Study of Corrosion Behavior of Arc Sprayed Aluminum Coating on Mild Steel

In the current study, aluminum coating was deposited on mild steel by arc spraying. A well-adhered coating with low level of porosity was successfully obtained. To evaluate the corrosion behavior of the coating, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization tests in 3.5% NaCl solution were carried out. The as-coated samples were also subjected to a 1500-h salt spray assay. Polarization tests indicated that the corrosion current density of the aluminum coating is more than that of bulk aluminum. This could be due to the penetration of the electrolyte through open pores, resulted in the acceleration of aluminum corrosion. EIS measurements showed that the corrosion performance of the coating is improved during a long time immersion and exposure to saline mist. This could be due to plugging of pores by corrosion products which hinder further penetration of the electrolyte through the coating. The results obtained indicated that twin wire arc sprayed aluminum coatings can reliably protect steel structures against corrosion in chloride-containing aqueous solutions.     

NiCrBSi超音速火焰喷涂层在水溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用高速氧燃料火焰喷涂(HVOF)方法在普通碳钢表面制备了镍基合金涂层，对其组织结构进行了观察，并利用电化学方法对其在水溶液中的腐蚀行为进行研究，探讨HVOF涂层应用于水介质环境中的可能性．试验结果表明：NiCrBSi喷涂层在1mol／L NaOH溶液中表面能够形成致密钝化膜，耐碱腐蚀的性能最好．涂层在酸性溶液中的腐蚀速度大于在中性3．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速度。利用冰醋酸将3．5％NaCl溶液的pH值调整到3，可以提高实验结果的重现性。酸性溶液中，只要被测试表面处于活性溶解状态，腐蚀试验重现性都能满足要求。另外，缺陷越少涂层的耐蚀性越好，减少涂层中的孔隙等缺陷是提高涂层耐蚀性的关键。     

Role of thickness on electrochemical behaviour of Ni2Si coatings in NaCl solution

Abstract

Ni₂Si intermetallic coatings were deposited on a substrate of 420 stainless steel using a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process. The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated by means of Tafel polarisation tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Two coatings with different thicknesses, 55 and 115?μm, were investigated. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the thicker coating was lower than that of stainless steel by one order of magnitude. Local attack of the substrate was observed after the polarisation test of this coating, while the coating was still intact. The thinner coating and the stainless steel substrate showed similar corrosion rates. In this case, the substrate was severely attacked after the polarisation test. Two time constants were observed in the EIS spectra of both coatings which were related to charge transfer processes and pore resistance, respectively.     

Corrosion behaviour of HVOF-sprayed Co–Cr–W–C coating in NaCl solution

Stellite 6 (Co–Cr–W–C) coating was deposited on carbon steel substrate by high-velocity oxyfuel spraying. The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the coatings was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solutions at 25°C by means of polarisation studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The immersion time before corrosion tests was 0.5 and 24?h. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the coatings was lower than that of the steel substrate by one order of magnitude. An active–passive behaviour was observed during anodic polarisation of the coatings at both immersion times. The degree of substrate attack after polarisation tests of coated samples was not considerable. EIS measurement showed that two-time constants were observed in Nyquist plots of the coatings.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of a steel with sprayed coatings

This paper describes the corrosion fatigue behavior and fracture mechanisms of a steel with different sprayed coatings. Rotating bending fatigue tests were conducted in 3% NaCl solution using specimens of a medium carbon steel with sprayed coatings of a ceramic (Cr₂O₃), a cermet (WC-12%Co) and two metals (Ni-11 % P and Al-2% Zn). The corrosion fatigue process was basically the same for ceramic, cermet, and Ni-11 % P sprayed specimens. That is, the corrosive media could be supplied from the specimen surface to the substrate through cracks initiated during fatigue cycling and/or pores in the coatings, and thus corrosion pits were generated followed by subsequent crack initiation and growth in the substrate. The corrosion fatigue strength of ceramic sprayed specimens was slightly improved compared to that of the substrate steel because the under-coating (Ni-5%A1) could impede the penetration of the corrosive media although the ceramic coating had a poor resistance to cracking under cyclic loading. Cermet sprayed specimens also exhibited improved corrosion fatigue strength because of the high resistance to cracking and the low volume fraction of pores of the coating. In Ni-11 % Psprayed specimens, cracks were initiated in the coating even at low stress levels; thus the corrosion fatigue strength was the same as that of the substrate. Anodic dissolution took place in Al-2 % Zn coating because the coating was electrochemically poor, and thus the substrate was cathodically protected. Therefore, the corrosion fatigue strength of Al-2 % Zn sprayed specimens was enhanced to as high as the fatigue strength of the substrate in room air. Based on the experimental results, a dual-layer coating consisting of WC-12%Co and Al-2%Zn was fatigue tested. The coating was effective at low stress levels and exhibited long life under conditions where corrosion fatigue strength was critical.     

