Grain growth in AZ31 alloy after uniaxial compression

The grain growth morphology,kinetics and texture change after uniaxial compression at 430 ℃ of an extruded AZ31 alloy were studied.The samples were loaded following two routes insuring two initial textures of the samples with compression direction parallel and normal to the extrusion direction.For both initial textures,a stable grain size is attained upon isothermal annealing and the grain growth kinetics can be described by:dn= dRn+kt with an n value of around 15.The annealing texture with grown grains is a retained hot deformation texture without emerging or strengthening other components.Abnormal grain growth is not observed for annealing time up to 10 000 h at 450℃.     

Effect of heat treatment of titanium substrates on the properties of IrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Ta<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> coated anodes

The Ti substrates of IrO 2 -Ta 2 O 5 coated anodes were treated by solid-solution and aging, stress relieving annealing, and recrystallization annealing, and the coatings were prepared by thermal decomposition of a mixture of H 2 IrCl 6·6H 2 O dissolved in hydrochloric acid and TaCl 5 dissolved in alcohol. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and accelerated life test (ALT) were employed to study the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the anodes. Compared with the anode without heat treatment, the anodes with heat treatment are of higher electrochemical activity and longer accelerated life; especially, the anode with recrystallization annealing treatment has the best electrochemical properties and the longest accelerated life.     

Recrystallized microstructural evolution of UFG copper prepared by asymmetrical accumulative rolling-bonding process

Copper sheet with grain size of 30-60μm was processed by plastic deformation of asymmetrical accumulative rolling-bonding(AARB)with the strain of 3.2.The effects of annealing temperature and time on microstructural evolution were studied by means of electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).EBSD grain mapping,recrystallization pole figure and grain boundary misorientation angle distribution graph were constructed,and the characteristics were assessed by microstructure,grain size,grain boundary misorientation and texture.The results show that ultra fine grains(UFG)are obtained after annealing at 250℃ for 30?40 min.When the annealing is controlled at 250℃for 40 min,the recrystallization is finished,a large number of small grains appear and most grain boundaries consist of low-angle boundaries.The character of texture is rolling texture after the recrystallization treatment,but the strength of the texture is faint.While second recrystallization happens,{110}1ī2+{112}11ī texture component disappears and turns into{122}212cube twin texture component.     

Ferroelectric properties of dysprosium-doped Bi4Ti3O12 thin films crystallized in various atmospheres

Dysprosium-doped Bi4Ti3O12 （Bi3.4Dy0.6Ti3O12, BDT） ferroelectric thin films were deposited on Pt（111）/Ti/SiO2/Si（111） substrates by chemical solution deposition （CSD） and crystallized in nitrogen, air and oxygen atmospheres, respectively. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to identify the crystal structure, the surface and cross-section morphology of the deposited ferroelectric films. The results show that the crystallization atmosphere has significant effect on determining the crystallization and ferroelectric properties of the BDT films. The film crystallized in nitrogen at a relatively low temperature of 650 ℃, exhibits excellent crystallinity and ferroelectricity with a remanent polarization of 2Pr = 24.9 ℃/cm^2 and a coercive field of 144.5 kV/cm. While the films annealed in air and oxygen at 650 ℃ do not show good crystallinity and ferroelectricity until they are annealed at 700 ℃. The structure evolution and ferroelectric properties of BDT thin films annealed under different temperatures （600-750 ℃） were also investigated. The crystallinity of the BDT films is improved and the average grain size increases when the annealing temperature increases from 600 ℃ to 750 ℃ at an interval of 50 ℃. However, the polarization of the films is not monotonous function of the annealing temperature.     

