Microstructure and Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Al-Mg-Sc Alloy Plates

采用搅拌摩擦焊对铝镁钪合金热轧板和冷轧-退火板进行焊接。测定焊接接头的硬度分布和拉伸力学性能,采用金相和透射电子显微技术分析焊缝区显微组织特征和力学性能的关系。结果表明,热轧板和冷轧-退火板搅拌摩擦焊焊接系数高达92%;焊接接头上焊核区硬度最低、拉伸断口位于焊核区;焊核区在热循环作用下发生部分再结晶导致的亚结构强化的减弱以及Al3(Sc,Zr)粒子共格强化作用的消失是搅拌摩擦焊焊核区强度下降的主要原因。     

工艺参数影响2060铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的成形规律

以在航空领域有广泛应用前景的2 mm厚2060-T8 Al-Li合金为研究对象,进行了搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的试验分析,重点研究焊接工艺参数影响焊接接头成形的规律.研究结果表明,呈碗形的焊缝由轴肩作用区与焊核区组成;轴肩作用区的等轴晶的晶粒大于焊核区.当搅拌头的转速为800 r/min且焊接速度为80 mm/min时,焊接接头的表面成形良好且内部无缺陷.与800 r/min,80 mm/min相比,提高旋转频率或降低焊接速度,焊缝表面变得较粗糙;降低旋转频率或提高焊接速度,焊缝内部会出现隧道型缺陷.     

铝锂合金机器人搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能

为降低焊接压力以适应机器人搅拌摩擦焊接的需求,采用小尺寸轴肩,在较低焊接载荷下进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验. 以单位面积焊缝热输入相同为控制原则,研究了搅拌头轴肩尺寸对2 mm厚2060-T8铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程压力、焊缝成形、接头微观组织及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,随着搅拌头轴肩尺寸的减小,所需焊接压力呈非线性下降,且稳定焊接过程中载荷振幅值降低. 当轴肩尺寸为4 mm时,焊缝表面形成较大飞边,且接头内部产生孔洞缺陷,当轴肩尺寸大于6 mm时,能获得表面成形良好且内部无缺陷的接头. 当轴肩尺寸为6 mm时,焊接压力为2 800 N,焊核区平均晶粒尺寸为0.52 μm,接头抗拉强度达到最大为396 MPa,为母材的74.1%,显微硬度呈“U”形分布,断裂位置为焊核区,断裂方式为韧—脆混合型断裂.     

焊接工艺参数对6061-T6铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊组织及力学性能的影响

采用不同的压入量、旋转速度和焊接速度对6061-T6铝合金进行静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,研究了焊接工艺参数对接头组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,所有试验参数下,焊缝表面光滑、几乎不产生飞边,焊接工艺参数能够影响材料的流动性,进而对接头成形、组织和力学性能产生影响。焊接工艺参数显著影响焊核区形态,当焊核区为球状,焊缝显微组织硬度呈W形对称分布;而当焊核区为碗状时,前进侧显微硬度略高于后退侧。在最优参数下,即压入量为0. 08 mm、旋转速度为1 600 r/min和焊接速度为500 mm/min,接头抗拉强度为224 MPa,达到母材的75. 6%。     

铝合金2024-M搅拌摩擦焊接头性能

通过轴向拉伸试验,研究了搅拌针旋转速度对铝合金2024-M接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,轴向拉伸断裂部位随搅拌针转速的变化而变化,高转速下接头组织中有大量块体颗粒被保留下来,降低了接头强度,断裂发生在焊核区;低转速下因轴肩与焊接材料间摩擦机制作用在接头成形中的比例减小,层间结合力减弱,接头断裂面呈现层状结构,焊核区又成为断裂的敏感部位;当焊接速度为20 mm/min时,搅拌针转速存在一个理想的焊接参数范畴,在这个焊接参数范畴内焊接的试样断裂通常发生在母材区,断裂面与拉伸轴成45°,属典型的剪切断裂.     

