Vision-based detection of weld pool width in TIG welding of copper-clad aluminum cable

In order to realize automatic control of the width of weld pool, a visual sensor system for the width of weld pool detection is developed. By initiative arc light, the image of copper plate weld pool is taken back of the torch through the process of weakening and filtering arc light. In order to decrease the time of processing video signals, analog circuit is applied in the processing where video signals is magnified, trimmed and processed into binary on the datum of dynamic average value, therefore the waveform of video signals of weld pool is obtained. The method that is used for detecting the width of weld pool is established. Results show that the vision sensing method for real-time detecting weld pool width to copper-clad aluminum wire TIG welding is feasible. The response cycle of this system is no more than 50 ms, and the testing precision is less than 0. 1 mm.     

Specular reflection based sensing surface deformation of gas tungsten arc weld pool

A sensing system is developed to measure the weld pool boundary and pool surface deformation in gas tungsten arc welding. LaserStrobe technique is used to eliminate the strong arc light interference, and specular reflection from the pool surface is sensed to describe the relation between the deformed stripes and pool surface depression. Clear images of both the pool boundary and the deformed stripes edges are obtained during gas tungsten arc welding process, which lays foundation for real-time monitoring the pool surface depression and weld penetration.     

Study on intelligent welding mobile robot with the function of auto-searching weld line

The development of welding robots suitable for specially unstructured working enviroments has been become an important development direction of industrial robot application because large-scale welding structures have been used more and more widely in modern industry. In this paper, an intelligent mobile robot for welding of ship deck with the function of autosearching weld line was presented. A wheeled motion mechanism and a cross adjustment slider are used for the welding robot body. A sensing system based on laser-PSD （position sensitive detector） displacement sensor was developed to obtain two dimensional deviation signals during seam tracking. A full-digital control system based on DSP and CPLD has also been realized to implement complex and high-performance control algorithms. Furthermore, the system has still the function of auto-searching weld line according to the characteristics information of weld groove and adjusting posture itself to the desired status preparing for welding. The experiment of auto-searching welding line shows that the robot has high tracing accuracy, and can satisfy the requirement of practical welding project.     

Prediction of weld appearance of electron beam deep pene- tration welding based on visual sensing

Basing on visual sensing method, the electron beam welding molten pool image of titanium alloy was obtained. The binary morphological image processing algorithm was used to process the molten pool imag...     

Simultaneous observation of keyhole and weld pool in plasma arc welding with a single cost-effective sensor

The dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and weld pool are coupled together in plasma arc welding, and the geometric variations of both the keyhole and the weld pool determine the weld quality. It is of great significance to simultaneously sense and monitor the keyhole and the weld pool behaviors by using a single low-cost vision sensor in plasma arc welding process. In this study, the keyhole and weld pool were observed and measured under different levels of welding current by using the near infrared sensing technology and the charge coupled device （CCD） sensing system. The shapes and relative position of weld pool and keyhole under different conditions were compared and analyzed. The observation results lay solid foundation for controlling weld quality and understanding the underlying process mechanisms.     

Preparation and performance of fluorescent sensing coating for monitoring corrosion of Al alloy 2024

A kind of fluorescent sensing coating was prepared for monitoring corrosion of aluminum alloys by incorporating phenylfluorone（PF） into acrylic paint as sensing material. The fluorescent dye PF reacts with aluminum ions on corroded aluminum substrate to occur fluorescence quenching observed in UV light. This paint system is sensitive tO underlying corrosion processes through reacting with the Al^3＋ produced by anodic reaction accompanying corrosion. After a certain time, when the samples of Al alloy 2024 coated with PF-acrylic paint were immersed in 1 mol/L NaCl solution, fluorescence quenching spots can be seen with unaided eyes. With the development of corrosion process, the size of fluorescence quenching spots increases. Active corrosion areas on the sample surface were found under the fluorescence quenching spots by optical microscope. The corrosion areas can be observed more clearly by SEM, and many pits are found. This suggests that the fluorescence quenching spots are the sites of produced Al^3＋ by the anodic reaction of the local attack of the coated Al alloy substrate in the chloride solution and the corrosion process of the coated AI alloy can be monitored on-line by the sensing coating. The sensitivity of this coating system for detection of anodic reaction associated with corrosion was determined by applying constant charge current and measuring the charge, at which fluorescence quenching is detected in the coating with unaided eyes. Visual observation of coated samples can detect fluorescence change resulting from a charge corresponding to an equivalent hemispherical pit with approximate depth of 50 μn.     

Effect of Mn and MnS on corrosion properties of domestic pipeline steels and welds

Base metals of domestic pipeline steels were used to study the effect of Mn on corrosion properties of SSCC( Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking), and welds were carried out to study the effect of MnS on corrosion properties of HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking) both in solutions with wet hydrogen sulfide ( H2 S ). They were respectively conducted by referring to the standards of SSCC and HIC. Testing results revealed that with the increase of content Mn, the resistance of SSCC will be decreased, from the point of metallurgic view, and it is Mn element not C element to lead to the testing results of SSCC. Meanwhile, even under the condition without inclusions MnS, HIC in welds still occurred. That is to say, MnS is not necessary for HIC, the presence of local banded structures in which Mn and P are inclined to aggregate cause to the phenomena of HIC.     