Optical properties of nanosized ZnO films prepared by sol-gel process

Nanosized ZnO films were prepared by sol-gel process on quartz substrates. The effects of sol concentration and annealing temperature on the surface morphology, microstructure and optical properties of the films were investigated. The results show that the sols remain stable and usable for spin-coating within 7 d. The ZnO films have a homogeneous and dense surface with grain size about 30 nm. The ZnO thin film annealed at 500 ℃ for 1 h from the sol with Zn concentration of 0.8 mol/L shows an average transmittance of 94% in visible wavelength range. The optical band gaps in ZnO films by various annealing temperatures are from 3.265 eV to 3.293 eV. The violet emission located at 438 nm is probably due to the recombination transitions relating to the interface traps at the grain boundaries.     

Effect of Sn~(4+) content on properties of indium tin oxide nanopowders

Indium tin oxide(ITO)nanopowders were prepared by a modified chemical co-precipitation process.The influence of different SnO2 contents on the decomposition behavior of ITO precursors,and on the phase and morphology of ITO precursors and ITO nanopowders were studied by X-ray diffractometry,transmission electron microscopy and differential thermal and thermogravimetry analysis methods.The TG-DSC curves show that the decomposition process of precursor precipitation is completed when the temperature is close to 600 ℃and the end temperature of decompositionis somewhat lower when the doping amount of SnO2 is increased.The XRD patterns indicate that the solubility limit of Sn4+ relates directly to the calcining temperature. When being calcined at 700℃,a single phase ITO powder with 15%SnO2(mass fraction)can be obtained.But,when the calcining temperature is higher than 800℃,the phase of SnO2 will appear in ITO nanopowders which contain more than 10%SnO2.The particle size of the ITO nanopowders is 15-25 nm.The ITO nanoparticles without Sn have a spherical shape,but their morphology moves towards an irregular shape when being doped with Sn4+.     

Sintering behavior of aluminum nitride powder prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method

Fully dense aluminum nitride(AIN) ceramics were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS) method using AIN powder as raw material with Y_2 O_3 additive. The sintering behavior was studied at different sintering temperatures and additive contents. The change of phase compositions, secondary phase distributions and grain morphologies during sintering process were investigated. It is shown that fully dense ceramics using AIN powder prepared by SHS method can be obtained when the sintering temperature is above 1830 ℃. Both Y_2 O_3 content and sintering temperature have an important influence on the formation of Y-Al-O phase and grain shape. When Y_2 O_3 content is identified, the grain morphology converts from polyhedron into sphere-like shape with the rise of sintering temperature. At a certain sintering temperature,the grain size decreases with the increase in Y_2 O_3 content. The influencing mechanisms of different YAl-O secondary phases and sintering temperatures on the grain size and morphology were also discussed based on the experimental results.     

Selective Laser Melting of In Situ TiB/Ti6Al4V Composites: Formability,Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Performance

In the present study, a series of in situ TiB/Ti6Al4V composites were fabricated using selective laser melting. The formability, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-built samples added with different contents of TiB_2 were studied. It is found that the densification level is related to both the content of TiB_2 and laser energy density. The added TiB_2 reinforcement particle can spontaneously react with titanium and then form the TiB phase. The needle-like TiB phase tends to transform into dot-like particles with the decrease in energy density. Additionally, with the increase in TiB_2 content, the TiB phase is coarsened due to the increased nucleation rate and more reactions. The grain morphology is found to largely depend on the translational speed of solid–fluid interface determined by the temperature gradient and cooling rate. Also, the microhardness of the as-built TiB/Ti6Al4V composites is obviously improved. More interestingly, as the energy density increases, the microhardness of the as-built TiB/Ti6Al4V composites firstly increases and then decreases due to the synergy of grain size and different morphologies and distribution of TiB phases. The wear resistance of TiB/Ti6Al4V composites is far superior to that of Ti6Al4V alloy owing to the increased microhardness resulted from the uniform distribution of the hard TiB phase in the matrix.     

