等离子喷涂制备WC-Co-Cu-BaF_2/CaF_2自润滑耐磨涂层及其高温摩擦性能

通过大气等离子喷涂方法,使用自制的含有WC-Co、Cu和BaF2/CaF2共晶体的复合喷涂粉末,制备出WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2自润滑耐磨涂层。在200℃、400℃和600℃下进行WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层和WC-Co涂层的高温摩擦试验,用扫描电镜观察涂层磨损表面微观形貌。结果表明:200℃时,由于WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层摩擦产物层中含有的WC硬质颗粒引起磨粒磨损,该涂层摩擦因数和磨损率相对较高。而400℃和600℃时,WC-Co-Cu-BaF2/CaF2涂层的摩擦产物层中均无WC颗粒存在,且由于涂层中Cu和BaF2/CaF2等固体润滑剂的作用,生成的摩擦产物层光滑且致密,涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率均较低,在400～600℃下表现出比WC-Co涂层优异的耐磨性能。     

等离子喷涂制备NiCoCrAlY/BaF2/CaF2/C/Y自润滑涂层及其高温摩擦性能

通过等离子喷涂技术制备润滑相BaF2∶CaF2∶C比分别为3.1∶1.9∶7和15.5∶9.5∶4.9的两种NiCoCrAlY/BaF2/CaF2/C/Y复合涂层,研究了所选固体润滑剂在高温摩擦中对涂层润滑性能和机械性能的影响,分析BaF2/CaF2/C的综合作用,在500℃和800℃时分别对涂层进行高温摩擦试验。结果表明:500℃时,摩擦面比较粗糙,涂层的摩擦因数较高,磨损较为严重,表现出明显的剥落现象;800℃时,涂层表面没有BaF2/CaF2/C等润滑相的存在,发生了摩擦化学反应,摩擦表面生成了一层光滑致密的氧化膜,并存在一定程度的材料转移现象。经过X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,在高温和摩擦的共同作用下,涂层表面有BaCrO4生成,摩擦因数最低可达0.268,对应的磨损量为0.351 6mm3,有效降低了涂层的摩擦和磨损。在涂层的性能测试中,各润滑相之间的协同作用较好。     

石墨/CaF2/TiC协同改善镍基合金喷涂层的摩擦磨损行为与机理（英文）

为了降低机械零件在强烈摩擦磨损条件下的摩擦因数,提高其耐磨性,制备了等离子喷涂石墨/CaF2/TiC/镍基合金复合涂层,研究其摩擦学行为及机理。结果表明,石墨/CaF2/TiC/镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦因数为0.22~0.288,较纯镍基合金涂层的降低了25.9%~53%,磨损率较之降低18.6%~70.1%。与GCr15钢球对摩时,复合涂层的磨损表面逐渐形成了由铁氧化物、石墨和CaF2组成的转移层,使GCr15钢球与复合涂层的摩擦转变为钢球与转移层的摩擦。由于转移层起到固体润滑作用,复合涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率大幅度降低。复合涂层的主要磨损机理是转移层在载荷的反复作用下而产生的层脱剥落。     

水环境中等离子喷涂纳米/微米喂料Al2O3/TiO2涂层的摩擦学行为

利用纳米结构和常规喂料用大气等离子喷涂方法制备了Al2O3/TiO2涂层,研究了水环境中两种涂层与不锈钢对磨时的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明：水环境中,两种涂层摩擦因数变化不大,但是纳米喂料涂层耐磨性能明显优于常规涂层,同时其对偶的磨损率仅为常规涂层对偶磨损率的1/3～1/5,磨损率随载荷的增加不断增加.讨论了水环境中两种涂层的磨损机制.     

等离子球化制备球形CaF2/BaF2共晶粉末*

探究了使用大气等离子喷涂设备制备适合热喷涂使用的球形CaF2/BaF2共晶粉末的可能性。68%BaF2、32%CaF2粉末(质量分数)经过1 100℃真空烧结后,形成致密的块状氟化物共晶。机械破碎后的氟化物共晶经过等离子焰流重熔后得到了球形的氟化物共晶。使用F14-1流动性和松装密度测定仪测量球化前后粉末的流动性和松装密度。采用扫描电子显微镜,XRD表征球化前后粉末的形貌和物相组成。结果表明:球化后的粉末呈现较好的球形,球化后粉末的流动性和松装密度较球化前也有较大的改善:球化后共晶粉末的流动时间为55.20s/50g,松装密度为1.89g/cm3;另外,球化后共晶粉末还表现出良好的高温润滑性能:含有10%CaF2/BaF2共晶(质量分数)的镍基涂层在600℃和800℃的平均摩擦因数都小于0.3。     