激光重熔对电弧喷涂含非晶相铁基涂层性能的影响

目的提高电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层的抗冲蚀及耐腐蚀性能。方法采用YAG脉冲激光器对电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层进行激光重熔处理。通过X-ray、SEM、冲蚀磨损和电化学等检测手段,研究该涂层重熔后的组织结构、冲蚀磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层经激光重熔后发生了晶化,并随着功率的增加,非晶含量降低,硬度也降低。重熔后,涂层与基体的结合方式由之前的机械咬合转变为冶金结合,涂层的致密度明显提高,组织缺陷减少。与喷涂层相比,0.3k W激光重熔涂层的抗冲蚀性能在30°攻角下可提高3倍,在90°攻角下可提高将近6倍。重熔层的冲蚀磨损机制在低冲角时以显微切削为主,高冲角时则以挤压破碎为主。随着激光功率的增加,重熔涂层的抗冲蚀性能降低。同时,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,重熔层的耐蚀性能随重熔激光功率的提高而提高,并且重熔层的腐蚀电流密度比喷涂层明显降低。结论激光重熔不但改善了电弧喷涂含非晶相Fe基涂层与基体间的结合状态,同时也增强了涂层的耐蚀和耐磨性能,是一种有效提升涂层性能的后处理工艺。     

Microstructural Characteristics and Oxidation Behavior of Low-Pressure Cold-Sprayed CoNiCrAlY Coatings

CoNiCrAlY coatings were deposited by low-pressure cold spraying and subsequently heat-treated at 1050 °C for 4 h in a vacuum environment. The microstructural characteristics and oxidation behavior of CoNiCrAlY coatings were investigated. The as-sprayed coating exhibited low porosity and oxygen content. The high plastic deformation of the sprayed particles led to significant refinement of γ-matrix and dissolution of β-(Ni,Co)Al phase in the as-sprayed coating. After heat treatment, the single phase (γ) in the as-sprayed coating was converted into a γ/β microstructure, and a continuous single α-Al₂O₃ scale was formed on the coating surface. Vacuum heat treatment can postpone the formation of spinel oxides within 100 h. After being oxidized at 1050 °C for 400 h, the heat-treated coating exhibited better oxidation resistance than the as-sprayed coating. The reduced growth rate of the oxide scale and the suppression of the formation of spinel oxides can be attributed to the vacuum heat treatment, as well as the intrinsic microstructure of the cold-sprayed coating. Finally, the effects of the microstructural changes induced during the cold spraying process on the growth of the thermally grown oxide and the oxidation mechanisms of the CoNiCrAlY coatings were discussed.     

Corrosion of Magnesium-Aluminum Alloys with Al-11Si/SiC Thermal Spray Composite Coatings in Chloride Solution

Depositions of Al-11Si coatings reinforced with 5, 15, and 30 vol.% SiC particles (SiCp) were performed onto AZ31, AZ80, and AZ91D magnesium alloys. The influence of substrate composition and SiCp proportion on the anti-corrosion properties of composite coatings was evaluated using DC and AC electrochemical measurements in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 22 °C. The as-sprayed coatings were permeable to the saline solution, and galvanic corrosion occurred at the substrate/coating interface after immersion in the saline solution for a few hours. The addition of SiCp yielded coatings with higher porosity and less effectiveness against corrosion. The application of a cold-pressing post-treatment produced denser coatings with reduced surface roughness, improved hardness, and superior corrosion resistance. However, galvanic corrosion was observed after several days of immersion because of penetration of the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution through the remaining pores in the coatings.     

