在含有饱和LaCl_3的AlCl_3-EMIC中电沉积铝

将氰化镧溶解到AlCl3-EMIC室温离子液体(N=0.667)中,制备氯化镧饱和的AlCl3-EMIC离子液体;采用循环伏安法、计时电流法研究了在饱和LaCl3-AlCl3-EMIC中钨电极上的阴极过程和成核机理;并在不同的电流密度下制备了镀层,利用扫描电镜对镀层表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明:氯化镧的加入使得铝的沉积电位负移,由拟合曲线可知其成核过程为三维瞬时形核,在12 mA/cm2的电流密度下可以获得光滑致密的镀层,氯化镧的加入可以细化晶粒.     

钨铜箔片表面电沉积铝工艺的研究

利用AlCl3+LiAlH4-四氢呋喃-苯体系有机电镀液在自制W90Cu10箔片上镀铝,成功获得了高质量的镀铝层,分析了AlCl3与LiAlH4的配比、电流密度和电镀时间对镀层微观形貌、物相组成及厚度的影响,并得出了这3种影响因素的最佳取值。分析结果表明:铝镀层呈现锥状颗粒生长特征,表面颗粒排列紧密,镀液中AlCl3相对于LiAlH4的含量越少,电流密度越大,则表面颗粒越粗大;电镀时间越长,镀层颗粒在(220)方向择优生长越突出;可通过控制电流密度和电镀时间来控制铝镀层厚度,但若电流密度过高或电镀时间过长,镀层易出现裂纹、枝晶等缺陷。     

苯基三甲基氯化铵(TMPAC)–三氯化铝 (AlCl3)离子液体+苯的电镀铝研究

研究了苯对摩尔比为1:2的TMPAC–AlCl3季铵盐室温离子液体电导率和极化行为的影响规律,并考察了电流密度和电镀温度对电镀铝层显微形貌的影响,采用SEM/EDX、XRD等手段对镀铝层进行表征。结果表明,在TMPAC–AlCl3下铝阳极易钝化。在TMPAC–AlCl3中加入苯,阴极和阳极电流密度大幅增加,阴极发生极化。在添加苯的TMPAC–AlCl3中,电镀铝工艺稳定性好,工艺范围宽。在较低和较高电流密度下可分别获得缎面柱状晶和镜面等轴晶镀铝层。在电沉积铝过程中苯起整平作用。     

HR-2不锈钢室温熔盐镀铝

为在不锈钢表面制备铝化物阻氚渗透层奠定基础,采用AlCl3-MEIC（氯化1-甲基3-乙基咪唑）室温熔盐在HR-2不锈钢表面进行镀铝实验,主要研究镀前处理方式,电流密度对镀层的形貌、结合力、纯度的影响。结果表明,采用AlCl3-MEIC室温熔盐体系在HR-2不锈钢上镀铝是可行的。传统的酸洗镀前处理能得到质量较高的镀层,但界面结合不好;电化学清洗镀前处理后可制得结合良好的高质量镀层。纯白色铝镀层表面光滑、均匀、致密,呈现有一定棱角的球形颗粒状生长特性。镀层颗粒尺寸随电流密度的增加而增大。较优的电流密度范围为10~20 mA?cm-2,电镀时间至少40 min。     

《材料保护》2011年第11期

<正>钕铁硼在AlCl3-EMIC离子液体中电沉积的铝镀层的耐腐蚀性能在钕铁硼(NdFeB)表面电沉积铝可提高行Nd。Fe在B不的添耐加蚀有性机,溶而铝剂的的电AlC沉l3积-E只M能IC在(无氯水化体1-系甲中基进-3-乙基咪唑)离子液体中对NdFeB表面电沉积,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱、刻划剥离及热震试验对铝     

Al与Al-Mn合金层在一种AlCl_3型离子液体中的电沉积制备及其腐蚀行为

在AlCl3-EMIC(氯化1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑)或AlCl3-MnCl2-EMIC离子液体中采用电沉积的方法在20#钢表面制备了Al和Al-Mn合金镀层。利用能量色散X射线(EDX)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及极化曲线等方法对所制备镀层的组成、形貌、结构和腐蚀性能进行了表征与测试。所制备的Al-Mn合金镀层是致密的,与基体结合良好。电化学实验结果表明,Al和Al-Mn合金镀层的腐蚀速率低于20#钢基体;Mn含量为20.26%的Al-Mn合金镀层显示了最好的耐蚀性。     

