煤制气环境中氢含量对X80管线钢氢脆敏感性的影响规律

通过紧固圆盘压力试验及缺口慢应变拉伸试验,结合断口分析,对X80管线钢在气态氢环境中的敏感性进行评价,并研究了含氢煤制气环境中X80管线钢的氢脆敏感性随氢含量的变化规律。结果表明:X80管线钢在氦气和氢气环境中的爆破压力比pHe/pH2为1~2,具有一定的氢脆敏感性;在含氢环境中应用时,应当根据使用环境进行进一步的评价;氢分压为0.36 MPa时,X80管线钢的断后伸长率和断面收缩率与在常温常压空气中的结果接近,当氢分压高于0.36 MPa时,随氢含量的升高,X80管线钢的塑性损失增加,断口表现出脆化特征,氢脆敏感性增加。     

模拟煤制气环境下X80管线钢及HAZ的氢脆敏感性

煤制气中含有一定量的氢气,氢致失效成为输送管线的潜在问题,HAZ的存在增加了氢脆失效的敏感性. 选用X80钢,通过焊接热模拟制备了HAZ试样. 采用高压煤制气环境下的拉伸试验对比研究了X80钢及HAZ各区的氢脆敏感性. 结果表明,经模拟煤制气环境充氢后,X80钢及HAZ各区的性能均稍有降低,氢对材料的性能有一定影响. 粗晶区的氢脆敏感性最高,结合金相和电子背散射衍射分析发现,主要是由于粗晶区在高温作用下发生晶粒长大,致使大角度晶界减少,氢的扩散速率及其在裂纹尖端的富集程度增加,止裂性能变差,断口呈明显的脆性断裂特征.     

氢对高强度钢缺口拉伸强度的影响

利用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法研究高强度钢SCM435的氢脆敏感性.结果表明,SCM435钢经淬火回火抗拉强度为1450MPa时具有高的氢脆敏感性.经充氢后试样的缺口拉伸强度降低,并且随可扩散氢含量的增加,缺口拉伸强度呈幂函数方式下降.不同应力集中系数试样的试验表明,氢致断裂与局部氢浓度峰值和应力峰值有关.     

X70钢和X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的氢脆敏感性

采用动态充氢的试验方法,研究X70,X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中的氢脆敏感性,即在对X70钢和X80钢试样施加过负阴极保护电位的同时,对试样进行慢应变速率试验。结果表明,随着阴极保护电位变负,X70钢和X80钢的氢脆敏感性均有所增强,在相同的阴极保护电位下,X80钢的氢脆风险大于X70钢。     

阴极极化对907钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法结合断口扫描电镜观察,研究了阴极极化对907钢在海水中氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明随极化电位负移,907钢在海水中氢脆敏感性增加,极化电位为-1.06V(vs.SCE)时,拉伸试样出现脆性解理断裂特征,极化电位为-1.16V时,907钢主要为脆性断裂。     

阴极保护条件下X80钢在新疆农田土壤和模拟溶液中的氢脆敏感性差异研究

选择西部管道用大管径X80钢,通过外加阴极保护电位下的慢应变拉伸试验结合阴极极化曲线对比分析了其在新疆农田水饱和土壤及其模拟溶液中氢脆敏感性的变化规律。结果表明,随阴极保护电位的负移,X80钢的断面收缩率和延伸率逐渐降低,氢脆敏感性增加;农田土壤和模拟溶液中阴极保护电位分别达到-1.15V(CSE,下同)和-1.10V时,X80钢发生明显脆断;X80钢在模拟溶液中的氢脆敏感性高于在土壤中。因此利用土壤模拟溶液对X80钢进行氢脆敏感性研究更偏保守,是适宜的。     

