混凝土中钢筋腐蚀与防护研究进展

综述了严酷环境下混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的研究现状,论述了钢筋在混凝土碱性环境中的钝化机理,以及碳化和氯盐作用下的钢筋锈蚀机理;讨论了表面防护、阻锈剂、电化学阴极保护和钢筋表面涂镀等钢筋腐蚀防护措施的作用机理及优缺点。     

模拟风沙环境下混凝土防护涂层抗冲蚀性能的研究

目的 研究不同类型的防护涂层对风沙环境下混凝土抗冲蚀性能的影响规律及作用机理,从而选取适合风沙环境且综合性能良好的混凝土防护涂层.方法 以聚氨酯、丙烯酸及环氧树脂为研究对象,对三种混凝土结构防护涂层进行了研究.通过接触角和显微硬度对涂层的物理及力学性能进行了分析,并利用模拟风沙环境侵蚀实验系统,在不同冲蚀参数下,对混凝土结构防护涂层体系的抗冲蚀性能的变化规律进行测试.结合混凝土防护涂层风沙冲蚀实验及扫描电镜表征,探究风沙环境下混凝土防护涂层的冲蚀机理.结果 相同冲蚀条件下,不同防护涂层的冲蚀率大小为:聚氨酯防护涂层>环氧树脂防护涂层>丙烯酸防护涂层.喷涂丙烯酸防护涂层试样的抗冲蚀性能比喷涂聚氨酯防护涂层的试样提升了约57.56％,比喷涂环氧树脂防护涂层的试样提升了约33.57％.冲蚀表面分形维数(Ds)的变化在一定程度上反映了不同冲蚀阶段的变化,结合Ds及被冲蚀后涂层表面的微观形貌特征,发现在低角度冲蚀时,受粒子拉应力影响,涂层表面发生了撕裂及脱粘现象,冲蚀率较高.在高角度冲蚀时,受粒子压应力影响,涂层表面出现隆起及空穴等塑性变形,冲蚀表面Ds增加,且在材料屈服应力范围内未造成损伤界面的脱落,故冲蚀率较低,显示出典型塑性材料冲蚀损伤的特征.结论 聚氨酯、丙烯酸及环氧树脂防护涂层体系,均能提高混凝土的抗冲蚀性能.结合防护涂层的接触角及硬度测试结果,发现丙烯酸防护涂层作为风沙环境中混凝土结构防护涂层时,效果较好,适用于该环境下的混凝土防护.不同防护涂层在受到冲蚀时,不存在明显的塑性变形和脆性破坏阶段,而是随冲蚀分量变化,涂层由塑性变形向脆性破坏过渡,且该现象存在于整个冲蚀过程中.     

钢筋混凝土中钢筋锈蚀与防护研究概况

为了对进一步研究钢筋混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀与防护提供参考,本文通过查阅相关文献,对钢筋锈蚀对钢筋混凝土力学特性的影响、钢筋锈蚀的影响因素、钢筋锈蚀的检测与评定方法以及钢筋锈蚀的防护与修复技术进行了论述。结果表明,钢筋锈蚀对钢筋混凝土力学特性的影响有三个方面;氯化物、混凝土碳化、硫酸盐、水和氧气、环境温度、混凝土裂缝是影响钢筋锈蚀的因素;钢筋锈蚀的检测与评定方法有电位图法、电位梯度法、交流阻抗法、恒电流脉冲法、极化曲线法、线性极化法、光纤监测法。指出完善混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的智能检测方法,建立更符合工程实际的混凝土结构失效评估指标体系,研究具有实际应用价值的混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的防护方法及混凝土中已锈蚀钢筋的修复方法是今后研究的发展方向。     

电厂双曲线冷却塔的新型防腐蚀工艺

介绍了防腐蚀防渗材料"优止水"在某热电厂双曲线自然通风冷却塔上的防腐蚀应用.对无机类防腐材料和环氧类有机防腐材料进行了比较,对于混凝土防腐防渗工程无机防腐蚀新材料更为适用.     