Effects of Crystallization on the Corrosion Resistance of Arc-Sprayed FeBSiNb Coatings

FeBSiNb coatings with a primarily glassy structure were prepared by arc spray processing. The as-sprayed coating was devitrified at various annealing temperatures to form different portions of crystalline phase. The effect of crystallization on the corrosion resistance of the coatings was systematically studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results indicate that the as-sprayed coatings exhibit a superior corrosion resistance to the crystallized coatings with high polarization resistance, and the corrosion resistance of the coating deteriorates with the increase in the amount of crystalline phase. The corrosion resistance of both as-sprayed and devitrified coatings is explained in terms of chemical and structural characteristics of the alloys.     

Corrosion Behavior of Cold Sprayed Titanium Coatings and Free Standing Deposits

Cold gas dynamic spraying can be used to deposit oxygen-sensitive materials, such as titanium, without significant chemical degradation of the powder. The process is thus believed to have potential for the deposition of corrosion-resistant barrier coatings. However, to be effective, a barrier coating must not allow ingress of a corrosive liquid and hence must not have interconnected porosity. This study investigated the effects of porosity on the corrosion behavior of cold sprayed titanium coatings onto carbon steel and also of free standing deposits. For comparative purposes, a set of free standing deposits was also vacuum heat-treated to further decrease porosity levels below those in the as-sprayed condition. Microstructures were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was used to characterize the interconnected porosity over a size range of micrometers to nanometers. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements and potentiodynamic polarization scans in 3.5?wt.% NaCl were used to evaluate the corrosion performance. The MIP results showed that in cold sprayed deposits a significant proportion of the porosity was sub-micron and so could not be reliably measured by optical microscope based image analysis. In the case of free standing deposits, a reduction in interconnected porosity resulted in a lower corrosion current density, a lower passive current density, and an increase in OCP closer to that of bulk titanium. For the lowest porosity level, ~1.8% achieved following vacuum heat treatment, the passive current density was identical to that of bulk titanium. However, electrochemical measurements of the coatings showed significant substrate influence when the interconnected porosity of the coating was 11.3?vol.% but a decreased substrate influence with a porosity level of 5.9?vol.%. In the latter case, the OCP was still around 250?mV below that of bulk Ti. Salt spray tests confirmed these electrochemical findings and showed the formation of surface corrosion products following 24-h exposure.     

喷涂工艺对超音速火焰喷涂Al-Cu-Fe-Si准晶合金涂层性能的影响

目的使用活性燃烧高速燃气喷涂(AC-HVAF)方法制备高质量的Al-Cu-Fe-Si准晶涂层,研究喷涂工艺对涂层性能的影响。方法采用气雾化Al-Cu-Fe-Si准晶合金粉末,利用AK02T型AC-HVAF喷涂系统制备Al-Cu-Fe-Si准晶涂层材料。通过X射线衍射及扫描电镜观察分析准晶合金粉末和涂层的组织与结构,通过电化学工作站、显微硬度计和接触角测试仪等手段分析准晶合金涂层的耐蚀性、显微硬度及抗粘性能。结果对气雾化准晶Al-Cu-Fe-Si合金粉末的研究发现,冷却速率显著影响准晶合金粉末的组织,在冷却速率较快的粉末中形成胞状晶组织,准晶I相含量较高。对准晶合金涂层进行热处理,高温退火显著提高了涂层的硬度,950℃退火12 h后,硬度值达到(724±153)HV0.1。分别对准晶合金涂层和基体45~#钢的接触角进行测量,准晶合金涂层的接触角最大为95°,而45~#钢的仅为79°。通过电化学工作站测试比较涂层的耐蚀性,发现在3.5%(质量分数)的Na Cl溶液中,喷涂在45~#钢和5052铝合金基体上的涂层腐蚀电流密度J_(corr)分别为6.8×10~(-6),2.0×10~(-7)A/cm~2。结论不同粒径的气雾化准晶合金粉末的相组成不同,选择合适的粒径是保证铝基准晶合金涂层质量的前提。对涂层进行合适的热处理可以有效地提高涂层的显微硬度,铝基准晶合金涂层的接触角较45~#钢的高,提高了基体的抗粘性。不同基体上制备的准晶合金涂层的耐蚀性有很大差异,5052铝合金基体上的准晶涂层耐蚀性优于喷涂在45~#钢基体上的涂层。     

