基于结构光投影的焊接熔池图像获取与处理

建立一种主动视觉传感系统,以小功率激光器作为主动光源投射激光到特制光栅上,在焊接熔池表面形成变形激光条纹,用加了窄带滤光片和中性滤光片的CCD在系统另一侧实时拍摄熔池图像。选取合适的激光入射角度和CCD拍摄角度,较好的避开弧光对熔池图像的干扰,采集到熔池区变形激光条纹。对熔池图像特征进行分析,变形的激光条纹反映了熔池的下塌或上凸状态;成功提取熔池边缘和激光条纹边缘;通过标定、计算得到熔池正面几何参数,为今后实时检测焊接熔池表面的三维信息奠定了基础。     

不同驱动力对熔池表面变形行为影响的数值模拟

基于流体动力学方程，采用焓-孔隙度法来处理液-固相变，采用VOF方法追踪熔池自由表面变形，建立了固定电弧下的三维瞬态TIG焊熔池数学模型，求解获得了在浮力、Marangoni力、电磁力和电弧压力单独作用时的熔池表面变形行为及其温度场与速度场的分布.模拟结果表明，在大电流（I≥250 A）时，在浮力、表面张力温度系数为正时的Marangoni力、电磁力单独作用于熔池上表面将会产生凸起变形，在电弧压力、表面张力温度系数为负时的Marangoni力单独作用下，熔池上表面将会产生凹陷变形.在大电流下，TIG焊和活性TIG焊熔池均产生凹陷变形.TIG焊熔池的中心区域形成向内的涡流，边缘部位形成向外的涡流，而活性TIG熔池在熔池中心和熔池边缘则分别形成两种成因不同的内向涡流.熔池表面变形量并不是各个驱动力作用的简单叠加.     

Weld shape variation and electrode protection under Ar–(Ar–O2) double shielded GTA welding

Abstract

Double shielded gas tungsten arc welding (GTA welding or TIG welding) of an SUS304 stainless steel with pure inert argon as the inner layer shielding and the Ar–O₂ active gas as the outer layer shielding is proposed in this study in order to investigate its effect on the tungsten electrode protection and the weld shape variation. The experimental results show that the inner inert argon gas can successfully prevent the outer layer active gas from contacting and oxidising the tungsten electrode during the welding process. The active gas, oxygen, in the outer layer shielding is decomposed in the arc and dissolves in the liquid pool, which effectively adjusts the active element, oxygen, content in the weld metal. When the weld metal oxygen content is over 70 ppm, the surface tension induced Marangoni convection changes from outward into inward, and the weld shape varies from a wide shallow one to a narrow deep one. The effect of the inner layer gas flowrate on the weld bead morphology and the weld shape is investigated systematically. The results showed that when the flowrate of the inner argon shielding gas is too low, the weld bead is easily oxidised and the weld shape is wide and shallow. A heavy continuous oxide layer on the liquid pool is a barrier to the liquid pool movement.     

GTA焊接电弧与熔池系统的双向耦合数值模拟

建立了GTA焊接过程电弧与熔池双向耦合统一数学模型．该模型考虑了熔池自由表面变化对电弧和熔池的影响,并通过不断更新自由表面形状实现了电弧与熔池相互耦合．电弧和熔池的两组控制及辅助方程采用有限差分法进行求解．计算中采用了适体坐标系以确定不断变化的自由表面形状．用所建模型对304不锈钢材料的定点GTA焊接过程进行了数值计算分析,取得了良好效果．     

钨极氩弧焊熔池表面高度测量中变形条纹图的获取

提出一种基于条纹反射和傅立叶变换的测量GTAW熔池表面高度的新方法.利用激光器将光栅条纹投影在GTAW熔池表面,反射光轴上设置双透镜系统以转移熔池物面,利用空间滤波的方法阻挡弧光成分,在输出面放置白屏接收反射的熔池变形激光条纹,用CCD对屏上变形条纹实时成像.分析了焊枪位置、熔池的反射性能、弧光辐射等对变形条纹图获取的...     

Measurement of surface temperature of weld pools by infrared two colour pyrometry

Abstract

In this research, two colour pyrometry was conducted to obtain the surface temperature of weld pools, in which the weld pool was photographed by a high speed camera during arc welding. Two wavelengths (950 and 980 nm) of light in the infrared range were selected from the thermal radiation light emitted from the weld pool at the instant when the arc was extinguished, using an imaging spectroscope. Consequently, in gas tungsten arc welding, it was shown that the surface temperature distribution of a weld pool is affected by the sulphur content in the base metal. It is thought that this temperature distribution is determined by the balance between the driving forces of viscous drag from the cathode jet of plasma and Marangoni surface tension. In gas metal arc welding, it was seen that the surface temperature distribution becomes uniform and the temperature is 1715–1845 K, which is obviously lower than that of the metal droplet.     