热处理对X80管线钢在模拟海水中应力腐蚀的影响

利用电化学工作站测试了经不同工艺热处理后X80钢在海水模拟液中的极化曲线,并采用慢应变拉伸试验（SSRT）对其在模拟海水环境中进行了应力腐蚀试验。用扫描电镜（SEM）观察试样的断口形貌,并结合腐蚀试验结果分析在模拟海水环境中X80钢的应力腐蚀开裂机理。极化曲线表明未经过热处理的X80钢耐蚀性最差,腐蚀电流密度最大,热处理有效改善了钢样在模拟海水中的耐蚀性能,在回火温度为650 ℃时,腐蚀电流密度最小;SSRT试验结果表明,热处理后试样的断裂强度和伸长率增加,说明应力腐蚀开裂敏感性降低,并且回火温度越高,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性越低;电镜扫描结果显示经热处理后的试样断口出现了韧性断裂特征,宏观断口出现颈缩,微观上也可以观察到韧窝。     

阴极保护电位对E460钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)和电化学方法结合断口扫描电镜观察,研究了阴极保护电位对E460钢在海水中氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明,随着阴极保护电位负移,E460钢在海水中的氢脆敏感性增加,阴极保护电位为-0.95V(vs.SCE,下同)时,拉伸试样出现脆性解理断裂特征,电位为-1.05V时,E460钢断口呈脆性断裂特征。     

16Mng钢焊接接头氢脆敏感性的研究

在选定的对氢脆敏感的应变速率下,对焊后充氢、焊态和焊后除氢三种状态的试样进行了慢拉伸试验。根据拉伸性能及断裂特性,评定焊接接头的氢脆敏感性。结果表明,已经防止了延迟裂纹的焊接接头,在氢环境中使用时仍有产生氢脆破坏的可能。接头的氢脆敏感性与接头的含氢量、组织及焊接工艺有关。     

阴极保护电位对E550钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸实验方法 (SSRT) 结合断口扫描电镜 (SEM) 观察,研究了阴极保护电位对E550钢在海水中氢脆敏感性的影响.结果表明:随着阴极保护电位负移,E550钢在海水中的氢脆敏感性增加,阴极保护电位为-0.95 V (vs SCE) 时,拉伸试样出现脆性解理断裂特征,电位为-1.05 V时,E550钢断口呈明显脆性断裂特征.     

酸性土壤环境中剥离涂层下X80钢应力腐蚀行为及机理

目的研究酸性土壤环境中剥离涂层下X80管线钢应力腐蚀行为及机理。方法采用电化学极化曲线测试、慢应变速率拉伸试验和腐蚀形貌扫描电子显微镜观察,对服役于鹰潭土壤环境的X80管线钢在剥离涂层下滞留液中的应力腐蚀行为及机理进行了分析研究。结果 X80管线钢在剥离涂层下的滞留液中具有一定的SCC敏感性,应力腐蚀开裂类型属于TGSCC,敏感性较大位置为近漏点处、剥离区中下部及剥离区底部,且近漏点处滞留液体系中X80钢的SCC机理受阳极溶解(AD)机制控制,剥离区底部滞留液中SCC机理受阳极溶解+氢脆(AD+HE)的混合机制控制。结论服役于酸性土壤中的X80管线钢在外防腐涂层破损后,除开放破损处将发生腐蚀外,剥离涂层下的管线钢还会存在一定的应力腐蚀敏感性。     

Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility and Safety Control of Reheated CGHAZ in X80 Welded Pipeline

Coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) exhibits the highest hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility, which changes under the influence of thermal cycle. In this study, slow strain rate tension (SSRT) tests were conducted to investigate the HE susceptibility of reheated CGHAZs and the critical hydrogen pressure for fracture failure. Results show that intercritically reheated CGHAZ (ICCGHAZ) possesses the lowest HE resistance. Analyses of HE index and fracture indicate that the critical hydrogen pressure is 3.5 MPa. Microstructure analysis reveals that HE susceptibility is associated with multiple factors, such as phase composition, grain coarsening, HAB density, and MA constituent. Blocky necklace-like MA constituent along prior austenite boundaries plays a predominant role in intensifying the HE susceptibility of ICCGHAZ.     