碳化混凝土再碱化的研究

    对已碳化混凝土定期检测混凝土砂浆试块中钢筋的自然腐蚀电位和极化曲线,并根据极化曲线判断再碱化效果研究了电化学再碱化的相关问题.结果表明,单纯碳化作用只能使钢筋周围混凝土的pH值降低,导致钢筋表面的钝化膜遭到破坏,但是并不加速钢筋的腐蚀速度;电化学再碱化处理能使碳化混凝土中的钢筋自然电位回复到碳化以前水平,使活化钢筋重新处于钝化状态;再碱化处理之后要弛豫一段时间才可进行钢筋电化学性能的检测.     

碳化混凝土再碱化过程中钢筋在Ca（OH）2溶液中的电极过程

研究了碳化混凝土再碱化过程中钢筋在Ca(OH)2溶液中的电极表面电化学反应,采用电化学测量技术结合模拟试验考察了电极表面发生各类反应的可能性.结果表明:再碱化过程中,钢筋电极表面的电化学反应与钢筋表面的状态有密切关系,当电极表面存在锈蚀层时,再碱化过程析氢反应和氧化铁的还原同时发生,并使表面氧化层的价态逐渐降低,在电极表面形成金属铁,析氢过程产生的OH-使钢筋周围混凝土的碱性提高.     

混凝土假性碳化引起回弹法强度的误判

混凝土的碳化作用能提高其表面硬度，现行无损检测规程把碳化深度作为回弹法测强的一个修正参量来采用。研究发现在某种场合用酚酞试剂测定到的碳化值，不一定是实质意义上氢氧化钙和二氧化碳反应生成的碳酸钙。该疑似混凝土碳化深度值实际是混凝土表层失碱产生的中性化现象，研究揭示了回弹法检测中酚酞试剂指示的假性碳化引起混凝土检测强度评判的误区。     

钢筋腐蚀引起混凝土结构破坏的修补对策

4 混凝土碳化引起钢筋腐蚀的基本修补方法 混凝土碳化引起的钢筋腐蚀,指的是钢筋的去钝化和腐蚀唯一地是由混凝土碳化引起的,而混凝土的氯化物含量明显地低于能使钢筋去钝化所需的临界值(见下文)。图5中列出混凝土碳化引起的钢筋腐蚀的结构可以采用的基本修补方法。这些方法可以综合     

粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化性能

通过对抗压强度、孔隙率和碳化值的测定,研究了混凝土的抗碳化性能随粉煤灰掺量的变化情况.结果表明,粉煤灰的掺加可以提高混凝土密实度、改善孔结构,混凝土抗压强度和抗碳化性能随着粉煤灰掺量的上升而下降,且抗压强度与碳化值之间存在一定的相关性.     

回弹法及三维激光扫描技术在地铁线路结构健康检测中的应用

采用回弹法对某地铁线路新建基坑进行检测,利用钢筋检测仪探测钢筋的位置及间距,使用质量分数为1%酚酞酒精溶液和混凝土碳化深度尺测量混凝土表面的碳化深度,再用回弹仪测取混凝土表面的回弹值,根据平均回弹值及平均碳化深度可得出混凝土强度换算值,继而计算出混凝土强度推定值。通过现场检测,总结了回弹法检测混凝土强度精确度的影响因素以及提高检测精确度的措施。采用三维激光扫描技术结合人工方法对地铁线路结构平面、断面进行测量,再对其使用现状进行调查。检测及现状调查结果表明,该地铁线路结构车站、区间隧道混凝土强度符合原设计要求,地铁结构存在剥落、裂纹、渗水等病害,研究成果可为地铁结构健康评估提供参考及依据。     

Crack shape and rust distribution in corrosion-induced cracking concrete

This study investigated a reinforced concrete specimen that had deteriorated in an artificial environment for 2 years. The crack width and the rust distribution were observed by digital microscopy. The variation of the total circumferential crack width along the radial direction is presented using a linear function. Observation reveals that rust does not penetrate into the corrosion-induced cracks before concrete surface cracking. After concrete surface cracking, rust fills the cracks, lining the edges of the cracks due to the circulation of the outer solution. A schematic diagram is proposed to describe crack propagation and rust development.     

