喷射成形Al10.8Zn2.8Mg1.8Cu合金沉淀析出强化行为

采用喷射成形技术制备Al10.8Zn2.8Mg1.8Cu高强铝合金,利用力学性能测试、高分辨透射电镜(HREM)、选区衍射(SAED)等手段系统研究120℃下该合金的时效曲线和沉淀析出行为。研究结果表明:该合金在120℃时效4h强度即可达到800MPa以上;16h达到峰时效状态,强度可达820MPa,此阶段GPⅠ区和GPⅡ区联合强化起主导作用;44h后存在长时间的时效平台,强度在800MPa左右,此阶段η′相和η相起主导强化作用。     

预孪生化镁合金时效微观组织研究

对铸造Mg-8Zn-2Y-1Zr合金进行了固溶处理、预拉伸变形和时效处理,采用金相显微镜及透射电子显微镜等研究了经3%预拉伸变形的Mg-8Zn-2Y-1Zr合金时效微观组织。结果表明:经3%预拉伸变形的固溶态合金试样晶粒内产生大量孪晶,其硬度值比未变形的固溶态合金试样提高了HV6.9。经3%预拉伸变形的固溶态合金试样经160℃时效处理后,时效进程中产生大量GP区。峰时效阶段合金中存在大量弥散分布的短杆状沉淀相和未完全脱溶的沉淀相,此时合金硬度达HV86.2。过时效阶段部分沉淀相已长大为长杆状,但基体中仍存在大量弥散分布且尺寸细小的短杆状沉淀相,孪晶界上的短杆状沉淀相不仅析出密度高于基体,且发生约86°的转动。     

Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu,Zr)合金的机械性能和沉淀特性

通过抗压试验、冲击显微硬度试验和电子显微镜等方法研究了中强Al-4.8 Zn-1.2 Mg-0.14 Zr合金和高强Al-5.7Zn-1.9Mg-(1.4Cu,0.14Zr)合金(成分按重要百分比)的机械性能和沉淀特性。合金经淬火和一段或两段20℃和240℃之间的时效之后,在室温下进行机械性能试验。结果表明,由于自然时效的影响,Cu虽然提高了强度却推迟了GP区的形成。添加Cu增大了淬火合金的过饱和度,从而改变了合金GP区形成的上限温度,GP区的转化和GP区到中间相的转变。含Zr合金的晶粒尺寸(d≈8μm)比无Zr的Al-Zn-Mg和Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的晶粒尺寸(d≈150μm)小一个多数量级。在两种含Zr的合金中,Al_3Zr微粒的分布和大量的晶界都影响合金的沉淀过程和机械性能。通过60℃和130℃的两段时效处理,研究了GP区对过渡相η’形成的影响。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金时效沉淀相应变场研究

利用高分辨透射电子显微镜研究喷射成形Al12Zn2.4Mg1.1Cu合金不同时效时间析出的GPⅡ区和η′亚稳沉淀相,并结合几何相位分析软件计算了GPⅡ区和η′亚稳沉淀相的应变场。研究表明:该合金的时效硬度变化和主要析出相的变化密切相关。GPⅡ区大量弥散析出是造成合金硬度迅速上升的主要原因。η′是峰值时效状态下的主要析出强化相。析出相从GPⅡ区到η′的转变,是应变峰值较小的分散半共格应变场取代了应变峰值较大的集中共格应变场的过程。并对GPⅡ区和η′亚稳沉淀相的演变过程及强化机制进行了讨论。     

7B04铝合金的时效沉淀析出及强化行为

利用差示量热法(DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、常规力学性能测试等手段研究了7B04铝合金时效沉淀析出及强化行为。结果表明:该材料存在显著的自然时效现象,大量的GPⅠ区沉淀析出是自然时效强化的主要原因;合金在120℃进行人工时效的初期析出大量GP区,使材料的强度迅速提高,时效8 h后,其横向极限抗拉强度即可达到570 MPa,时效22 h时可达强度峰值点,此时GP区(包括GPⅠ和GPⅡ区)和η′相是主要强化相;峰值时效后继续延长时效时间,材料的强度无明显降低,极限抗拉强度保持在590 MPa左右。     

时效对超高强含Sc铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用维氏硬度测量、室温拉伸性能测试和显微组织结构分析,研究了不同时效制度下Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的力学性能、腐蚀性能和显微组织.结果表明,该合金具有显著的时效硬化效应,随时效温度的升高,合金达到时效硬度峰值的时间缩短.合金适宜的时效制度为120℃24h.此时,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和维氏硬度分别为696N/mm2、654N/mm2、11.1％和211.2HV.合金中主要强化相为GP区和η'相,主要强化作用为沉淀强化及弥散强化.时效过程中Al3Sc和Al3(Sc,Zr)质点表现出较强的热稳定性;合金抗晶间腐蚀能力随时效时间的延长而增强.     