焊接现场脉冲GTAW熔池图像动态检测

通过熔池的动态观测可以获得焊接过程的稳定性和连续性等信息.熔池的动态观测目前基本上停留在试验室阶段,焊接现场对熔池进行观测在改进工艺和指导生产等方面更具意义.针对焊接现场焊接电源不能修改,非计算机可控,电流电压波形未知等问题,在焊接现场建立了一套焊接熔池图像动态检测系统.根据焊接现场脉冲GTAW的特点,采用"外同步取像"方式确定了焊接现场取像的关键制约因素--取像时刻;并利用电弧光谱分析建立了减小弧光干扰的复合滤光系统;在适合的取像时刻,CCD摄像系统配合复合滤光系统,在焊接现场检测到了清晰的熔池图像.     

Analytical thermal model of conduction mode double sided arc welding

Abstract

An analytical thermal model of conduction mode double sided arc welding (DSAW) has been derived and used to predict the weld pool dimensions and shapes and temperatures within 2˙5 and 1˙15 mm thick AA5182 Al alloy sheets as functions of the primary DSAW parameters. Separate Gaussian distributed arc heat sources from a plasma arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding torch were assumed to act on the top and bottom surfaces of the sheets. There was excellent correlation between observed and predicted DSAW weld pool dimensions and shapes provided that suitable values for arc efficiencies and distribution coefficients for the two separate arcs were used in the model. The model is capable of predicting weld pool dimensions and shapes of both full and partial penetration conduction mode DSAW welds made in Al alloy sheet, the welding speed at which there is a transition from full to partial penetration welding and the speed above which no melting occurs.     

The element transfer behavior of gas pool coupled activating TIG welding

This paper deals with a novel dual shield TIG welding method named gas pool coupled activating TIG( GPCA-TIG)welding. The welding method divides the shielding gas into two layers. Inert gas such as Ar is adopted as the inner layer gas to protect the tungsten electrode and the molten pool metal. Pure O_2,N_2 or mixture of them are used as the outer layer gas to increase the weld penetration and improve the low temperature toughness of weld metal. Through analyzing the interaction between outer gas and arc and the distributions and existing forms of oxygen and nitrogen elements,the transfer behaviors of nitrogen and oxygen from arc to pool were investigated. The results show that,the interaction between the outer gas and arc plasma makes the arc slightly constrict. The incoming oxygen enriches on the molten pool surface and exists in the form of iron oxide,chromium oxide,manganese oxide and silicon oxygen compounds. The incoming nitrogen evenly distributes in the molten pool and exists in the form of nitrogen atom.     

气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊方法

提出了一种新型活性TIG焊方法——气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊,即GPCA-TIG焊.该焊接方法将气体分两层流动,内层气体采用惰性气体起到保护熔池的作用;外层气体则为含活性元素O的气体,将活性元素O引入熔池金属,达到增加熔深的目的.文中以SUS304不锈钢为焊接母材,研究了GPCA-TIG焊接法对焊接电弧及焊缝成形的作用,以及该方法主要工艺参数对焊缝熔深和深宽比的影响.结果表明,在相同参数下,与常规TIG焊方法相比,GPCA-TIG焊可不开坡口一次性焊透8 mm不锈钢板,焊接效率明显提高.同时采用该方法,可以有效避免钨极的氧化烧损.     

Numerical analysis of heat transfer process for double sided tungsten inert gas – metal inert gas weld pool

Abstract

Double sided arc welding is a new type of technology developed in recent years. Many experiments show that this technology has great advantages over single arc welding for the joining of intermediate thickness stainless steel and aluminium alloy base metals. In the present work, a three-dimensional transient numerical model is created to reveal the heat transfer process for a double sided tungsten inert gas (TIG) - metal inert gas (MIG) weld pool from the viewpoint of heat transfer literature and hydrodynamics. Considering of the features of the model, effective calculation software using finite element technology is adopted. The temperature fields in the weld pool for double sided TIG - MIG welding are successfully calculated; in addition, the configuration of the weld pool is also calculated.Comparisons show that thecalculatedresults agree approximately with the experimentally measured results. STWJ/310     

外加纵向磁场GTAW焊缝成形机理

以外加间歇交变纵向磁场GTAW（气体保护钨极氩弧焊）为研究对象,通过采用测量相关参数和拍摄电弧的方法,研究了间歇交变纵向磁场GTAW焊接低碳钢、不锈钢和铝合金等材料焊缝成形发生变化的规律和原因。认为在本研究条件下,无论处于溶池下方还是上方的单励磁线圈产生的外加纵向磁场都使GTAW焊接电弧特征、熔池行为和结晶过程发生了变化,从而导致焊缝成形的改变;同时发现当励磁线圈和电弧中心线不同轴心时,外加磁场对焊缝成形的影响较为强烈,其中铁磁性材料所受影响较显著。     

New model of body force in electromagnetic stirring gas tungsten-arc welding

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Experimental determination of weld pool geometry in gas tungsten arc welding

Abstract

Based on the analysis of the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) arc spectrum, a composite light filter is designed. This filter and a normal charge coupled device camera form a vision sensor, which observes the GTAW weld pool from the topside of the workpiece. During the welding process, the captured image brightness is adjusted according to the magnitude of the welding current using software, and comparatively distinct images of the weld pool are obtained. The weld pool geometry is measured through an image processing algorithm developed by the present authors. The algorithm requires less than 70 ms to process an image frame in a 100 MHz main frequency computer, and therefore meets the requirements of real time measurement.     