软/硬质摩擦偶件材料对Ni3Al基涂层宽温域内摩擦学行为的影响

目的 合理选用摩擦偶件材料,以减缓Ni3Al基涂层宽温域内的摩擦磨损.方法 分别以WC-Co和316L为摩擦偶件,研究25～800℃内其对Ni3Al基涂层润滑和磨损机理的影响.采用高温硬度仪测试摩擦偶件在不同温度时的硬度,采用附带能谱仪的扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面、磨斑和磨屑的形貌并测试成分,采用拉曼散射仪测试磨损表面和磨斑的成分.结果 在25～800℃,随温度的升高,两种摩擦副的摩擦系数具有一致的变化规律.与WC-Co对摩时,涂层在各温度下均具有低磨损率,且随温度升高,磨损率呈下降趋势.在25～200℃,与316L对摩时,涂层主要表现为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,而与WC-Co对摩时,涂层在高接触应力下发生塑性变形,抑制Ag润滑相析出和涂层剥落,使其较前者具有高摩擦系数和低磨损率.在400℃,与WC-Co对摩时,高接触应力下产生的摩擦热促使涂层发生轻微的氧化,形成NiO和NiCr2O4,使其减摩性能优于Ni3Al/316L摩擦副.在600～800℃,与316L对摩时,涂层由严重的粘着磨损转变为氧化磨损;而与WC-Co对摩时,涂层由氧化磨损和剥层磨损转变为氧化磨损.此外,800℃时,Ni3Al/316L摩擦副的摩擦磨损发生在光滑润滑膜与粗糙转移膜之间,而Ni3Al/WC-Co摩擦副发生在光滑的润滑膜与转移膜之间.结论 在25～800℃,涂层与316L和WC-Co对摩时均具有良好的减摩性能,且与WC-Co对摩时具有更优的耐磨性能.     

Al2O3/Cu-WC复合材料载流磨损性能研究

对真空热压烧结的Al2O3/Cu-WC复合材料进行了载流磨损试验,并利用扫描电镜对复合材料的磨损表面及纵切面的微观形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明,磨损率和摩擦因数随加载电流的增加而增大;磨损表面有WC颗粒的剥落和重新结晶的Al2O3颗粒,加剧了磨粒磨损,其主要磨损形式为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损、电烧蚀磨损。     

添加氧化镧的纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2等离子喷涂涂层高速摩擦磨损性能

以添加了少量氧化镧的团聚纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2粉末为原料,利用等离子喷涂技术制备了纳米陶瓷涂层。在MMS-1G型高速摩擦磨损试验机进行了摩擦磨损试验,利用扫描电镜和能谱仪对磨损表面进行了表征。结果表明:涂层组织呈现出典型的层状结构特征,界面结合良好。在高速摩擦磨损试验中,随着载荷的增加,涂层摩擦因数下降,而涂层微裂纹扩展引起涂层剥落,导致磨损率升高。     

大气等离子喷涂NiCr/Cr3 C2涂层的显微结构及摩擦性能

采用大气等离子喷涂技术在45钢表面制备了NiCr/Cr_3C_2涂层,利用SEM、XRD和摩擦磨损试验机对涂层的显微结构、物相组成以及摩擦磨损性能进行了分析。结果表明,该涂层结构致密,涂层的主晶相为NiCr合金相和Cr_3C_2相,还有少量的NiO和Cr_2O_3相。涂层的摩擦因数随着温度的升高先增大后减小,400℃时,摩擦因数最大,约为0.8左右,800℃时,摩擦因数最小,约为0.39左右。涂层的磨损率随着温度的升高先增大后稍有降低。低温下,涂层的主要磨损机制是脆性断裂;高温下,主要磨损机制为塑性变形以及氧化。     