Sc含量对Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金铸态组织及时效强化的影响

用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）及显微硬度仪研究了Sc含量对Al-5.5Mg-0.5Mn-XSc-0.1Zr (质量分数,%) (0.05≤X≤0.50)合金铸态显微组织和时效处理后二次析出相的形貌及其强化作用的影响。结果表明：当Sc含量少于0.09%（质量分数,下同）时,凝固过程中无含Sc相析出,铸锭组织为柱状树枝晶,时效后强化作用有限;当Sc含量在0.16%~0.23%时,凝固过程中析出少量初生及共晶Al3(Sc, Zr)相,这既能够细化晶粒,又不影响时效后二次析出相的热稳定性,时效后合金的硬度也较高;而Sc含量过高（X≥0.23）时,合金中初生和共晶Al3(Sc, Zr)相的含量增多,虽然也能够细化晶粒,但凝固后基体中固溶的Zr含量也会随之降低,导致二次Al3(Sc, Zr)相的热稳定性降低,450 ℃时效24 h后二次析出相粗化严重,强化作用很弱     

高强高韧铝锌镁钪合金板材制备及其组织性能演变

采用力学性能测试和电子显微分析技术研究了不同加工处理条件下Al-5.4Zn-2.0-Mg-0.25Cu-0.1Sc-0.1Zr合金的显微组织及性能演变。结果表明:在半连续激冷铸造条件下,铸锭存在晶界偏析,形成了富Zn、Mg的非平衡相和富Fe、Si、Mn的杂质相;经470℃、12 h均匀化处理后,富Zn、Mg的非平衡相溶入基体,仅剩下少量富Fe、Si、Mn的杂质相;与此同时,铸锭合金固溶体分解析出纳米级的Al3(Sc,Zr)相,470℃、12 h是研究合金合适的铸锭均匀化制度;铸锭热变形过程中,随试验温度升高合金强度逐渐降低,伸长率则先增加而后降低,350~400℃的温度范围内合金具有较稳定的热变形抗力和塑性,是合宜的热变形温度范围;合金冷轧板材经470℃、1 h固溶处理后,热变形过程中形成的大量非平衡相溶入基体形成过饱和固溶体,时效过程中脱溶顺序为αsss(α过饱和固溶体)→GP区→η′相→η相。合金板材最佳固溶-时效工艺为(470℃,1 h)固溶+(120℃,24 h)时效,在此条件下,试验合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别可达533 MPa、494 MPa和15%。试验合金的高强度主要来源于η′相析出强...     

高锌超高强铝合金微观组织及力学性能研究

采用光学金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线物相分析仪和透射电镜等研究了Al-10Zn-1.77Mg-1.0Cu-0.13Zr铝合金的微观组织演变和力学性能。结果表明:合金铸态组织为枝晶结构,主要存在α(Al)和η相(Mg Zn2)。双级均匀化处理后,铸态枝晶组织完全消除,非平衡共晶组织几乎完全回溶进基体。时效处理后,晶内析出相为针状η′相和球状GP区,晶界沉淀相η相沿晶界断续分布,晶界无析出区宽约23nm。基体沉淀相、晶界沉淀相以及晶界无析出区的良好匹配,使Al-10Zn-1.77Mg-1.0Cu-0.13Zr合金不仅具有超高的抗拉强度,同时还拥有良好的塑性。     

Cr-Bi对Mg-8Zn-4Al合金铸态组织及时效沉淀相演变的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段研究了Bi、Cr-Bi复合添加对Mg-8Al-4Zn合金铸态组织及时效沉淀相演变的影响。结果表明:Cr-Bi复合添加能有效改善合金的铸态组织,使连续网状相断开呈短杆或颗粒状。Bi、Cr-Bi复合添加的合金经350℃×12 h+160℃时效,其沉淀硬化曲线呈现典型的温时效。Cr-Bi复合添加的合金时效初期硬化速率较高,20 h就达到峰值硬度的97%,时效48 h达到峰值硬度92.44 HV,过时效阶段硬度下降速度比较缓慢。Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.5Bi合金经350℃×12 h+160℃×120 h时效后主要有MgZn2、Mg3Bi2和单Bi相,呈短杆或细小颗粒状弥散分布在基体上;Cr-Bi复合添加的合金经350℃×12 h+160℃×144 h时效后,除短杆或细小颗粒状的MgZn2相外还有Cr、Al12Cr3等沉淀相,没有发现粗大的MgZn相,且沉淀相与单独添加Bi经120 h时效的合金相比更加细小、致密、弥散均匀分布。     

