激光熔化沉积300M超高强度钢组织与力学性能

利用激光熔化沉积快速成形工艺制备300M超高强度钢薄板试样,应用OM、SEM等方法分析了钢的组织,并测试了其室温拉伸力学性能.结果表明,由于激光熔化沉积过程中的高温度梯度及冷却速度,激光溶化沉积300M钢具有细小均匀的快速凝固胞状树枝晶,其显微组织为马氏体与贝氏体混合组织;激光熔化沉积态300M钢室温拉伸性能接近锻件水平.     

TC17钛合金构件激光直接成形固态相变行为及显微组织

采用激光熔化沉积技术直接成形TC17钛合金构件,利用OM、SEM以及XRD分析其显微组织特征,并重点研究了其在激光短时循环加热冷却作用下的固态相变行为及显微组织演化特点。结果表明,激光熔化沉积TC17钛合金具有定向外延生长的"指节"状晶粒和少量等轴晶交替排列的凝固组织,其显微组织是由不规则片状初生α相和细小网篮状β转变组织组成的超细特殊双态组织。最后约12个沉积层内由于热循环历史不同,使得不同沉积层固态相变显微组织不同:顶部4个沉积层内显微组织为相变点以上快速冷却形成的细针状马氏体,第N-4~N-6层由细针状马氏体和马氏体分解形成的少量不规则片状初生α相组成,第N-7~N-11层内逐渐形成特殊双态组织。     

薄板TC4钛合金TIG电弧和激光焊接接头晶粒尺寸与微观组织

对薄板TC4钛合金进行TIG电弧和激光焊接技术研究,重点分析了TIG焊接电流、焊接速度和激光输出功率对TC4钛合金焊接接头晶粒尺寸、微观组织和显微硬度的影响规律. 试验结果表明,在实现薄板TC4钛合金完全熔透的条件下,激光焊接具有更小热输入,接头焊缝区和热影响区宽度也显著降低. TIG焊接接头晶粒尺寸随热输入增加,呈现增加趋势. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,焊接接头晶粒尺寸均逐渐降低. TC4钛合金激光焊接接头焊缝区呈现魏氏组织特征,针状α'马氏体细小. 近缝热影响区组织为网篮状α'马氏体,而近母材热影响区为未转变α相和针状α'马氏体的双相组织. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,马氏体生成量逐渐减少,焊缝显微硬度值呈现降低趋势;同时相比于TIG焊接,TC4激光焊接接头具有更高的显微硬度.     

选区激光熔化成型18Ni300钢显微组织与性能研究

采用选区激光熔化技术制备了18Ni300钢试样,分析了激光线能量密度对相对致密度和显微硬度的影响规律,研究了显微组织与性能的内在联系。结果表明,试样熔池中心区域为均匀的胞状组织,过渡区为细小的胞状组织,热影响区为粗大的胞状或扁状组织。同一激光线能量密度下,过渡区显微硬度高于熔池中心区域显微硬度。随激光线能量密度的降低,试样孔隙缺陷增加、显微组织不均匀,导致其相对致密度和显微硬度降低;当激光线能量密度过大时,显微组织粗大,其相对致密度和显微硬度降低;当η=543 J·m-1时,显微组织均匀,相对致密度最高,达到99.76%,显微硬度值最高,熔池中心区域和过渡区分别为351 HV和355 HV。     

激光增材制造Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr合金的显微组织演化及力学性能（英文）

研究激光增材制造Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr合金的显微组织演化、维氏硬度及室温拉伸性能。结果表明:激光增材制造过程的热历史显著影响显微组织演化。在试样的不同沉积高度位置可以观察到不同形貌的初生α相、细小次生α相及马氏体相。退火处理可以促使短棒状α相或细小次生α相析出,从而降低或增加维氏硬度。L方向和T方向拉伸试样相组成相同但形貌不同。沉积态试样室温拉伸时表现出明显的各向异性。L方向拉伸试样的强度低但塑性好,T方向拉伸试样相反。经退火处理之后,L方向拉伸试样的强度增加但塑性显著降低;T方向拉伸试样的强度无明显变化而塑性降低50%。     