CLAM钢表面室温离子液体电镀铝

采用AlCl_3-EMIC离子液体在室温下对国产低活性铁素体/马氏体钢(CLAM钢)表面进行镀铝处理。研究了镀前处理对镀层-基体界面的影响。采用SEM、EDS分析了不同电流密度对镀层表面形貌与界面形貌的影响,同时与脉冲电镀所得结果进行了比较。结果表明:在电化学前处理过程中,增大电流密度会增强镀层与基底结合力;电流脉冲的加入可以减弱溶液浓差极化现象,增加表面组织致密性;镀层晶粒大小随电流密度增大而减小,镀层球状组织随电流密度增大而增大。在优化的电镀工艺下(前处理电流密度控制在10 mA/cm~2以上,电镀电流密度控制在10~20 mA/cm~2,对应的电镀时间45~95 min,优选脉冲电流电镀),得到的铝镀层表面光滑,致密,结合力强,厚度可控。     

P11O钢表面韧性FeAl渗层的低温制备

通过在摩尔比为2∶1的AlCl3-EMIC(氯化1-甲基3-乙基咪唑)室温离子液体中电沉积铝镀层加低温热处理的方法,在P110钢表面进行低温渗铝.用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量散射X射线谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了渗层的组织结构.结果表明:为保证P110钢基体的硬度,热处理温度应低于620℃,而渗铝速度在高于590℃时较快.6 μm铝镀层试样经620℃×24 h热处理,可以得到8μm由韧性FeAl相组成的渗层.     

酸浸蚀处理对AZ91D镁合金室温熔盐镀铝的影响

采用酸性AlCl3-EMIC室温熔盐对AZ91D镁合金表面电沉积制备铝镀层,研究不同酸浸蚀处理对镀层与基体结合力的影响.采用刻划撕扯法对结合力进行判断,利用金相显微镜(OM)、SEM、EDS、XRD和XPS对镀层及酸浸蚀表面形貌、物相组成、元素价态进行观察和分析,采用盐雾实验法对镀层耐蚀性进行测定,并对镀层形貌的形成机理进行讨论.结果表明:对镁合金表面进行机械预处理后进行电沉积,得到的镀层不致密,且与基体的结合较差;对镁合金进行HF浸蚀后,仅能在镁合金表面得到致密均匀的铝镀层;而以稀磷酸为浸蚀液能同时改善镀层的致密性与基体的结合性能,镀层经两次撕扯后未脱落,对基体能起到良好的保护作用.     

无机熔盐中脉冲铝镀层的试验研究

在190℃的AlCl3-NaCl-KCl共融盐中，对321型不锈钢板进行脉冲镀铝和直流镀铝，在钢板上获得银白色铝镀层。X射线衍射结果表明，两种情况均得到面心立方结构的铝，但脉冲镀铝所得的铝晶粒较小。对镀铝层的性能测试分析，发现厚度同为10／μm的铝镀层，脉冲镀层的硬度比直流镀层的高HV65，且脉冲镀层在耐蚀性和与不锈钢基体的结合力上明显优于直流镀层的。     

Heat-treatment induced material property variations of Al-coated Mg alloy prepared in aluminum chloride/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

An Al coating film, electrodeposited on a Mg alloy from aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AlCl₃-EMIC) ionic liquid, effectively prevents the substrate from rapid corrosion in a hostile environment. The thickness of the Al film can be easily determined by controlling the total cathodic charge applied, because the current efficiency of the electrodeposition reaction is close to 100%. Heat treatment at 450 °C under an argon atmosphere for 10 min causes an inter-diffusion at the Al/Mg interface, optimizing the protective performance of the coating film. Prolonging heating leads to a Mg₁₇Al₁₂ intermetallic phase and a Mg solid solution phase to be formed at the expense of the deposited Al film. This phase transformation gives rise to a degradation in the corrosion resistance of the Al-coated sample.     