热处理对G3合金微观组织的影响

借助光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜研究了热处理温度对G3合金微观组织的影响。结果表明,在1120～1180℃温度区间,随着固溶处理温度升高G3合金的晶粒尺寸由5.41级增大为4.18级;经不同温度时效处理后,合金中析出相的种类和分布形态有显著差别。经700℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界上的主要析出相为M23C6相,呈网状,晶内为弥散、细小的TiN和σ相,两者有复合析出现象。经800℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界处的析出相仍然是M23C6相,晶内析出的M6C相呈叶片状,成片分布在晶内。经900℃×50 h时效,合金中晶界处析出的主要是M6C相而不是M23C6相,晶内有大量纳米级的第二相颗粒与位错相互作用。     

固溶处理对K447A高温合金碳化物组织的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜分析了K447A合金在不同固溶+相同时效处理下碳化物的组织及析出行为。结果表明,铸态K447A合金中初生碳化物为MC型,呈块状、骨架状和汉字状,分布于枝晶间和晶界上;热处理后初生MC碳化物呈破碎状,表面形成一层γ'相包覆层,在热处理过程中,初生MC碳化物的成分发生变化,TaC、TiC、WC等初生碳化物发生了分解,HfC受影响程度最小;热处理后初生MC碳化物附近的枝晶间和残余共晶区域析出大量以HfC为主的细小弥散分布的颗粒状二次MC碳化物,1185 ℃固溶2 h+870 ℃时效20 h时,二次MC析出量最多。     

时效处理对AZ81镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

通过对挤压坯预成形AZ81镁合金进行模压成形及随后的时效处理,研究了形变及时效过程中显微组织及力学性能的变化规律.结果表明:时效温度埘AZ81镁合金力学性能及显微组织的影响较大,随时效温度升高至200℃,第二相的析出速度加快,且析出相分布变得均匀,细小析出相呈弥散状态分布于晶界上;随时效时间的延长.β-Mg17Al12析出相逐渐增多,当时效温度为200℃、时效20h时,晶界大多被析出物所掩盖,晶粒内充满大量点针状析出相,合金显微组织的各向异性得以消除,成分较为均匀,进一步提高了模压成形镁合金的力学性能,经400℃模压成形及200℃×20 h的时效处理后,其抗拉强度可达358.5 MPa,屈服强度达到260.7 MPa,伸长率为9.8%.     

热处理对激光选区熔化制备Inconel 718合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化工艺(SLM)制备了Inconel 718合金,并对合金分别进行了1050 ℃×1 h固溶和1050 ℃×1 h固溶+720 ℃×8 h+620 ℃×8 h双级时效热处理。结合微观组织、拉伸性能和断裂特征分析,研究了热处理工艺对SLM制备的Inconel 718合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:固溶处理后合金内Laves相溶解,位错密度显著降低,材料的强塑性匹配较打印态得到良好的改善。经过时效热处理后,γ′和γ″强化相析出使合金强度大幅度提高的同时,保留了一定的塑性。     

Effect of precipitates on microstructures and properties of forged Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zn-0.3Zr alloy during ageing process

The precipitate behavior during forging and ageing process of Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zn-0.3Zr alloy has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the alloy after forging and ageing process have been evaluated using Vickers hardness and room-temperature tensile tests. The results show that precipitation of 14H-type long period stacking order (LPSO) phase is the main strengthening phase in the as-forged alloy. The LPSO phase and refinement of grains contribute to the strength improvement of the alloy after forging process. The optimal mechanical properties of the alloy are obtained when it is aged at 200 °C for 60 h, which mainly owes to the precipitation of large amounts of β′ and 14H-type LPSO phases on the α-Mg matrix. The growth of secondary phases, widening of soft precipitate free zones and coarsening of grains during subsequent ageing process at higher temperature lead to the decrease of mechanical properties of the alloy.     