Numerical simulation for welding pool and welding arc with variable active element and welding parameters

Abstract

A numerical modelling of the welding arc and weld pool is established for moving argon shielded gas tungsten arc welding to systematically investigate the effect of the active element oxygen and the welding parameters on the Marangoni convection and the weld shape using FLUENT software. The different welding parameters will change the temperature distribution and gradient on the pool surface, and affect the strength of Marangoni convection and the weld shape. Under high oxygen content, the weld depth/width (D/W) ratio substantially depends on the welding parameters. A high welding speed or large electrode gap (arc length) will make the weld D/W ratio decrease. The weld D/W ratio initially increases and then remains constant around 0·5 with the increasing welding current. When the oxygen content is lower, the weld D/W ratio decreases with the increasing welding current. However, the weld D/W ratio is not sensitive to the welding speed or electrode gap. The predicted weld D/W ratio agrees well with the experimental results.     

不锈钢电弧辅助活性TIG焊

针对不锈钢,提出了一种新型活性YIG焊方法--电弧辅助活性TIG焊,即AA-TIG焊(arc assisted activating TIG welding).该焊接方法通过在正常TIG焊前以活性混合气体作为保护气体,采用小电流钨极电弧预熔待焊焊道表面,可使熔深显著增加,焊接效率大大提高,而且具有可全自动化焊接和工艺可重复性好等优点.分别采用O2+Ar,CO2+Ar,空气作为小电流钨极电弧的保护气体进行了单弧AA-TIG焊.与传统TIG焊比较,发现O2+Ar,CO2+Ar和空气都可显著增加熔深,减小熔宽,焊缝表面成形良好.采用CO2+Ar作为活性混合保护气体进行双弧AA-TIG焊,焊缝成形良好,熔深显著增加.熔深随着焊枪间距减小而增大.     

不锈钢高频复合双钨极氩弧焊接工艺方法

针对双钨极TIG焊存在的电弧压力小、焊缝熔深浅等问题,提出了一种新型焊接工艺方法——高频复合双钨极TIG焊(high frequency hybrid twin-electrode TIG welding, HFHT-TIG焊),在双钨极氩弧焊的一个钨极上通以高频脉冲电流,达到提高电弧压力和挺度、搅拌熔池、细化晶粒、改善接头组织和力学性能的目的. 采用HFHT-TIG焊进行了6 mm厚奥氏体不锈钢焊接工艺试验,并与双钨极TIG焊接头进行对比. 结果表明,HFHT-TIG焊能够显著提高电弧挺度和电弧压力,焊缝表面成形更佳,横截面对称性更好,焊缝区的树枝晶组织更加细小,断口韧窝更加均匀和细密,接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提高了12.1%和30.2%.     

GTAW熔池形状数值模拟精度的改进

采用高斯分布或双椭圆分布热源模式对GTAW熔池形状的数值模拟中发现,计算得到的熔池尾部形状与实际情况有较大差别.文中分析了误差产生原因,提出了数值模拟程序设计中如何确定热源在工件上作用区域计算半径的三个原则.解决了计算结果中熔池尾部后拖不足的问题,提高了GTAW熔池形状数值模拟精度.     

空心钨极同轴填丝焊接丝弧交互作用机制

空心钨极同轴填丝焊接焊丝与电弧(丝-弧)交互过程是决定焊接质量的关键.首先利用高速摄像观察分析了空心钨极电弧与实心钨极电弧形态,及其对焊缝成形特征的影响规律,然后构建了熔丝过程受力模型,系统分析了同轴填丝焊接过程中熔滴形成及过渡过程动力学特征.结果表明,空心钨极电弧表面辐照区域大于实心钨极,在大电流工艺条件下焊缝成形稳定;熔滴形成阶段,焊丝末端熔滴处于静力平衡状态,在较大表面张力作用下,无法自发从焊丝末端直接过渡进入熔池;熔滴过渡阶段,部分电流从焊丝流过,产生电磁收缩力,引起焊丝与熔池之间的熔滴摆动.     

Effect of pulsed ultrasonic on arc acoustic binding in pulsed ultrasonic wave-assisted pulsed gas tungsten arc welding

This paper investigated the effect of pulsed ultrasonic on the microstructure and mechanical properties of weld joints using novel pulsed ultrasonic wave-assisted pulsed gas tungsten arc welding. The principle of proposed method was to apply pulsed ultrasonic to the welding process during background current. The results indicated that arc contraction degree, weld pool oscillation, and weld penetration were remarkably enhanced by applying pulsed ultrasonic. The microstructure refined by pulsed ultrasonic was much finer than those refined by continuous ultrasonic due to the more stable ultrasonic field in arc zone and consequent stronger fluid flow in weld pool. Furthermore, tensile strength of the joints with pulsed ultrasonic was significantly improved compared with that of the joints with no and continuous ultrasonic.