Improving weld quality of 09MnNiDR steel by using arc-excited ultrasonic

An experimental setup to excite ultrasonic by modulating electrical arc was applied in the submerged arc welding （SAW） process of 09 MnNiDR steel to study its effect on quality of the welds. Arc-excited ultrasonic energy refines grains of the welds and more acicular ferrite （ AF） appears in the fusion zone. It also enhances impact toughness of the joints at -70 ℃ significantly. With the ultrasonic of 50 kHz, the toughness is improved by 47% in the fusion zone and by 82% in the heataffected zone （HAZ）. The fractography of welds shows that the fracture is changed from cleavage fracture to gliding fracture while applying ultrasonic vibration.     

Development of motion controller and its application in automatic TIG welding system

To develop a control system of cantilever arm for barrels welding, a motion controller has been developed to rit the welding procedure. The main research fields of the controller are: (1) finding effective measures to protect the controller against inteorerences ; (2) decreasing welding current gradually in order to alleviate arc craters which are harmful to seam forming and welding quality; (3) planning the arm velocity to minimize the influence of the arm swing on arc length regulator; (4) adopting adaptive control algorithm with PD feedback and velocity feed-forward to reduce the inftuence of system inertia and velocity planning on the system transient peorormance.     

The influence of temperature enhanced SnPb based on creep behavior of Cu particle composite soldered joints

Creep property of solder alloys is one of the important factors to affect the reliabdity of soldered joints in SMT （surface mount technology）. Particle-enhancement is a way to improve the properties of solder alloys and has caused much more attention than before. Temperatures applied to soldered joints are one of the primary factors of affecting creep properties of particle enhancement composite soldered joints. In this paper single shear lap creep specimens with a 1 mm^2 cross-sectional area were fabricated using Cu particle enhancement 63Sn37 Pb based composite soldered joints and 63Sn37 Pb eutectic soldered joints to examine the influence of temperature on creep behavior of soldered joints. Results indicated that the creep resistance of soldered joints of Cu particle enhancement 63Sn37Pb based composite soldered joint was generally superior to that of the conventional 63Sn37Pb soldered joint. At the same time, creep rupture life of the composite soldered joint was declined with increasing temperature and drop faster than that of the conventional 63Sn37 Pb eutectic soldered joint.     

铝合金交流TIG焊接熔池动态控制图像传感方法的研究

在光谱分析的基础上，设计了全新的光学传感器，利用普通工业CCD摄像机获得了清晰的铝合金焊接熔池区域图像，为进一步控制铝合金焊接熔池动态打下了良好的基础。     

焊接现场脉冲GTAW熔池图像动态检测

通过熔池的动态观测可以获得焊接过程的稳定性和连续性等信息.熔池的动态观测目前基本上停留在试验室阶段,焊接现场对熔池进行观测在改进工艺和指导生产等方面更具意义.针对焊接现场焊接电源不能修改,非计算机可控,电流电压波形未知等问题,在焊接现场建立了一套焊接熔池图像动态检测系统.根据焊接现场脉冲GTAW的特点,采用"外同步取像"方式确定了焊接现场取像的关键制约因素--取像时刻;并利用电弧光谱分析建立了减小弧光干扰的复合滤光系统;在适合的取像时刻,CCD摄像系统配合复合滤光系统,在焊接现场检测到了清晰的熔池图像.     

Effect of Ultrasound on Heterogeneous Nucleation in TIG Welding of Al–Li Alloy

The effect of ultrasound on heterogeneous nucleation in a tungsten inert gas(TIG) weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy has been investigated by a series of experiments. An ultrasonic vibration was imposed on the surface of base material before turning off the welding arc during the TIG welding implemented at a fixed point. The results suggest that ultrasound could promote heterogeneous nucleation in the TIG weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy. The grain around the fusion zone is changed from a column grain to an equiaxed grain after applying the ultrasonic treatment. To study the influencing mechanism of ultrasound on heterogeneous nucleation, further investigations were implemented where the welding arc was turned off after turning off the ultrasonic power. The results show that the equiaxed grain around the fusion zone disappeared gradually with an increase in heat input after turning off the ultrasonic power. It suggests that ultrasound could promote the heterogeneous nucleation particle to nucleate in advance before turning off the welding arc and the crystal nucleus could again be melted with an increase in heat input after turning off the ultrasonic power. Moreover, the effects of the welding current and ultrasonic amplitude on heterogeneous nucleation in the weld pool of 2195 Al–Li alloy were also investigated. Possible influencing mechanism of the welding current and ultrasonic amplitude on heterogeneous nucleation was discussed.     