Distribution of millscale on corroded steel bars and penetration of steel corrosion products in concrete

This study investigated a reinforced concrete specimen that had deteriorated in an artificial environment for 2 years. The steel/concrete interface and corrosion-induced cracks were observed by SEM to investigate the millscale on the rebar surface and the distribution of rust. The millscale was not further oxidised before the surface cracking of the concrete cover. The penetration of corrosion products into concrete and the formation of a corrosion layer proceeded simultaneously. The rust did not fill the corrosion-induced cracks in concrete. Instead of the three-stage model, a two-stage model is proposed to describe the concrete cracking process induced by steel corrosion.     

Imaging of internal cracks in concrete structures using the surface rendering technique

The impact echo method is effective in the inspection of concrete defects. If the test area is large and many tests are performed, it is difficult to get a picture of the concrete interior by examining a series of test spectra. In order to provide the engineers with a more direct way of detecting the defects in the structure, this study proposes a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method to depict the internal cracks in concrete structures. To acquire the test data, a mesh is drawn on the surface of the concrete. Then, impact echo tests are performed at the grids. The recorded signals are processed to obtain the depth spectra of the concrete. Finally, the surface rendering technique is adopted to construct the 3D image of the concrete interior. Both numerical simulations and model tests are used to verify the proposed imaging method. It is seen that surface rendering technique can be used to show the internal cracks in the concrete specimens successfully.     

直接碳化与煅烧-碳化工艺对WC-Co复合粉性能的影响

以偏钨酸铵、醋酸钴、裂解碳为原料,配置成料浆,通过喷雾干燥-氢气还原碳化(简称直接碳化法)和喷雾干燥-氮气煅烧-氢气还原碳化(简称煅烧-碳化法)制备WC-Co复合粉。对两种工艺制备粉末的性能和形貌进行对比,发现直接碳化法制备的WC-Co复合粉的颗粒在10¹00μm、平均粒度在50μm,大部分球形壳破裂,粉末仍然保持球形骨架,粉末松装密度小、流动性差;煅烧-碳化法制备的WC-Co复合粉末的颗粒度在10100μm、平均粒度在50μm,大部分球形壳破裂,粉末仍然保持球形骨架,粉末松装密度小、流动性差;煅烧-碳化法制备的WC-Co复合粉末的颗粒度在10⁵0μm、平均颗粒度25μm,粉末球形度高、流动性好。将两种工艺制备的粉末制成YG6合金,对比发现直接碳化法得到WC-Co复合粉制备成的硬质合金硬度高、晶粒度小、密度高、孔隙度低、致密度高;将两种工艺制备的粉末进行热喷涂,发现煅烧-碳化法制备的粉末热喷涂时,涂层表面致密度高、WC保留率高、硬度高。     

Non-destructive evaluation of cracks in massive concrete using normal dc resistivity logging

Discontinuities are one of the most harmful damage to the durability of concrete structures. Currents approaches are limited to assessments of surface damages, even if non-destructive methods appear to be effective for the detection and the location of cracks. That is why, these methods might be unsuitable for investigation of massive concrete body as dams and locks. Present works aim at the presentation of new results with electrical resistivity to study damages within concrete structures. In this article, the electrical resistivity focused on the study of cracks and discontinuities (concrete joints, interfaces…) in massive concrete structures by measurements done in preexisting boreholes. The used array is the normal dc resistivity logging. The study presents numerical and experimental results. First, modeling allows correcting experimental data. Then, development shows the sensitivity relatively to the discontinuity characteristics (aperture and the resistivity contrast between the discontinuity and the concrete). The tests on a real structure are carried out to define the methodology for on-site measurement. Results support the modeling.     