热处理对SLM18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织及腐蚀性能的影响

目的探究热处理对激光选区熔化(SelectiveLaserMelting,SLM)成形18Ni300马氏体时效钢组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响。方法利用激光选区熔化技术成形18Ni300马氏体时效钢试样,分别对成形试样进行时效处理和固溶+时效处理。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计和电化学工作站,分别测试分析了不同热处理SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢的微观组织、显微硬度和耐蚀性。结果热处理后,试样微观组织发生显著变化,时效试样组织细化,得到板条马氏体组织;固溶+时效试样激光熔池消失,组织为均匀致密的板条马氏体,且均有细小析出物弥散分布于晶界和板条间。时效处理和固溶+时效处理显著提高了SLM18Ni300马氏体时效钢硬度,SLM试样硬度为376.6HV1,时效试样和固溶+时效试样硬度分别为651.5HV1和641.8HV1。0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,SLM试样的Jcorr最小,为1.375×10?3 A/cm2,耐腐蚀性最好,各试样耐蚀性优劣有SLM试样固溶+时效试样时效试样。3.5%NaCl溶液中,SLM试样的极化曲线有明显的钝化平台,且Jcorr最小,为3.630×10?6A/cm2,耐腐蚀性最好,各试样耐蚀性优劣有SLM试样时效试样固溶+时效试样。结论时效处理和固溶+时效处理后,SLM 18Ni300马氏体时效钢得到板条马氏体组织,硬度显著提高,但在H2SO4溶液和Na Cl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能有所下降。     

激光熔化沉积AerMet 100耐蚀超高强度钢的凝固组织及力学性能

利用激光熔化沉积技术制备了AerMet 100耐蚀超高强度钢薄壁板状试样.结果表明,试样具有细小均匀、无侧向分枝的快速凝固胞状组织及优异的力学性能,其室温下的纵向和横向抗拉强度分别达到1464和1402 MPa,延伸率分别达到20.3%和29.7%.讨论了往复式扫描激光熔化沉积过程中"之"字形胞状组织的凝固过程,并建立了基于胞晶择优外延生长的物理模型.     

淬火介质对42CrMo钢棒淬火组织及硬度影响的数值模拟及试验验证

基于有限元计算分析了直径为ø40 mm的42CrMo钢圆棒试样分别使用淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后试样不同位置的组织、硬度以及淬火过程中的温度变化,采用硬度检测和显微组织分析对模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,当使用淬火油淬火时,试样表面由奥氏体向马氏体和贝氏体转变,心部由奥氏体向贝氏体转变;当使用PAG水基液淬火时,试样表层几乎转变成马氏体,心部转变成马氏体和贝氏体;试样经淬火油和PAG水基液淬火后,表面硬度分别为58和55 HRC,均由表面至心部硬度逐渐降低,但使用PAG水基液淬火后试样的心部硬度比用淬火油的高5 HRC,约为50 HRC。     

TRIP钢激光焊接后的组织与性能研究

研究了TRIP钢经激光焊接后的微观组织变化和硬度变化。试验结果表明:焊接熔融区产生了大量的马氏体和贝氏体组织,热影响区主要为马氏体、贝氏体以及少量铁素体组织;焊缝区域的显微硬度较之原基体有了显著的提高。     

TRIP钢激光焊接后的组织与性能研究

研究了TRIP钢经激光焊接后的微观组织变化和硬度变化。试验结果表明：焊接熔融区产生了大量的马氏体和贝氏体组织．热影响区主要为马氏体、贝氏体以及少量铁素体组织；焊缝区域的显微硬度较之原基体有了显著的提高。     

Application of direct laser melting to restore damaged steel dies

Direct laser melting (DLM) technology can be applied to restore damaged steel dies. To understand the effects of DLM process parameters such as the laser power and scan rate, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the optimal operating parameters. To investigate the laser melting characteristics, the depth/height ratio, depth/width ratio and micro-hardness as a function of the laser energy density were analyzed. Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni layers were deposited on a steel die with 11.38 J/mm² of energy input. The wear-resistance and the friction coefficient of the deposited layer were investigated by a pin-on-disk test. The penetration depth decreased as the scan rate increased as a consequence of the shorter interaction time. The depth/height ratio of the deposited layer decreased with an increase in the scan rate. The depth/width ratio increased as laser power increased and the scan rate decreased. The deposition shape of the Fe-Ni powder was relatively shallow and wide compared with that of the Fe-Cr powder. The scan rate had a substantial effect upon the deposition height, with the Fe-Cr powder melting more than the Fe-Ni powder. The micro-hardness of the layer melted from the powders is higher than that of the substrate, and the hardness of the laser-surface-melted layer without any metal powder is higher compared to that of the metal-powder-melted layer. The direct laser melting process with Fe-Ni powder represents a superior method when restoring a steel die when the bead shape and hardness of the restored surface are important outcome considerations.     