脉冲熔化极气体保护焊熔池图像的检测与处理

利用CCD摄像机和复合滤光技术建立了一套熔池图像实时采集系统。利用光谱分析,提出了适合于脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(P-GMAW)熔池成像的滤光光谱窗口,并对中心波长分别为665nm和1064nm滤光系统的成像质量进行了分析。分析了P-GMAW单个脉冲内的不同时刻的熔池图像,研究表明脉冲基值结束期间为最佳的取像时刻。使用中心波长为665nm的滤光系统,从熔池正后方取像,获取了清晰的熔池图像。针对所获取的典型的P-GMAW熔池图像,详细研究了其成像机理。开发了一套熔池图像处理程序,利用该程序提取了完整的熔池轮廓。     

基于红外透过滤光片的P-GMAW熔池图像传感

被动视觉熔池传感技术常采用窄带滤光片使熔池辐射较强而弧光较弱的某波长范围内的光进入摄像机,以抑制弧光干扰获得较清晰的熔池图像.在分析熔池辐射光谱分布、电弧光谱分布和摄像机光谱敏感曲线等影响熔池成像因素基础上,文中提出采用红外透过滤光片拍摄熔池图像,最大程度利用近红外波段熔池辐射能量高而电弧辐射弱的特点,同时透光波长范围的增加也避免了摄像机敏感性不足而导致的成像质量下降问题.P-GMAW熔池传感试验结果表明,红外透过滤光片能够较好的抑制弧光,在脉冲电流峰值和脉冲电流基值期间均可获得清晰和细节丰富的熔池图像.     

CO2焊接熔池直接视觉图像传感研究

应用被动式视觉传感方法进行CO2焊焊接熔池的形状检测。为了消除弧光干扰并获得清晰的熔池图像，设计了由窄带滤光片、中性密度滤光片和普通焊接滤光片构成的复合滤光系统。基于CO2焊焊接弧光的光谱分布特征，首先确定了窄带滤光窗口机心波长为632．8nm。然后，通过实验确定了中性密度滤光片和普通焊接滤光片的规格，以及它们与窄带滤光片的最佳组合方式。图像检测实验结果表明，该复合滤光系统有效地消除了弧光干扰，获得了高质量的熔池图像。同时，对CO2焊焊接熔池的图像特征进行了初步分析，为进一步进行熔池图像处理和焊缝成型控制的研究奠定了基础。     

Optimizing pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding parameters of AA6061 aluminium alloy using Hooke and Jeeves algorithm

Though the preferred welding process to weld aluminium alloy is frequently constant current gas tungsten arc welding （CCGTAW）, it resulted in grain coarsening at the fusion zone and heat affected zone（HAZ）. Hence, pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding（PCGTAW） was performed, to yield finer fusion zone grains, which leads to higher strength of AA6061 （Al-Mg-Si） aluminium alloy joints. In order to determine the most influential control factors which will yield minimum fusion zone grain size and maximum tensile strength of the joints, the traditional Hooke and Jeeves pattern search method was used. The experiments were carried out based on central composite design with 31 runs and an algorithm was developed to optimize the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The results indicate that the peak current （Ip） and base current （IB） are the most significant parameters, to decide the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of the AA6061 aluminum alloy joints.     

Modeling the radiometric imaging process of weld pool

In the vision monitoring or controlling the arc welding process, it is a prerequisite to get a clear image of weld pool. However, the disturbance of arc radiation makes imaging of weld pool difficult and optical filters are usually used to improve the image quality. In this paper, a radiometric imaging model is established to investigate the influence of the filter on the image quality of the weld pool, in which the spectral distribution of weld pool radiation, the spectral transmittance of the filter, the spectral sensitivity of the camera are all considered. With the proposed model, the influence of the factors on weld pool imaging can be inferred and the selection of optical filters is discussed.     

Numerical analysis of heat transfer process for double sided tungsten inert gas – metal inert gas weld pool

Abstract

Double sided arc welding is a new type of technology developed in recent years. Many experiments show that this technology has great advantages over single arc welding for the joining of intermediate thickness stainless steel and aluminium alloy base metals. In the present work, a three-dimensional transient numerical model is created to reveal the heat transfer process for a double sided tungsten inert gas (TIG) - metal inert gas (MIG) weld pool from the viewpoint of heat transfer literature and hydrodynamics. Considering of the features of the model, effective calculation software using finite element technology is adopted. The temperature fields in the weld pool for double sided TIG - MIG welding are successfully calculated; in addition, the configuration of the weld pool is also calculated.Comparisons show that thecalculatedresults agree approximately with the experimentally measured results. STWJ/310     

同步方波交流电源负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因

对同步方波交流电源（ＳＹＮＣＲＯＷＡＶＥ－３００（Ｓ）方波交流电源）的负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因进行了详细的试验研究和理论分析。结果表明：这种陡降特性的可控硅－电抗器式的交流电源的总电流的增加必须通过增加负半波的时间才能实现。这将会造成铝合金交流ＴＩＧ焊和等离子弧焊在大电流焊接时钨极严重烧损，降低电弧和焊缝成型的稳定性。该结论不但对更好地理解可控制硅－电抗器式方波交流电源的工作原理有重要的