stand-alone hydraulic bulging fixture, the tooling can be worked on a conventional press, even on a single action press. Free bulge forming (FBF), bulge forming with axial loading (BFAL), free and restrained bulge forming (free and fixed ends) can be fulfilled by the tooling, and furthermore, bulge forming with proportional loading to some extend can be realized. Comparative bulge forming experiments under various forming conditions were carried out with the tooling to validate this project and the results suggest that restrained conditions on the tube ends highly affect the FBF, while the ratio of the two loads dominates the BFAL.     

Deformation characteristics during Y-shaped tube hydroforming of 6061 aluminum alloy

To manufacture lightweight tube components for aerospace oil circuit systems, an experiment was run to investigate the deformation characteristics on Y-shaped tube hydroforming of 6061 aluminum alloy. Both strain state and metallurgical structure indicate that there are four kinds of prevailing defects during Y-shaped tube hydroforming: bursting, lack of cylindricity, wrinkling, and thinning due to the poor plastic property of 6061 aluminum alloy. The danger of bursting prevails at the early stage of the operation as a result of excessively high internal pressure. In contrast, wrinkling prevails after the middle stage of the operation as a result of excessively axial feeding and cannot be eliminated during subsequent deformation. Lack of cylindricity is mainly because of insufficient axial feeding and internal pressure but can be eliminated by increasing internal pressure. Elongation and compression deformations are originated on protrusion and main pipe of Y-shape tube respectively all the way through the bulging process. Consequently, minimum and maximum thicknesses are at the top of protrusion and the bottom of Y-shape tube respectively, which induces a V-shape borderline of thickness distribution. According to the excessive plastic deformation, microstructure evolution is originated. Crystal grain of protrusion is elongated and its grain size is about 150 μm. In contrast, crystal grain of the middle zone of main tube is refined greatly, which grain size is 50 μm, decreased by 75%. These are useful to improve the component.     

异型变径管内高压成形有限元模拟

通过建立相应的内高压成形有限元模拟模型,用Dynaform有限元分析软件进行模拟分析,研究了异型变径管成形的工艺特点、变形特征及成形参数对成形质量的影响。模拟结果表明,当变径管直径变化率较大时,自由胀形很难成形出理想成品,需采用轴向补料。采用合适的内压加载路径与轴向补料的配合方式能够显著控制起皱、破裂缺陷的产生,使较复杂的异型变径管顺利成形,成形质量较好。     

Influence of axial feeding on the growth of circumferential thickness deviation in free hydraulic bulging

Loading paths (hereafter referred as LPs) that consist of internal pressure and axial feeding are important manufacturing conditions in tube hydroforming. Among the factors that affect LP design, friction between the forming die and tube causes the most difficulty due to its complicated characteristics. Although there is no friction, a number of issues with LP design remain. In this study, free hydraulic bulging (hereafter FHB) with internal pressure and axial feeding is investigated. In FHB, tubes are freely expended without friction. It has been shown that axial feeding affects the circumferential thickness distribution in the tube periphery. The tubes in this study are straight seamless tubes. Seamless tubes typically have predictable thickness deviations resulting from their manufacturing processes. In general, the degree of thickness deviation will increase as the tube expands. A FEM simulator is used to analyze the mechanism of the growth of thickness deviation.     

一种新型管材液压胀形装置的设计

开发了一种简单实用、可在单动压力机上使用的管材液压胀形装置,用于薄壁金属管材的自由胀形、轴压胀形和异形截面中空件的液压胀形.该装置不需要复杂的外部供液系统,通过增压活塞挤压缸体中液体的方式来为管材成形提供液压力和轴向力,通过设计增压缸体和控制增压活塞的行程等来实现两个载荷的合理匹配.试验表明,该装置结构简单、操作方便、工作可靠;合理的载荷匹配能显著地提高管材液压胀形的成形性能.     

反胀压力对铝合金球底筒形件充液拉深过程的影响

充液拉深工艺是一种先进的板材柔性成形方法。结合航天部件的实际需求,通过数值模拟的方法,对5A06铝合金球底筒形零件的初始反胀充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。应用基于LS-DYNA3D内核的动力显示分析软件eta/Dynaform5.5,分析了液室初始反胀压力与液室压力对零件壁厚分布以及起皱、拉裂等缺陷的影响规律,讨论了反胀压力与液室压力的匹配关系,得到了合理的加载区间。结果表明,采用优化的初始反胀压力和液室压力耦合加载条件,可以有效的抑制零件球底部的过度减薄,控制悬空区的内皱,提高零件成形质量。     

Wrinkling behavior of magnesium alloy tube in warm hydroforming

In tube hydroforming with axial feeding, under the effect of coupled internal pressure and axial stress, wrinkles often occur and affect the forming results. Wrinkling behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy tube was experimentally investigated with different loading paths at different temperatures. Features of wrinkles, including shape, radius and width, were acquired from the experiments, as well as the thickness distribution. Numerical simulations were carried out to reveal the stress state during warm hydroforming, and then the strain history of material at the top and bottom of the wrinkles were analyzed according to the stress tracks and yielding ellipse. Finally, effects of loading paths on expansion ratio limit of warm hydroforming were analyzed. It is verified that at a certain temperature, expansion ratio limit can be increased obviously by applying a proper loading path and realizing enough axial feeding.     

复杂薄壁微小截面环形件的充液成形技术研究

针对具有微小特征尺寸的复杂薄壁环形零件提出了轴向进给与充液胀形相结合的多级充液成形工艺方法.以通用有限元软件ABAQUS为平台建立数值模拟模型,基于建立的模型对复杂环形零件的成形工艺进行模拟,分析了液室压力加载曲线、模具的摩擦系数、开模间距等工艺条件对成形的影响,得出开模间距和液室压力是影响成形结果的主要因素,最终给出...