焊接热输入对铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊缝形貌与接头性能的影响

系统研究了焊接热输入对双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区轮廓和拉伸性能的影响. 接头宏观组织形貌结果表明,随着焊接热输入因子的逐渐升高,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区依次展现出“哑铃形”、“焊核变平”、“焊核凸出”轮廓. 焊核凸出是高热输入条件下双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头特有的一种物理现象,且往往伴随产生内部孔洞型缺陷. 焊核区轮廓形貌取决于双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊缝厚度中心沿径向向外运动的塑性金属流动场与热力影响区中部的相互作用. 拉伸性能结果表明,随着焊接热输入因子的逐渐升高,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸性能呈现出逐渐下降的趋势.     

热输入对汽车用铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

采用不同的搅拌头轴肩直径,即以不同的热输入进行汽车用5052-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊试验,并进行了接头显微组织、织构、力学性能和疲劳性能的测试与分析。结果表明,随着热输入的增加,接头焊核区平均晶粒尺寸先减小后增大,焊核区织构先弱化后增强,接头的力学性能和疲劳性能先提高后下降;搅拌头轴肩直径优选为20 mm,其搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的抗拉强度、疲劳寿命分别达到母材的98%、92%。     

树脂基复合材料/铝合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头成形及性能研究

用搅拌摩擦焊方法对树脂基复合材料与铝合金进行了搭接试验,研究了轴肩下压量对接头成形及力学性能的影响。结果表明:利用搅拌摩擦焊方法可以实现这两种材料的搭接,其界面结合机制为机械结合;轴肩下压量对接头成形和性能具有重要的影响,采用合适的轴肩下压量可形成成形良好、无宏观缺陷的焊接接头;SEM观察表明,接头界面存在的微裂纹可能是接头力学性能不太理想的主要原因。     

控冷工艺对6005A-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头成形的影响

采用内含冷却介质通路的铜压板作为激冷源,放置在焊缝上表面两侧,进行3 mm厚6005A-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究。试验结果表明,焊接工艺显著影响接头成形。在合适工艺参数下,采用控冷工艺可显著改善接头成形。与常规工艺接头相比,控冷接头焊缝表面飞边明显减小且弧纹清晰;焊核区相对较小且沿板厚方向轴肩作用区明显变窄。当热输入过小时,焊接接头存在空洞缺陷。接头成形差异与材料流动行为密切相关。     

TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳性能

用由内凹轴肩与锥形搅拌针组成的钨铼合金搅拌头,采用转速为150 r/min、焊速为30 mm/min的参数对2mm厚的TC4钛合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊,得到了内部无缺陷的接头。以此为基础进行了焊接接头的疲劳性能分析。试验结果表明,焊核区由细小的晶粒组成,而构成焊核的轴肩作用区的前进侧是焊接接头的危险区域。疲劳裂纹萌生于焊件表面的轴肩作用区附近,裂纹经轴肩作用区向下扩展到热影响区并瞬断于母材区域。     

Influence of Zn coating on friction stir spot welded magnesium-aluminium joint

For friction stir spot welded (FSSW) magnesium–aluminium joints, the formation of Mg–Al intermetallics in the hook region and cracking at the interface damaged seriously the strength of Mg–Al joints, resulting in lower joint load of only 0.8?±?0.2?kN. When adding the hot-dipped Zn coating on the Al substrate surface prior to FSSW, a brazed layer, composed of Mg–Zn and Al–Zn diffusion zones at the edge of the shoulder, and a transition layer, composed of MgZn₂, Zn-rich zone and residual Zn in the hook region, were formed in the FSSW Mg–Al joint, eliminating the cracking and Mg–Al intermetallics in the FSSW joint without the Zn coating. The load of the joint with the Zn coating increased to 3.7?±?0.3?kN.     