Investigations of Local Corrosion Behavior of Plasma-Sprayed FeCr Nanocomposite Coating by SECM

FeCr alloy coating can be sprayed on low-carbon steel to improve the corrosion resistance because of FeCr alloy’s high anti-corrosion capacity. In this paper, Fe microparticles/Cr nanoparticles coating (NFC) and FeCr microparticles coating (MFC) were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying and NFC was heat-treated under hydrogen atmosphere at 800 °C (HNFC). EDS mapping showed no penetration of Ni in MFC and NFC while penetration of Ni occurred in HNFC. X-ray diffraction results indicated the form of the NiCrFe (bcc) solid solution in HNFC. SECM testing in 3.5 (wt.%) NaCl revealed that the anti-corrosion capacity of NFC improved compared with MFC, while HNFC improved further.     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Mg–Al alloys with thermal spray Al/SiCp composite coatings

The corrosion protection of Mg–Al alloys by flame thermal spraying of Al/SiC particles (SiCp) composite coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The volume fraction of SiCp varied between 5 and 30%. The as-sprayed Al/SiCp composite coatings revealed a high number of microchannels, largely in the vicinity of the SiCp, that facilitated the penetration of the electrolyte and the subsequent galvanic corrosion of the magnesium substrates. The application of a cold-pressing post-treatment reduced the degree of porosity of the coatings and improved the bonding at the coating/substrate and Al/SiC interfaces. This resulted in improved corrosion resistance of the coated specimens. The effectiveness of the coatings slightly decreased with the addition of 5–30 vol.% SiCp compared with the unreinforced thermal spray aluminium coatings.     

Corrosion behaviour of Mg–Al alloys with Al–11Si thermal spray coatings

The corrosion resistance of AZ31, AZ80 and AZ91D Mg–Al alloys with Al–11Si thermal spray coatings was evaluated by electrochemical and gravimetric measurements in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The changes in the morphology and corrosion behaviour of the Al–11Si coatings induced by a cold‐pressing post‐treatment under 32 MPa were also examined. The as‐sprayed Al–11Si coatings revealed high degree of porosity and poor corrosion protection, which resulted in galvanic acceleration of the corrosion of the magnesium substrates. The application of a cold‐pressing post‐treatment produced more compact Al–11Si coatings with better bonding at the substrate/coating interface and slightly higher corrosion resistance. However, interconnected pores remained in the cold‐pressed coatings due to the low plasticity of the Al–11Si powder and galvanic corrosion of the substrate was observed after immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl for 10 days.     

电化学方法研究环氧涂层/基体在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学方法研究了两种常用涂层-环氧沥青涂层和环氧铝粉涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.腐蚀电位-时间结果表明,两种涂层的自腐蚀电位都比基体的更正,都能起到屏蔽作用保护基体,浸泡中电位向负方向移动说明活化腐蚀过程在继续.电化学阻抗结果表明,腐蚀介质能够较快的渗入涂层到达界面,使涂层的屏蔽作用降低,生成的腐蚀产物可在一定程度上抑制腐蚀的发展.并提出了两种涂层的等效电路模型,对阻抗结果进行了拟合.表明在浸泡初期涂层电阻随浸泡时间延长迅速降低,随后趋于稳定.指出电化学方法能获得与涂层性能有关的定量数据,非常适合于研究涂层/基体的性能.     

Impedance spectroscopy studies of electroless Ni–P matrix,Ni–W–P,Ni–P–ZrO2, and Ni–W–P–ZrO2 coatings exposed to 3.5% NaCl solution

Ni–P matrix, ternary Ni–W–P and Ni–P–ZrO₂ coatings, and quaternary Ni–W–P–ZrO₂ coatings were deposited using electroless method from a glycine bath. Their corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for various immersion times in a 3.5% NaCl solution. From among the investigated coatings, the ternary Ni–W–P coatings show the highest resistance to corrosion in the first hour of exposure to the 3.5% NaCl medium. An addition of ZrO₂ adversely affects the performance of both the Ni–P coatings and the Ni–W–P coatings. For all the coatings, including the ones containing tungsten, a marked decrease in pore resistance (R_por) over time is observed. This means that their corrosion resistance and capacity to protect the substrate decline. On the other hand, after 24 h immersion in the 3.5% NaCl solution the Ni–W–P coating shows the highest low‐frequency impedance modulus (|Z|_{f = 0.01 Hz}). As regards corrosion resistance, the Ni–P coatings and the Ni–W–P coatings perform best.     