Crystal structure and electrochemical behaviors of Pt/mischmetal film electrodes

The Ml(La-rich mischmetal0films with a thin Pt layer on the substrate of chemically coarse ITO glass or silicon slices were prepared by magnetic sputtering tchnique.The crystal structure and surface morphology of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis and atomic force microscopy(AFM),respectively, The electrochemical hydridation/dehydridation behaviors of the films in KOH solution were studied by using cyclic voltammagraph and electrochemical impedance spectrum(EIS)as well.The AFM results show that the Pt cover layer on the M1 films is of island structure with a grain of 150-200nm in size.The presence of a thin Pt layer can provide sufficient high electrocatalytic activity for the electrochemical charge-transfer reaction.The electrochemical reduction and oxidation reaction occur on the Pt layer,and the diffusion of H into the Ml film is the rate-controlled step.The Pt coatings also act as protective layers,preventing oxidation and/or poisoning of the underlying Ml films in air.     

Fluorescence and preparation of Sr2（P2O7）：Ce,Tb phosphate by co-precipitation method

The micron-sized Sr2（P2OT）：Ce,Tb green phosphors were prepared by being annealed at different temperatures with its precursors synthesized by co-pre-cipitates of （NH4）2HPO4 at ambient temperature. The phase structure, grain size, surface morphology, and luminescent properties of phosphors were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, trans-mission electron microscope, and fluorescence spectrum. The results show that the product of precursor annealed at 1,100 ℃ is Sr2（P2O7）：Ce,Tb, which belongs to ortho-rhombic phase. The powder is spherical and the size dis-tribution is in micron grade. The sample with the molar ratio of Sr/Tb/Ce of 100.0：0.4：0.6 shows the best fluores-cence effect annealed at 1,100 ℃ for 3 h. The phosphors produce green fluorescence by being excitated with ultra-violet radiation of 254 nm wavelength, and the main emission peak is at 547 nm. The Sr2（P2O7）：Ce,Tb phos-phors synthesized by co-precipitation method of precursors at ambient temperature is a kind of efficient green-emitting phosphors.     

添加SnO2的RuO2＋TiO2／Ti钛阳极的组织形貌

采用溶胶凝胶(Sol-gel)法，经涂刷、烧结、退火等工艺制备了添加不同含量SnO2的RuO2 SnO2 TiO2／Ti涂层钛阳极。并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)、透射电镜(TEM)分析了SnO2组元对RuO2 TiO2 SnO2／Ti钛阳极涂层组织、晶粒尺寸和外观形貌的影响。结果表明：本实验所获涂层颗粒为纳米结构，且添加SnO2组元有显著细化涂层晶粒的效果：阳极涂层主要组成物相为(Ru，Sn,Ti)O2固溶体，SnO2组元含量增加、退火温度升高，该固溶体能稳定存在；添加SnO2组元的RuO2 SnO2 TiO2涂层晶粒外观呈较理想等轴状特征。     

TiO2组元对RuO2+SnO2+TiO2/Ti阳极涂层微观结构的影响

通过溶胶凝胶(Sol-gel)过程制备了添加TiO2的RuO2 SnO2／Ti纳米涂层钛阳极，并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了TiO2组元对RuO2 TiO2 SnO2／Ti电极涂层的微观结构和晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明：涂层组成物主要为(Ru，Sn，Ti)O2固溶体，在TiO2含量增加、退火温度升高时，该固溶体仍可稳定存在；添加TiO2细化晶粒的效果不显著，但随退火温度的升高，TiO2相对含量较高的涂层中晶粒长大速率较低，即TiO2具备稳定晶粒尺寸的作用；添加TiO2的涂层晶粒外观呈较理想的等轴状。     

添加Sn制备三元IrO2-Ta2O5-SnO2/Ti涂层

通过热分解法制备了含不同摩尔比SnO2的IrO2-Ta2O5-SnO2/Ti涂层.采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析和测试了所获涂层的晶体结构和表面形貌特征;通过强化寿命试验测试其耐腐蚀性能.结果表明涂层中出现固溶体、表面形貌呈密实结构有助于涂层耐腐蚀性能的提高.添加SnO2含量较高时可导致涂层中析出SnO2,并降低涂层耐腐蚀性能.     