激光直接沉积过程中基板变形分析

RP/M是基于堆积/离散思想的先进制造技术,以同轴送粉为特征的激光直接沉积技术是RM中的典型和普遍使用的技术,其基板的变形是沉积过程中的主要缺陷,也是该技术中存在的关键工艺问题。本文观察了在不同沉积材料与基板材料组合的条件下,直薄壁试件激光直接沉积过程中基板的变形情况,分析了沉积过程中基板的热力学特征;测量了沉积过程中基板温度的变化和基板的变形。在此基础上,说明了基板变形的机理和影响基板变形的主要因素。     

16MnCr5钢大马力柴油机凸轮轴渗碳淬火组织演变

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD测试、硬度梯度测试等研究16MnCr5低碳合金钢凸轮轴渗碳淬火+低温回火后沿径向的显微组织和硬度。结果表明,940 ℃强渗适用于16MnCr5钢凸轮轴,显微组织沿凸轮轴径向变化明显,渗碳层表面组织为高碳的针状马氏体和10%左右的残留奥氏体,表层硬度可达750 HV,有效硬化层深度可达1.5 mm以上,基体组织为贝氏体和低碳马氏体的混合组织。     

热处理对激光增材制造Ferrium M54钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用激光增材制造技术制备了Ferrium M54钢,研究了传统热处理对其组织和力学性能的影响。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、拉伸试验机及维氏硬度计分析了沉积态和热处理后试验钢的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明,激光增材制造M54二次硬化钢是由沿沉积方向生长的柱状晶构成,沉积态试样纵向的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1832 MPa和997 MPa,断后伸长率和断面收缩率分别为9.5%和28%;经过传统热处理后,定向凝固形成的胞状结构消失,得到马氏体组织。经1075 ℃固溶+1060 ℃油淬+-73 ℃深冷+510 ℃时效处理后激光增材制造 Ferrium M54钢的性能最好,抗拉强度为1863 MPa,屈服强度为1594 MPa,断后伸长率为15%,断面收缩率为59%,硬度为603 HV。     

AZ31Mg/2A12Al爆炸复合板界面组织与性能

镁合金板上复合铝合金板对拓宽镁合金的使用范围具有重要意义. 采用爆炸焊接进行了镁合金板和铝合金板工艺试验,并制成镁合金和铝合金复合板. 使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察焊后复合板结合界面处的微观形貌,分析了界面形成过程. 使用显微硬度计和剪切试验机测量了复合板结合界面处的硬度和抗剪强度. 结果表明,经爆炸焊接后,复合板界面熔化区发生了冶金结合,对应的组织为Al₃Mg₂和Al₁₂Mg₁₇金属间化合物的混合物. 熔化区域硬度为126 HV, 较基板硬度有明显升高(铝合金110 HV,镁合金70 HV). 结合界面处同一取样方向上,试件抗剪强度存在差异:x轴方向取样的剪切件强度呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势,其平均值分别为112.3 MPa (垂直爆炸方向),87.0 MPa (平行爆炸方向);y轴方向取样的各剪切件强度基本相当,平均值分别为56.5 MPa (垂直爆炸方向),62.0 MPa (平行爆炸方向).     

Mechanical characteristics of a tool steel layer deposited by using direct energy deposition

This study focuses on the mechanical characteristics of layered tool steel deposited using direct energy deposition (DED) technology. In the DED technique, a laser beam bonds injected metal powder and a thin layer of substrate via melting. In this study, AISI D2 substrate was hardfaced with AISI H13 and M2 metal powders for mechanical testing. The mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of each specimen were investigated via microstructure observation and hardness, wear, and impact tests. The obtained characteristics were compared with those of heat-treated tool steel. The microstructures of the H13- and M2-deposited specimens show fine cellular-dendrite solidification structures due to melting and subsequent rapid cooling. Moreover, the cellular grains of the deposited M2 layer were smaller than those of the H13 structure. The hardness and wear resistance were most improved in the M2-deposited specimen, yet the H13-deposited specimen had higher fracture toughness than the M2-deposited specimen and heat-treated D2.     