Electrochemical behavior of tantalum in ethylene carbonate and aluminum chloride solvate ionic liquid

To investigate the electrochemical reduction mechanism of Ta(V) in ethylene carbonate and aluminum chloride (EC−AlCl₃) solvate ionic liquid, cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted on a tungsten working electrode. Four reduction peaks were observed in the cyclic voltammogram of the EC−AlCl₃−TaCl₅ ionic liquid. The reduction peaks at −0.55, −0.72, and −1.12 V (vs Al) were related to the reduction of Ta(V) to tantalum metal by three stages including the formation of Ta(IV) and Ta(III) complex ions. The reduction of Ta(III) to tantalum metal was an irreversible diffusion-controlled reaction with a diffusion coefficient of 3.7×10⁻⁷ cm²/s at 323 K, and the diffusion activation energy was 77 kJ/mol. Moreover, the cathode products at 323 K were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that tantalum metal and tantalum oxides were obtained by potentiostatic electrodeposition at −0.8 V for 2 h.     

Electrochemical deposition of aluminum on W electrode from AlCl_3-NaCl melts

Electrochemical deposition of aluminum on W electrode from AlCl3-NaCl melts was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The results show that Al ( Ⅲ) is reduced in two consecutive steps, i.e., 4Al2Cl7-+3e-→Al+7AlCl4- and then AlCl4-+3e-→Al+4Cl-. The electrochemical reaction of 4Al2Cl7-+3e-→Al+7AlCl4- is reversible. Certain nucleation overpotential is required during the deposition of aluminum on W electrode. Chronopotentiometry analysis also shows that Al (Ⅲ ) is reduced in two consecutive steps under certain current density, which is in reasonable agreement with cyclic voltammograms. By using constant current deposition, the electrodeposits on Al substrate obtained at between 50 and 100 mA/cm2 are quite dense and well adherent to the Al substrate. The electrochemical deposition of aluminum on Cu substrate in AlCl3-NaCl melts indicates that the intermetallic compounds are formed. The intermetallic compounds are AlCu and Al2Cu.     

Oxidation behavior of arc-sprayed FeMnCrAl/Cr3C2-Ni9Al coatings deposited on low-carbon steel substrates

FeMnCr/Cr₃C₂ and FeMnCrAl/Cr₃C₂ coatings, using Ni9Al arc-sprayed coating as an interlayer on low-carbon steel substrates, were deposited by high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) on the cored wires. The high temperature oxidation behavior of the arc-sprayed FeMnCrAl/Cr₃C₂-Ni9Al and FeMnCr/Cr₃C₂ coatings on the low-carbon steel substrates was studied during isothermal exposures to air at 800 °C. The surface and interface morphologies of the coatings after isothermal oxidation after 100 h were observed and characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion spectrum, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the oxidation weight gains of the coatings were significantly lower than that of the low-carbon steel substrate. Moreover, the FeMnCrAl/Cr₃C₂-Ni9Al coating registered the lowest oxidation rate. This favorable oxidation resistance is due to the Al and Cr contents of the aforementioned coating that inhibits the generation of Fe and Mn oxides. This is attributed to the interdiffusion between the substrates and the Ni9Al arc-sprayed coating, which can convert the mechanical bonding between substrates and coatings into a metallurgical one, thereby inhibiting the oxidation of interface between the low-carbon steel and the coating.     

Susceptibility of Ti–6Al–4V alloy to stress corrosion cracking in a Lewis-neutral aluminium chloride–1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid

The susceptibility of Ti–6Al–4 V alloy to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in a Lewis neutral AlCl₃–EMIC ionic liquid (IL) was investigated employing U-bend tests. The results indicated that cracking initiated at the α/β phase boundary, propagated intergranularly, followed by transgranular cracking and failed in dimple mode under overloaded stress.     

Novel multilayer Mg–Al intermetallic coating for corrosion protection of magnesium alloy by molten salts treatment

A novel multilayer Mg–Al intermetallic coating on the magnesium alloy was obtained by AlCl₃–NaCl molten salt bath treatment. The molten salt was treated at 400 °C, which is lower than the treatment temperature of solid diffusion Al powder. The thick Al₁₂Mg₁₇, Al_0.58Mg_0.42 and Al₃Mg₂ multilayer Mg–Al intermetallic coating forms on the magnesium alloy. The corrosion resistance of AZ91D alloy with and without coating by multilayer of Mg-Al intermetallic compound was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution. The polarization resistance value of the multilayer coating on the magnesium alloy by molten salt bath treatment is greater than that of the uncoated one, which is attributed to the homogenously distributed intermetallic phases.     