不同前驱体制备的锡锑中间层对Ti／SnO2＋Sb2O3／PbO2电极性能的影响

研究了以乙二醇与柠檬酸反应制得的乙二醇柠檬酸酯溶液、乙二醇、乙醇、正丁醇为前驱体溶剂制备的锡锑中间层对Ti/SnO2 Sb2O3/PbO2电极性能的影响,用XRD、ESEM对不同前驱体制备的锡锑中间层和对应的二氧化铅活性层进行了表征,并用极化曲线法和阳极寿命快速检测法比较了不同前驱体对Ti/SnO2 Sb2O3/PbO2电极的阳极寿命和在1．0mol/L硫酸溶液中的电催化活性的影响。结果表明,不同前驱体溶剂对锡锑中间层的结构和形貌有着显著的影响;以乙二醇与柠檬酸反应制得的聚合前驱体为溶剂制备的锡锑中间层表面致密,锡锑含量相对较高,该中间层的均匀度和平整度明显好于其它3种前驱体。由聚合前驱体中间层制得的Ti/SnO2 Sb2O3/PbO2电极的使用寿命明显提高,但不同中间层前驱体对电极的电催化活性影响不大。     

耐酸非贵金属Ti／MO2阳极SnO2＋Sb2O4中间层研究

采用热分解法制备了非贵金属Sn02＋Sb204中间层Ti基MO2活性层电极，利用SEM，XRD和XPS方法对中间层进行了表征。测定了Ti／SnO2＋Sb2Od／MnO2和Ti／SnO2＋Sb2O4／PbO2电极在硫酸溶液中的析氧极化曲线，二者起始析氧过电位均比贵金属小；考察了在高电流密度（4A／cm^2）下的加速寿命，二者依次分别达到18h和86h。实验表明，SnO2＋Sb2O4是一种具有良好导电性和结合力的耐酸Ti基MO2电极中间层材料。     

Microstructure, morphology and electrochemical property of RuO270SnO230 mol% and RuO230SnO270 mol% coatings

The DSA anodes based on RuO₂–SnO₂ oxides are most employed in chlorine-alkali cells. Their properties are strongly influenced by the mixed-oxide coating structures. In this paper, two RuO₂–SnO₂/Ti DSA anodes with different Ru and Sn molar ratios were prepared through a sol–gel technique. The nano-structure, morphology, grain structure and composition of the coatings were investigated by means of XRD, SEM and TEM. XRD analysis indicates two rutile-type solid solutions are formed. Peak profile analysis shows that in the solid solution where SnO₂ is the major component smaller crystallites (about 20–30 nm) are formed than in those where RuO₂ is the major component (about 100–200 nm). The SEM images reveal the coating with high level of SnO₂ possesses more accumulated and compact structures. The EDS analysis indicates that two DSA anodes coatings in which SnO₂ is similar to the designed concentration are prepared by the sol–gel method. TEM characterization shows the polygonal crystallites are present in the obtained RuO₂–SnO₂ coatings. The voltages of Cl₂-evolution and O₂-evolution suggest both RuO₂–SnO₂/Ti DSA anodes have a good electrochemical performance and can be used for the chlorite industrial productions.     

Photoelectrocatalytic activity of two antimony doped SnO2 films for oxidation of phenol pollutants

Two types of Sb-doped SnO2 films on titanium substrate were prepared by the combination of electro-deposition and dip-coating (Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4/SnO2-Sb2O4) and single dip-coating (Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4), respectively. The surface morphology and crystalline structure of both film electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). XRD spectra indicate that the rutile SnO2 forms in two films and a TiO2 crystallite exists only in Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4 electrode. SEM images show that the surface morphology of two films is typically cracked-mud structure. The photooxidation experiment was proceeded to further confirm the two electrode activity. The results show that the photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency of Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4 electrode with sub-layer is higher than that of simple Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4 electrode using phenol as a model organic pollutant. The Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4/SnO2-Sb2O4 photoanode has a better photoelectrochemical performance than Ti/SnO2-Sb2O4 photoanode for the removal of organic pollutants from water.     