A new non-contacting non-destructive testing method for defect detection in concrete

A new non-destructive testing (NDT) method for defect detection in concrete structures is presented. The method is based on the dynamic response of flawed concrete structures subjected to impact loading. Conversely to similar NDT techniques, such as the impact-echo method, the present method uses non-contacting devices for both impact generation (a shock tube producing shock waves) and response monitoring (laser vibrometers measuring concrete surface velocity). Experimental and numerical (finite element) studies have been carried out for concrete specimens containing artificial defects (penny-shaped cracks parallel to the free surface) with varying length and depth. According to the experimental and numerical results, it appears that the present method enables an effective detection of defects, particularly in the range of shallow defects.     

Nondestructive testing method of concrete using impact acoustics

A new nondestructive testing method for concrete using impact acoustics is investigated. Impact acoustics, which has a strong relation with the vibration of a concrete surface, can offer important information about the physical properties of concrete structures such as shapes, material properties and defects. In this paper, the relation between impact acoustics and vibration at the same surface of the concrete was observed experimentally. Then, some basic experiments were carried out to clarify the influence of cracks on amplitude and resonant frequency of the impact acoustics. These experimental results were compared with the results obtained from FEM analysis. It was clarified that degradation of stiffness of concrete due to crack progress can be evaluated by the impact acoustics method.     

基于冲击回波法的混凝土板块开口裂纹的研究

用冲击回波法对混凝土板块不同深度开口裂纹进行了测量，并对获取数据进行后处理和分析，得出了有关混凝土板块开口裂纹用冲击回波法测量的一些结论。     

Synthetic aperture imaging for flaw detection in a concrete medium

This paper investigates the performance of the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) for the detection of air void defects at various locations inside a reinforced concrete medium. Elastic wave propagation, generated by the Impact-Echo method is simulated in two dimensions, using the Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD) method. Waveforms received at various receiver locations on the surface are cross-correlated with a reference point scatterer response function to form an interior image of the concrete medium. Traditional SAFT employs the scattered compressional wave field to form an image of the interior of the medium. In this paper, we extend the conventional approach using all mode conversions of the scattered field to synthesize the image of the medium resulting in a more robust sensing algorithm.The SAFT is able to detect air voids (especially those which are linear in shape, such as long straight cracks) embedded in various locations within the subsurface of the concrete along with the steel reinforcement bars. The straight horizontal cracks are strong scatterers and appear as bright regions in the image of the medium, thereby indicating the presence of an anomaly. Simulation examples depicting a severe loss of structural integrity due to the lack of a bond between the concrete and steel and the associated deterioration are investigated where multiple air-voids surround the reinforcement steel bars. A bright area near the anomaly is observed. Imaging of cracks, located at shallow depths close to the surface is also considered. The ones that are located very close to the surface cannot be identified very well by SAFT because the flexural resonance of the layer between the crack and the surface dominates the response. However, with increasing depth of the crack, by isolating the first arrival of the multiple reflections of the compressional wave component between the crack and the top surface, an image can be formed with SAFT. Thus SAFT qualifies as a useful diagnostic tool for structural health monitoring purposes.     

Steel corrosion and corrosion-induced cracking in recycled aggregate concrete

This study investigated four reinforced concrete mixtures with different replacement percentages of recycled coarse aggregate (RA). The corrosion rate was measured using an electrochemical workstation, and the corrosion-induced cracks on the concrete surface were observed using digital microscopy. The results show that the use of RA introduces more interfaces in concrete, which accelerates the steel corrosion process and corrosion-induced crack propagation in concrete cover. However, steel corrosion and the corrosion-induced cracking process in concrete are not significantly influenced by replacing a small amount (33% in the study) of coarse aggregate with RA.