Physicochemical properties of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolinone−ZnCl2 solvated ionic liquid and its application in zinc electrodeposition

Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) was dissolved in the 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolinone (DMI) solvent, and the metallic zinc coatings were obtained by electrodeposition in room-temperature ambient air. The conductivity (σ), viscosity (η), and density (ρ) of the DMI?ZnCl₂ solvated ionic liquid at various temperatures (T) were measured and fitted. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical behavior of Zn(II) in the DMI?ZnCl₂ solvated ionic liquid, indicating that the reduction of Zn(II) on the tungsten electrode was a one-step two-electron transfer irreversible process. XRD and SEM?EDS analysis of the cathode product confirmed that the deposited coating was metallic zinc. Finally, the effects of deposition potential, temperature and duration on the morphology of zinc coatings were investigated. The results showed that a dense and uniform zinc coating was obtained by potentiostatic electro- deposition at ?2 V (vs Pt) and 353 K for 1 h.     

Morphological Development of Subscale Formation in Fe–Cr–(Ni) Alloys with Chloride and Sulfates Coating

Three types of stainless steel (430, 304, and 310) with a coating of NaCl, NaCl/AlCl₃, or NaCl/Al₂(SO₄)₃ are exposed at 750 and 850°C. Results show that NaCl has a major effect on corrosion and sulfur plays an important role in intergranular corrosion. After high-temperature exposure with a 100% NaCl coating, the morphologies of alloys 304 and 310 show typical uniform subscale attack the depths of attack increasing with temperature, while alloy 430 showed a planar attack. Alloy 310 has the highest chromium content and has the least metal loss. After high-temperature exposure with a NaCl/AlCl₃ coating, the corrosion morphologies and depths of attack are similar to those associated with an NaCl coating, but only voids are larger in the subscale. When coated with NaCl/Al₂(SO₄)₃, the alloys are attacked simultaneously by sulfur and chlorine at 750°C, resulting in a typical sulfur-attack intergranular corrosion. However, as the temperature increases to 850°C, the corrosion morphology changes to a uniform subscale attack.     

MoS2颗粒表面包覆Al2O3及其在镀层中的应用

采用非均匀形核法将Al2O3包覆到MoS2颗粒表面,提高颗粒的亲水性能。研究了溶液pH值、Al(NO3)3的摩尔浓度和预处理工艺对包覆率的影响;采用SEM及EDS分析了包覆前后MoS2颗粒的微观形貌和表面成分;通过测量接触角研究了颗粒表面的亲水性。结果表明,颗粒表面均匀包覆了一层Al(OH)3;溶液pH值对包覆率的影响最大,Al(NO3)3的摩尔浓度次之。最佳工艺为:溶液pH值为5.5,Al(NO3)3浓度为0.15mol/L,预处理过程不添加表面活性剂。随着包覆率的提高,MoS2颗粒的亲水性提高。利用包覆Al2O3的MoS2制得了Ni-P-MoS2化学复合镀层,提高了镀层中沉积粒子的均匀致密性。     

自反应电弧喷涂原位合成Ti(C,N)-TiB2-Al2O3复相陶瓷涂层

以Ti+B4C为反应药芯、Al为外皮材料制备反应型喷涂丝材,探讨利用自反应电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体表面制备复相陶瓷涂层的可行性。以X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等方法分析、观察了涂层的组织与结构,测试了涂层的主要力学性能。结果表明:利用制备的药芯丝材进行喷涂试验,可获得由TiB2、TiB、TiC0.3N0.7、TiN、Al2O3、AlN等多相组成的复相陶瓷涂层。涂层呈典型的层状结构,其连续的基体相内弥散分布着离散的第二、第三相。涂层与基体间的结合强度为18.9MPa,涂层的平均显微硬度与弹性模量分别为735.4HV0.2和461.4GPa,摩擦因数在0.45～0.50之间,耐磨性能较基体材料提高3倍以上。