Characterization of diffusion-bonded joint between Al and Mg using a Ni interlayer

Aluminum and magnesium were joined through diffusion bonding using Ni interlayer. The microstructure and mechanical performance of the Al/Ni/Mg joints at different temperatures was investigated by means of scanning electron microscope(SEM), electro-probe microanalyzer(EPMA), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Vickers hardness testing, and shear testing. The results show that the addition of Ni interlayer eliminates the formation of Mg–Al intermetallic compounds and improves the bonding strength of the Al/Mg joints. The Al/Ni/Mg joints are formed by the diffusion of Al, Ni and Mg, Ni. The microstructure at the joint interface from Al side to Mg side is Al substrate/Al–Ni reaction layer/Ni interlayer/Mg–Ni reaction layer/Mg substrate multilayer structure. The microhardness of the Mg–Ni reaction layer has the largest value of HV 255.0 owing to the existence of Mg_2Ni phase.With the increase of bonding temperature, the shear strength of the joints increases firstly and then decreases.The Al/Ni/Mg joint bonds at 713 K for 90 min, exhibiting the maximum shear strength of 20.5 MPa, which is greater than that of bonding joint bonded directly or with Ag interlayer. The fracture of the joints takes place at the Mg–Ni interface rather than the Al–Ni interface, and the fracture way of the joints is brittle fracture.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir lap welded Mg/Al joint assisted by stationary shoulder

Using magnesium alloy as upper sheet, 3 mm-thick AZ31 magnesium alloy and 6061 aluminum alloy were joined using friction stir lap welding assisted by stationary shoulder. The effects of tool rotating speed on cross-sections, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/Al lap joints were mainly discussed. Results showed that stationary shoulder contributed to joint formation, by which stir zones (SZ) were characterized by big onion rings after welding. Because of the big forging force exerted by stationary shoulder, the upper region of hook was well bonded. SZ showed much higher hardness because of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The bonding conditions at the base material (BM)/SZ interface at advancing side and the hook region played important roles on joint lap shear properties. The X-ray diffraction pattern analysis revealed that the main IMCs were Al₃Mg₂ and Al₁₂Mg₁₇.     

Friction stir lap welding of plastic to metal using adjustable tool

An OX horn type interlocking joint of MC Nylon-6 (top sheet) and AMXS6020 Mg alloy (bottom sheet) with satisfactory mechanical properties had been obtained by friction stir lap welding (FSLW) using an adjustable tool. The adjustable tool produced the good surface appearances and mechanical interlocking interfaces with low shoulder rotation speeds and high probe rotation speeds. The Mg alloy around the probe was stirred into the melted MC Nylon-6 zone during the FSLW process to form OX horn shape which bended toward the joint centre. The influences of welding parameters on Mg alloy horns formation, tensile shear strength and fracture morphology were investigated. Mechanical interlocking induced by the Mg alloy horns contributed to the main joining mechanism.     

Approach to disrupting thick intermetallic compound interfacial layer in friction stir brazing (FSB) of Al/Cu plates

Friction stir brazing (FSB) was developed for dissimilar joining to overcome the problems associated with friction stir lap welding (e.g. pin wear, narrow bonded area, hook defect) by metallurgical reaction instead of plastic flow. To enhance the thermomechanical effect of the rotating shoulder, a pin free tool with a large shoulder of 30 mm diameter was used in FSB of 5 mm thick Al/Cu plates in stepped lap configuration with Zn braze. Compared to the case using common tool of 20 mm diameter, it was found that although the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer grew thickly, it was disrupted into particles, and end crack within thick IMC layer was eliminated. As a result, the joint fractured not along interface and the fracture load increased by as much as 2271 N. This work proposed an approach to disrupting continuous IMC into particles by enhancing the mechanical effect of rotating shoulder.     

Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of cold metal transfer welded Mg/Al dissimilar joint using wire AZ31 as filler metal

Mg/Al dissimilar butt joint was produced by modified cold metal transfer process using wire AZ31 as filler metal. The energy input characteristics and the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the joint were investigated. Microstructural analysis shows that a diffusion Mg–Al intermetallic compounds interface layer formed along the weld boundary near Al substrate. The interface layer consisted of three intermediate layers from Al substrate to weld metal: Mg₂Al₃ layer, Mg₁₇Al₁₂ layer and Mg₁₇Al₁₂?+?α-Mg solid solution eutectic layer. The tensile strength of the welded joint was 38.4?MPa, which was fairly dependent on the lowest strength of the three intermediate layers. The brittle fracture occurred primarily within the thinnest Mg₂Al₃ intermediate layer adjacent to Al substrate.     

基于Al元素界面调控的镁/钛激光熔钎焊接特性

文中选用含Al量元素含量为9%(质量分数)的AZ91焊丝作为填充钎料,采用激光填丝熔钎焊的方法,利用焊丝中Al元素配合激光局部加热的特性改善非互溶不反应镁/钛之间的界面反应. 探索工艺参数对焊接质量的影响规律,分析焊接接头力学性能及组织特征. 结果表明,添加AZ91焊丝能够实现AZ31B镁合金/TC4钛合金的可靠连接,接头最大载荷达到1 520 N,发现焊丝中Al元素能够在激光快速加热冷却过程中偏聚到界面,并与钛侧发生冶金反应生成AlTi₃化合物,界面由较薄的反应层(2 μm以下)组成,达到既实现界面冶金结合,又将反应层厚度控制在不影响接头力学性能的范围之内.     

Formation of intermetallic compounds in Al and Mg alloy interface during friction stir spot welding

The spot welding of Al plate to Mg plate was produced by friction stir spot welding using various tool rotation speed and duration time of the tool to investigate the effects of the welding parameters on the reaction of Al and Mg alloy. The interface microstructure and phase were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the joints are evaluated using tensile test. Experimental results show that intermetallic compounds were formed in the interface of the Al and Mg alloys. The thickness of intermetallic compounds layer increases with increasing tool rotation speed and duration time, and has a significant effect on the strengths of the joints. Heavy thickness of intermetallic compounds layer seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of the joints. The intermetallic compounds layer mainly contains Al₃Mg₂ and Al₁₂Mg₁₇     

焊接温度对Mg/Al扩散焊接头微观组织和性能的影响

采用真空扩散焊在不同焊接温度下对AZ31B镁合金和6061铝合金进行连接。利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱（EDX）观察Mg/Al异种金属接头的显微组织。结果表明：随着焊接温度的升高,扩散区各层的厚度增加,且组织发生明显变化。440°C时扩散层由Mg2Al3层和Mg17Al12层组成;460和480°C时由Mg2Al3层、Mg17Al12层和Mg17Al12与镁基固溶体的共晶层组成。随着加热温度的升高,高硬度区域显著增多,区域内不同位置的硬度存在明显差别。当焊接温度为440°C时接头的最大抗拉强度为37MPa,脆性断裂发生在Mg17Al12层。     

6mm厚6061-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工艺方法研究

针对6 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材,设计制造了不同结构形式和尺寸规格的双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工具,并对搅拌摩擦焊工具的结构形式和尺寸规格对焊接过程及焊接接头质量的影响进行了系统的分析研究：设计制造了两体式和三体式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工具,并对两种结构形式进行分析;设计制造了环状轴肩和凹面轴肩,通过焊接工艺试验得知凹面轴肩焊缝成形性优于环状轴肩;设计制造了正-反螺纹搅拌针、正螺纹搅拌针、整圆柱搅拌针和圆柱铣扁搅拌针;圆柱铣扁搅拌针焊缝焊接质量优于其他三种结构形式的搅拌针。采用凹面轴肩和圆柱铣扁搅拌针组装成的搅拌头,对6 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行焊接,在主轴转速为800 r/min、焊接速度为150 mm/min工艺参数下,焊接接头得到最大抗拉强度值为220MPa,达到母材抗拉强度（315 MPa）的70%。