Effect of Co on Microstructure and Stress Rupture Properties of K4750 Alloy

The effects of substituting Co for Fe on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of K4750 alloy were studied.The microstructure of the alloy without Co(K4750 alloy) and the alloy containing Co(K4750-Co alloy) were analyzed.Substitution of Co for Fe inhibited the decomposition of MC carbide and the precipitation of η phase during long-term aging treatment.In K4750-Co alloy,the morphology of MC carbide at the grain boundary(GB) remained dispersed blocky shape and no η phase was observed after aging at 750℃for 3000 h.However,in K4750 alloy,almost all the MC carbides at GBs broke down into granular M_(23)C_6 carbide and needle-like η phase.The addition of cobalt could delay the decomposition of MC carbides,which accordingly restricted the elemental supply for the formation of η phase.The stress rupture tests were conducted on two alloys at 750℃/430 MPa.When Co is substituted for Fe in K4750 alloy,the stress rupture life increased from 164.10 to 264.67 h after standard heat treatment.This was mainly attributed to increased concentration of Al,Ti and Nb in γ' phase in K4750-Co alloy,which further enhanced the strengthening effect of γ' phase.After aging at 750℃for 3000 h,substitution of Co for Fe can also cause the stress rupture life at 750℃/430 MPa to increase from 48.72 to 208.18 h.The reason was mainly because MC carbide degradation and η phase precipitation in K4750 alloy,which promoted the initiation and propagation of micro-crack during stress rupture testing.     

Microstructural control and hardening response of Mg–6Zn–0.5Er–0.5Ca alloy

The effects of heat treatment on microstructures and hardening response of Mg–6Zn–0.5Er–0.5Ca(wt%) alloy were investigated by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM), and transmission electron microscope(TEM) in this paper. The results show that the Mg–6Zn–0.5Er–0.5Ca alloy contains Mg_3Zn_6Er_1 quasicrystalline phase(Iphase) and Ca_2Mg_6Zn_3 phase under as-cast condition. Most of the Ca_2Mg_6Zn_3 phases and I-phases dissolve into matrix during heat treatment at 475 ℃ for 5 h. After the as-solution alloy was aged at 175 ℃ for 36 h, a large amount of MgZn_2 precipitate with several nanometers precipitate. It is suggested that the trace addition of Ca results in refining the size of the precipitate, and the presence of the nanoscale MgZn_2 phase is the main factor to improve the peak-aged hardness greatly to 87 HV, which increases about 40 % compared with that of as-cast alloy.     

Structure analysis of a precipitate phase in an Ni-rich high-temperature NiTiHf shape memory alloy

Thermal aging of the high-temperature shape memory alloy 50.3Ni–29.7Ti–20Hf (at.%) introduces a novel precipitate phase that plays an important role in improving shape memory properties. The precipitate phase was investigated by conventional electron diffraction, high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and three-dimensional atom probe tomography. An unrelaxed orthorhombic atomic structural model is proposed based on these observations. This model was subsequently relaxed by ab initio calculations. As a result of the relaxation, atom shuffle displacements occur, which in turn yields improved agreement with the STEM images. The relaxed structure, which is termed the “H phase”, has also been verified to be thermodynamically stable at 0 K.     

Preparation and mechanical properties of Ni-Cr-Al alloy by EB-PVD

Ni-Cr-A1 alloy was deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition(EB-PVD) method. The microstructure was investigated on as-deposited and long-term aged alloy. The results indicate that grain on surface of asdeposited alloy is about 185 nm in size, and a laminated structure in cross-section is observed. However, after aging for 16 and 120 h at 760℃, the laminated structure is dissolved, and the individual grain can be seen clearly. Columnar crystals form on the evaporation side, and exquiaxed grains form on the substrate side. The major precipitate is γ‘ phase after prolonged aging at 760℃. Mechanical properties of the Ni-Cr-A1 alloy were also studied. The results show that the fracture of as-deposited alloy has mixed type at room temperature, and intergranular fracture among columnar crystals is observed. Compared to that of as-deposited alloy, fracture of alloy after aging for 16 and 120 h at 760℃ appears to involve ductile fracture with dimples.     

Mg-4Zn-2Al-0.5Ca合金时效沉淀过程的相演变

利用高分辨透射电镜和扫描电镜分析了Mg-4Zn-2Al-0.5Ca合金时效沉淀过程中的相演变。结果表明:试验合金的时效硬化曲线呈现典型的时效硬化特征。试验合金在160℃时效达到峰值硬度时其沉淀相有:平行于(0001)Mg的圆盘状沉淀相、(梳齿状)块状沉淀相以及大量的亚稳过渡相。随时效时间的延长,生成长条状相,但基体中依然存在很多后析出的细小的弥散分布的粒状沉淀相。120℃×230 h时效处理后的微观组织中存在着蜂窝状组织,宽度为3～4 nm的长条状沉淀相,直径为5～7 nm的球状沉淀相;这些沉淀相的存在大大提高了合金的硬度。