Functionally Graded Stainless Steel Fabricated by Direct Laser Deposition: Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties and Hardness

Direct laser metal deposition is a kind of advanced rapid manufacturing technology, which can produce near net shape parts by depositing metal powders layer by layer. This study demonstrates fabrication, the anisotropy of mechanical properties and hardness of a graded steel. The characteristics of constituent phases, microstructure, mechanical anisotropy, and microhardness were investigated using electron backscatter diffraction, optical microscopy, tensile test machine, and microhardness tester. It was found that the graded steel is dense and free of cracks. The crystal structures of the as-built samples evolved in three grades from fcc structures to fcc+bcc structures and then to bcc+fcc structures. Samples in x and z directions showed obvious mechanical anisotropy. The samples machined in x direction showed higher strength and lower elongation than those machined in z direction due to the presence of lack-of-fusion pores and the higher metallurgical bonding between layers in the x direction. The microhardness of the as-built samples increased along the cross section from the substrate(159.7 HV) to the top surface(545.4 HV).     

Transient printing characteristics with wavy build profiles for laser additive manufacturing of small size structures

Laser directed energy deposition (DED) is a multi-physics process that accompanies mass flow, energy transfer, and complex phase transitions. The printing characteristics of small size parts are significantly affected by the progressive variations of the temperature fields and the fluid flow within the molten pool. In this work, the deposition characteristics during multi-layer and multi-track laser DED were explored through a well-tested phenomenological model and corresponding experimental results. The variations of the build profiles and the decoupled track and layer profiles were systematically examined. Moreover, the printing characteristics of the builds with different scanning lengths were compared. Results showed that the multi-layer and multi-track transient deposition processes generated a significantly wavy surface profile. Compared with the long scanning length part, the beginning region of the short build produced an obvious bulge followed by sharply decreased height along the scanning direction. The transverse section of the short build varied significantly at different positions. Two adjacent columns of tracks were extracted from the overall build, demonstrating that the tracks tilted outwards and the angle increases along the scanning direction. The 3D numerical model was validated with corresponding experiments for builds with various layers. The scientific findings from this work can provide useful insights for the understanding of the additive mechanisms during laser DED for the precise shape control of small size parts.     

Effect of Laser Oscillation on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Melting Deposition Titanium AlloysEI北大核心CSCD

针对激光熔化沉积冶金组织与缺陷,借鉴激光摆动焊接技术,提出一种激光摆动送粉增材制造TC4钛合金工艺,借助激光原位摆动改变熔池运动轨迹进而影响温度梯度和凝固速率,改善增材制造钛合金的微观组织。利用OM、SEM、EBSD和Vickers硬度计研究了激光摆动送粉增材制造工艺对TC4钛合金微观组织演变及力学性能的影响。结果表明,无摆动激光熔化沉积实验的最佳工艺参数为:激光功率1000 W,扫描速率8 mm/s,送粉速率6.92 g/min;直线型激光摆动的最佳工艺参数为:摆动频率200 Hz,摆动幅度1.5 mm。直线型激光摆动对熔池形貌改善显著,气孔和裂纹等缺陷较少,柱状晶数量和尺寸均有所减小,并且晶粒出现了等轴化的现象。相比无摆动样品,激光摆动后Ti-6Al-4V合金单道区域平均晶粒尺寸从5.20μm减小到4.37μm;硬度从418.00 HV提升到428.75 HV。     

钛合金表面激光熔化沉积钛基复合材料涂层的组织及性能

通过激光熔化沉积TA15+30%TiC(体积分数)混合粉末,在TA15钛合金表面制备出钛基复合材料涂层,分析了涂层的组织、硬度及界面结合强度。结果表明,激光熔化沉积过程中原始TiC颗粒发生溶解,并在凝固过程中重新析出细小的TiC,TiC有等轴状及枝晶两种形态,涂层中存在部分未熔的TiC颗粒;涂层硬度达HRC 60;涂层与基体界面为完全冶金结合,涂层的界面结合强度大于310 MPa,抗剪切强度为330 MPa;经弯曲及热震试验后,涂层未出现剥落现象,表明涂层与基体具有很好的相容性