超音速等离子喷涂NiCrCr3C2/Mo复合涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能*

采用超音速等离子喷涂制备了NiCr-Cr3C2/Mo复合涂层,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、高温摩擦磨损试验机等手段,研究了涂层的微观组织、显微硬度及涂层在25、300、500、750℃下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:制备的NiCr-Cr3C2/Mo复合涂层Mo相分布均匀,组织致密、硬度高;温度对涂层的摩擦因数影响显著,随温度的升高,摩擦因数呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,750℃时因摩擦界面生成MoO3减摩相使摩擦因数最低;NiCr-Cr3C2/Mo复合涂层在高温下以氧化疲劳剥落为主要失效机制,涂层表面复合氧化膜的形成特点将直接影响涂层的摩擦磨损性能,MoO3的形成是显著提高涂层减摩效果的主要因素。     

WC-(W,Cr)_2C-Ni/Ag复合涂层的制备及摩擦学性能

针对众多运动部件存在严重的摩擦磨损问题,使用大气等离子喷涂(APS)设备在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢金属基材上喷涂制备WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni和WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni/Ag两种防护涂层,使用CSM摩擦磨损试验机考察两种涂层在室温下与Si3N4球配副时的滑动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:Ag相的添加可明显降低涂层在干摩擦条件下的摩擦因数,并能减轻涂层的磨损程度;APS制备的WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni/Ag复合涂层不仅具有优良的自润滑性能,而且具有极佳的耐磨性能,有望作为一种新型耐磨自润滑涂层材料。     

添加BaF_2/CaF_2对爆炸喷涂Cr_3C_2基金属陶瓷涂层性能的影响

采用爆炸喷涂制备添加BaF2/CaF2共晶的Cr3C2基金属陶瓷涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及显微硬度仪等检测方法观测了喷涂粉形貌、相组成及涂层微观组织、硬度等性能,探讨了BaF2/CaF2共晶的加入方式及其含量对爆炸喷涂Cr3C2基金属陶瓷涂层性能的影响,结果显示:10%的BaF2/CaF2共晶与Cr3C2-25%NiCr粉体经高能球磨1h,粉体粒度最小,尺寸均匀性最高。爆炸喷涂后涂层组织致密,孔隙率小于0.8%;共晶的加入,降低了涂层的显微硬度(Hv),且随加入量的增加,涂层硬度及孔隙率逐步降低;共晶与NiCr合金的预先球磨,有助于提高涂层均匀致密性和硬度,孔隙率为0.2%,显微硬度(Hv)为665.6。     

Wear-resistant WC composite hard coatings by brazing

A wear-resistant tungsten carbide/copper (WC/Cu) brazing alloy coating was deposited onto a steel substrate by high-temperature furnace brazing. Compared with other hard surfacing processes, much larger WC particles could be used to make a metal layer with higher wear resistance. ASTM G-65 wear test results for the brazed composite coating showed a higher wear resistance when compared with some WC-Co hard coatings that are commonly used. In this paper, the brazing alloy, the brazing process, and the after-brazing heat treatment are studied. The microstructure of the brazing alloy and the as-deposited coating were characterized, and no significant porosity was found. A good metallurgical bond was formed at the WC/Cu alloy interface and at the composite coating/substrate interface. Little or no dilution was observed. The bond strength between the Cu alloy and substrate is also much higher than for a thermal spray coating. This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September 15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and appeared on pp. 592-96.     

Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC-CeO2/Ni- base Alloy Composite Coatings

运用等离子喷涂技术在7005铝合金表面制备了WC和CeO2颗粒协同增强镍基合金复合涂层,研究了该复合涂层的微观结构和摩擦学性能。结果表明:加入CeO2颗粒细化了复合涂层的显微组织,使WC增强颗粒从圆形变为不规则多边形,并降低了其脱碳分解程度。不同PV值摩擦条件下,WC-CeO2/镍基合金复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损失重均低于WC/镍基合金复合涂层和镍基合金涂层。PV值小于3.36 N·m/s时,复合涂层磨损表面的最大接触应力低于其弹性极限接触应力,主要发生微观切削磨损和疲劳磨损;PV值大于3.36N·m/s后,磨损表面的最大接触应力超过其弹性极限接触应力,接触温度也急剧上升至648℃,磨损表面出现明显的塑性变形和脱落,其磨损机制变为多次塑变磨损、磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,并伴有氧化磨损。     