Effect of applied potential on fatigue crack propagation behavior of API X80 steel in seawater

In the present study, the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) tests were conducted on X80 steel in air and artificial seawater (ASW) under various applied potentials to establish optimum and safe working limits of cathodic protection (CP). The slow strain rate test (SSRT) was also conducted on the X80 BM specimens in ASW under CP potential to identify the susceptibility of hydrogen affecting the FCP behavior. The CP potential of ?850 and ?1,050 mV_SCE suppressed the environmental effect of seawater on the FCP behavior of X80 BM and WM specimens, showing almost identical da/dN-ΔK curves for both air and ASW environments. The SSRT in ASW under CP potential of ?1,050 mV_SCE suggested that the X80 BM specimen steel is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, but the effect of hydrogen was believed to be marginal in affecting the FCP behavior of the X80 specimens at a loading frequency of 10 Hz. The FCP behavior of high strength X80 steel is discussed based on the fractographic observation to understand the FCP mechanism in seawater under various CP potentials.     

The effects of rolling and sensitization treatments on the stress corrosion cracking of 304L stainless steel in salt-spray environment

U-bent and notched tensile tests in a 80 °C salt-spray environment were conducted to evaluate the effect of cold rolling at room temperature (CR), warm rolling at 150 °C (WR), and a sensitization at 650 °C/10 h (CRS and WRS) on the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of the 304L stainless steel. The CR specimen exhibited the highest crack growth rate with a greater number of short cracks found in the CRS specimen in U-bent tests. The CR specimen was resistant to HE in notched tensile tests relative to other specimens. Cracking in these specimens was more likely to initiate at the slip bands.     

Stress corrosion cracking of A588 steel weldments in flue gas related environments

This study investigated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of A588 steel welds as determined by U-bend immersion tests and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests to evaluate the steel’s cracking susceptibility in various regions of the weldments. The immersion test results indicated that the fusion zone (FZ) had better corrosion resistance than the other regions in the weld. It was also demonstrated that the columnar grain boundaries exhibited a higher resistance to corrosion than the grain interior of the FZ. However, the coarse elongated ferrite in the FZ is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), which results in the formation of microcracks. As a result, a severe degradation of the weld’s tensile properties in the saturated H₂S solution was observed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) fractographs of tensile specimens reveal a cleavage fracture in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) and featherlike rupture in the FZ, both indicating a high sensitivity to HE.     

热轧超高强度复相钢的氢脆敏感性

通过电化学充氢和升温脱氢分析(TDS)试验,研究了热轧超高强度复相钢M950的氢逸出行为和氢陷阱类型。利用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验,研究了M950钢的氢脆敏感性,并采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)分析了拉伸断口的微观形貌。结果表明,试验钢的氢陷阱激活能为15.0 kJ/mol,该钢的主要氢陷阱为晶界。随着电化学充氢时间的延长,试验钢氢含量逐渐增加,塑性明显下降,但抗拉强度下降幅度较小;拉伸断口形貌由微孔聚集型韧性断裂向准解理、沿晶脆性断裂过渡。     

Embrittlement of T-200 maraging steel in a hydrogen sulfide solution

Slow displacement rate tensile tests were carried out to investigate the effect of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) on notched tensile strength (NTS) and fracture characteristics of aged T-200 maraging steel. Hydrogen diffusivity, permeation flux and apparent hydrogen solubility were determined by an electrochemical permeation method, and correlated with the HE susceptibility and microstructures of the specimens. The results indicated that all aged specimens were susceptible to HE in the saturated H₂S solution, to different degrees. The susceptibility in the decreasing order of severity was observed to be under-aged, peak-aged, and over-aged conditions. The main trend was that the specimen with the highest diffusivity and permeation flux of hydrogen had the greatest NTS loss. Reverted austenite, if present in the microstructure, acted as irreversible traps for hydrogen and hence, improved the HE resistance. At similar strength and hydrogen solubility level, the more reverted austenite the less susceptibility to HE of specimens was resulted. The detailed microstructures of distinct specimens and their performances in hydrogen-containing environments are discussed.