Preparation of Sb Doped Nano SnO2/Porous Ti Electrode and Its Degradation of Methylene Orange

利用热分解方法在多孔钛上制备了Sb掺杂纳米SnO2电极。也研究了该电极降解甲基橙的电化学性能。SEM和XRD测试表明,在多孔钛基体上可获得完整的、无裂缝的涂层。无裂缝的涂层表面由粒径范围在80~230 nm的Sb掺杂SnO2纳米颗粒组成。HRTEM测试结果表明,SnO2纳米颗粒由5~6 nm细小颗粒构成。在其余条件相同的情况下,强化寿命试验表明,Sb掺杂纳米SnO2 /多孔Ti电极的寿命远大于致密钛基体上的电极。Sb掺杂纳米SnO2 /多孔Ti电极可将浓度为100 mg/L的甲基橙溶液降解到8 mg/L,显示出该电极具有很强的有机物污染物电催化降解能力。并指出采用简单的表面处理技术,将使多孔钛具有很高的潜力被应用到有机污水降解领域     

Ni掺杂SnO_2的光谱特性及气敏性能研究

采用溶剂热法将Ni掺杂到纳米SnO2中,分别利用TEM、EDAX、XRD、Raman和XPS表征了Ni掺杂后SnO2的微观形貌、结构和元素组成特征,分析了Ni掺杂对增强SnO2气敏性能的作用机理。实验结果表明,Ni的掺杂可抑制SnO2晶粒增长,减小SnO2晶粒尺寸,进而提升传感器的气敏性能。少量的Ni掺杂能够使Ni2+进入SnO2晶格中取代Sn4+产生氧空位,促进SnO2气敏性能的提高;而当Ni掺杂量达到30%时,会导致部分Ni以其他的形式存在于SnO2晶体表面上,降低SnO2气敏性能。     

超声掺Bi二氧化铅电极电氧化降解2-氯苯酚研究

目的提高Pb O_2/Ti的使用寿命、对目标反应物的电氧化催化活性及选择性。方法以覆有Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3的Ti网为阳极,分别在Pb(NO_3)_2、Na F混合溶液及Pb(NO_3)_2、Na F、Bi(NO_3)_3组成的掺Bi混合溶液中,在电沉积液p H=2、60℃、电沉积电流密度为0.04 A/cm~2的条件下,进行常规电沉积及超声电沉积1 h,制备出Pb O_2/Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3/Ti,Bi-Pb O_2/Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3/Ti,Pb O_2(ultrasonic)/Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3/Ti,Bi-Pb O_2(ultrasonic)/Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3/Ti 4类二氧化铅电极。在硫酸溶液中测定其加速寿命,用稳态极化曲线分析电催化性及选择性,以2-氯苯酚的电氧化降解反应为模型反应,考察电解2-氯苯酚废水的处理效果,用X射线衍射仪和电子扫描电镜表征沉积层晶相和形貌。结果 Bi-Pb O_2(ultrasonic)/Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3/Ti的加速寿命比Pb O_2/Sn O_2+Sb_2O_3/Ti提高了54%。电氧化降解2-氯苯酚溶液4 h后,以掺Bi二氧化铅电极为阳极,相比于二氧化铅电极,对2-氯苯酚的脱除率提高了19%,槽压降低了7%,稳态极化曲线和电氧化降解2-氯苯酚溶液试验反映了相同的结论。结论超声波环境和Bi掺杂显著提升电极的性能,掺Bi的二氧化铅沉积层表现出较高的电催化性和电氧化2-氯苯酚的选择性,超声电沉积二氧化铅能增大电极比表面积,提高电极的表观催化活性和电极加速寿命。