激光焊接工艺的现状与进展

激光焊接作为一种高质量、高精度、低变形、高效率和高速度的焊接方法,在工业中的应用越来越广泛.为了对激光焊接技术进行回顾和展望,概括介绍了常用激光焊接设备及新型二极管泵浦固体激光设备的特性,激光焊接的机理,常用材料激光焊接工艺及其存在的问题,各种改善焊缝质量的工艺,塑料的激光焊接及其数学建模,以及大型激光焊接平台和双光束激光焊接技术的特点,并对国际上激光焊接技术发展的动向作出展望.     

透明PMMA塑料焊接试验

为降低透明塑料焊接的成本并简化焊接流程，利用热塑性塑料能吸收1 710 nm激光的特性，使用该波长的激光器对透明聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)塑料进行了无添加吸收剂的焊接试验研究。对焊缝形貌、焊接强度及焊接过程中的物理现象进行了分析，通过调整焊接工艺参数，总结了试验激光热输入对焊接接头力学性能和形貌的影响。试验结果表明，当热输入为1.25 J/mm时，PMMA焊接试样的剪切力最大，超过了20.55 MPa，但焊缝中存在烧焦点；当热输入为1.11 J/mm时，焊接试样形貌理想，焊缝剪切力超过了17.8 MPa。 创新点： 对透明塑料进行了无添加吸收剂的激光焊接试验，研究了激光热输入对焊接强度及焊缝形貌的影响。     

热塑性塑料激光穿透焊接技术的研究

为了解热塑性塑料激光穿透焊接的物理机理,掌握相关焊接工艺,对PMMA材料的激光焊接技术从理论和实验上进行系统的研究分析,建立了数学模型,利用ANSYS对焊接温度场和应力场进行了计算分析,从理论上找到了焊接参数对焊缝的影响规律。同时进行了激光穿透焊接实验,对焊接时出现的物理现象进行了分析,找到了最佳工艺参数,实现了良好的焊接封装。     

工艺参数对激光透射焊接聚碳酸酯影响

利用激光透射焊接技术对聚碳酸酯（PC）塑料进行焊接,通过正交试验法研究了激光功率、焊接速度、碳黑含量对焊接强度和焊接质量的影响.探讨了热输入对焊接强度的影响,通过对焊缝显微形貌分析,进一步研究了炭黑含量对焊接质量的影响.结果表明,对PC材料来说,激光功率是首要影响因素,其次是焊接速度,最后是碳黑含量.最佳的焊接工艺参数为激光功率40 W,焊接速度40 mm/s,含碳量0.1%.热输入对焊接质量有较大影响,热输入在0.5～1.3 J/mm可得到较好强度的焊件.     

高分子材料塑料的激光焊接工艺及性能

在激光焊接塑料理论的基础上,采用YAG激光器焊接聚丙烯(PP)塑料薄板,研究了激光焊接热塑性塑料的可行性.从焊缝的外部形貌可以看出激光焊接可以得到接近于母材色度的焊缝.对焊缝进行液氮脆断,断口喷银处理后,运用扫描电镜观测断口形貌,发现断口没有飞边和夹渣,焊接接头良好.对焊接试样进行了力学拉伸试验.结果表明,运用激光焊接聚丙烯板,接头的力学性能接近母材强度.证实了激光焊接是一种可行的、更佳的塑料焊接方法.     

热塑性塑料PP半导体激光焊接工艺

随着产品轻量化的发展要求,塑料激光焊接以其优良的焊接质量、易于控制、可焊接微小零件等诸多优点成为人们研究的热点.利用波长为808 nm的半导体激光器,采用吸收剂Clearweld对聚丙烯(PP)进行了激光透射焊接,讨论了激光功率、焊接速度、夹紧力和吸收剂等工艺因素对其焊接质量的影响.结果表明,在有夹紧力夹持、且激光光斑大小一定的情况下,焊接热输入存在一个最佳范围以获得良好的焊缝成形和接头强度.     

铝合金激光焊接的工艺特性及其发展现状

概述了铝合金激光焊接的工艺特性及难点，指出了铝合金激光焊接技术的研究现状及发展方向。     

激光在铸造生产中的应用

自从激光技术发展以来,它在工程领域中的应用越来越广泛。由于它可以产生高度集中的能量,并能在极短的时间里,把能量集中射在极小的面积上,因此,具有“单色高亮度”的特性。人们根据激光的特性,正将它应用于铸造生产中。 1.用激光焊接蜡模熔模铸造的蜡模焊接通常是采用电热片或酒精灯加热铁片来进行。而国外近年来已经开发了一种利用CO_2激光技术的机械化焊接工艺焊接蜡模。这种新型的激光焊接系统为熔模铸造蜡模的焊接工艺完全自动化提供了可能性,     

表面微结构对铝合金与PA66激光焊性能影响

为提高金属与塑料的激光焊接头强度，提出了异种材料的微结构激光焊的方法.为探究表面微结构参数对金属与塑料激光焊头强度的影响，焊接前采用飞秒激光在金属表面制备了不同参数的微结构；采用拉伸剪切试验、连接界面以及断面微观观测等方式探究了微结构参数对焊接接头强度的影响机制.结果表明，金属与塑料的焊接接头强度与微结构的填充效果以及连接面积有关，随着微结构尺寸的增加，金属与塑料焊接接头强度增加，但过大的微结构尺寸会使得熔融塑料无法对微结构进行充分填充，未填充缺陷的出现会使焊接接头的强度减小；随着间隔距离的增加，微结构覆盖率下降，金属与塑料有效连接面积减少，焊接接头强度持续减小.     

激光焊接的特性

激光焊接特性和激光焊接工艺有紧密的联系,掌握激光焊接特性、制定良好的激光焊接工艺过程才能够实现良好的焊接质量,因此研究激光焊接特性有很重要的意义。对光的波长和用途,特别是对激光的波长和用途作了较详细的说明。在激光焊接方面,以激光焊接热源—激光器,以及其输出特性—光束质量入手,来阐述不同种类的激光在不同输出功率下输出的光束质量的特性,结合实例对激光焊接的几大焊接特性以及激光焊接时容易出现的问题及解决方法进行了论述。阐述了激光焊接的发展前景。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Effect of the Error of Measurement of Current Harmonics on the Accuracy of Determination of Magnetic Characteristics

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The effect of the error of measurement of the form of current harmonics on the accuracy of determination of weber-ampere characteristics of electrical devices is...