WC/W_2C_P表面改性对WC/W_2C_P-NiCrBSi/耐热钢复合材料磨损性能的影响

以铸造碳化钨(WC/W2C P)为增强颗粒,利用真空熔烧工艺制备了一种结构增韧的金属基复合材料。利用SEM,EDS,显微硬度测试和图像分析等手段研究了WC/W2C P表面改性前、后复合材料中颗粒增强区域(WC/W2C P-Ni Cr BSi)的微观组织结构和性能;利用环-盘式磨损试验机研究了WC/W2C P表面改性对复合材料在室温和600℃时的磨料磨损性能的影响。结果表明,经表面改性后WC/W2C P在Ni Cr BSi基体中的分解得到了有效抑制,颗粒内部WC/W2C共晶组织的含量与未改性的颗粒相比提高了1.6倍。以表面改性的WC/W2C P为增强颗粒能显著降低复合材料在室温和高温时的磨损率。在600℃时磨损表面形成了层状结构的保护膜,致使复合材料的磨损率低于室温时的磨损率。     

Characteristics of Fe-based WC Composite Coatings Prepared by Double-pass Plasma Cladding Process

The Fe-based WC composite coatings were clad on Q235 steel by double-pass plasma cladding method,in which the WC-Co(WC covered with cobalt:78wt%WC,12wt%Co)doping was about 10wt%,20wt%and 40wt%,respectively.The microstructure and wear performance of the composite coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and ball-disc wear tests.The results show that the clad coatings contain mainly?-Fe,WC and carbides(Cr23C6,Fe3W3C-Fe4W2C)phases and the precipitation of carbides increases with the increase of WC-Co doping content.The WC-Co doping content has an obvious effect on the microstructure of the clad coatings.For the clad coatings with low WC-Co doping,the microstructure gradually transforms from planar crystal at the interface of substrate/coating to cell/dendritic crystal at the middle and the upper portion of the coatings.But there are a number of fishbone-like structure at the middle and the upper portion of clad coating with 40wt%WC-Co doping.The microstructure at the top is smaller than that at the bottom for all the coatings.The maximum of hardness of the clad coatings is 72.3HRC which is about 6.9 as much as the hardness of Q235 steel substrate.The composite coatings have good wear resistance due to the reinforcement of carbide particles and the strong bonding between carbide particles and ferroalloy.The suitable increase of WC-Co doping content can improve the wear resistance of the composite coatings.     

Laser cladding of stainless steel with Ni–Cr3C2 and Ni–WC for improving erosive–corrosive wear performance

The microstructure and the erosive–corrosive wear (ECW) performance of laser-clad Ni–Cr₃C₂ and Ni–WC coatings with overlapping clad tracks (OCT) on a 0.2% C martensitic stainless steel were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, EDX techniques and ECW testing. The coating produced by completely dissolving Cr₃C₂ particles in laser melted pool is composed of austenite (γ) dendrites surrounded by a γ-M₇C₃ eutectic, whereas another one is of granular solidifying structure in which contains the incompletely dissolved WC particles. The microhardness of Ni–WC coating is higher than that of Ni–Cr₃C₂, about 300 HV average. The main reason of microhardness difference is that two coatings have different solidified structure. The comparison of ECW tests found that the reduction of ECW rate dose not occur with the increase of hardness. The Ni–Cr₃C₂ coating with lower hardness has a lower ECW rate with respect to the Ni–WC one. Both average ECW rate decreased by approximately 30% and 60% as compared to that of stainless steel substrate, and both coatings had different ECW mechanism. The increase of ECW resistance is closely related to structure state, kind and amount of carbides, microhardness and toughening ability of the clad layer.     

Effect of flame conditions on abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying with an agglomerated powder. The effect of flame conditions on the microstructure of the nanostructured coatings was investigated. The wear properties of the coatings were characterized using a dry rubber-wheel wear test. The results show that the nanostructured WC-Co coatings consist of WC, W2C, W and an amorphous binder phase. The microstructure of the coating is significantly influenced by the ratio of oxygen flow to fuel flow. Under the lower ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the nanostructured coating presents a relative dense microstructure and severe decarburization of WC phase occurs during spraying. With increasing ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the bonding of WC particles in the coating becomes loose resulting from the original structure of feedstock and the decarburization of WC becomes less owing to limited heating to the powder. Both the decarburization of WC particles in spraying and the bonding among WC particles in the coatings affect the wear performance. The examination of the worn surfaces of the nanostructured coatings reveals that the dominant wear mechanisms would be spalling from the interface of WCCo splats when spray particles undergo a limited melting. While the melting state of the spray particles is improved,the dominant wear mechanisms become the plastic deformation and plowing of the matrix and spalling of WC particles from the matrix.