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed Al2O3‐13%TiO2 coatings in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution

One kind of conventional and two kinds of nanostructured Al₂O₃‐13%TiO₂ coatings were prepared by plasma spray process. The phase composition and microstructure of coatings were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of coatings in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The results showed that nanostructured coatings had superior corrosion resistance compared to conventional Metco 130 coating. The corrosion resistance of coatings was mainly related to their microstructure and defects density. The EIS measurement for long time immersion in hydrochloric acid solution revealed that the corrosion resistance of coatings decreased with the increasing of immersion time. During the immersion period, electrochemical corrosion mainly occurred on the carbon steel substrate under NiCrAl coatings. In addition, the Al₂O₃‐13%TiO₂ coatings were also failed during corrosion in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution.     

氮化硅掺杂环氧树脂复合涂层的制备及耐腐蚀性能研究

目的将氮化硅作为填料加入环氧树脂,提高碳钢Q235有机涂层的耐腐蚀性能。方法利用球磨法将氮化硅填料均匀分散在环氧树脂中,探究了不同氮化硅含量涂层对Q235碳钢基体的保护,利用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、吸水率实验、附着力实验及盐雾实验表征不同氮化硅含量涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。结果添加氮化硅后,涂层的低频阻抗模值及干湿态附着力均有不同程度提高。同时,氮化硅的加入降低了涂层的吸水率,增加了涂层的耐盐雾时间。浸泡初期(0.5 h),环氧树脂涂层(不含氮化硅)的低频阻抗模值为7.7×10~8?·cm~2,添加氮化硅的涂层的低频阻抗模值均增加了两个数量级,氮化硅含量为5%涂层的低频阻抗模值最大,为8.6×10~(10)?·cm~2。随着浸泡时间的增加,不同氮化硅含量的涂层低频阻抗模值均有不同程度的降低。其中,氮化硅含量(占环氧树脂质量的百分比,后文同)为5%的涂层的低频阻抗模值降低程度最小。浸泡2400 h之后,氮化硅含量为5%的涂层的低频阻抗模值最高,仍然能够达到3.3×10~8?·cm~2。结论氮化硅填料的加入提高了涂层的耐腐蚀性能,一定程度上可以保护金属基体免受腐蚀破坏。并且,当氮化硅含量为5%时,涂层的耐腐蚀性能最好。     

20G钢表面制备耐熔融铝硅合金腐蚀涂层的研究

太阳能热发电中,熔融铝硅合金储能材料会对换热管造成一定的腐蚀,为了延长换热管的使用寿命,在其表面制备了C1,C2和C3三种涂层,并对三种涂层的抗热震性能、附着力和耐熔融铝硅合金腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果发现:三种涂层具有较好的抗热震性能和附着力,在经过1 080h熔融铝硅合金腐蚀试验后发现,C3涂层具有最好的耐腐蚀能力,涂覆C3涂层的20G钢基体的腐蚀层厚度,相对于无涂层20G钢基体降低了93.69%。     

Corrosion and Nano-mechanical Behaviors of Magnetron Sputtered Al-Mo Gradient Coated Steel

A gradient three-layer Al-Mo coating was deposited on steel using magnetron sputtering method. The corrosion and nano-mechanical properties of the coating were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and nano-indentation tests and compared with the conventional electroplated cadmium and IVD aluminum coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed by immersing the coated specimens in 3.5% NaCl solution, and the impedance behavior was recorded as a function of immersion time. The mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus) were obtained from each indentation as a function of the penetration depth across the coating cross section. The adhesion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by scratch tests on the coated surface using nano-indentation method. The results show that the gradient Al-Mo coating exhibits better corrosion resistance than the other coatings in view of the better microstructure. The impedance results were modeled using appropriate electrical equivalent circuits for all the coated systems. The uniform, smooth and dense Al-Mo coating obtained by magnetron sputtering exhibits good adhesion with the steel substrate as per scratch test method. The poor corrosion resistance of the later coatings was shown to be due to the defects/cracks as well as the lesser adhesion of the coatings with steel. The hardness and elastic modulus of the Al-Mo coating are found to be high when compared to the other coatings.