基于ABAQUS的多层铜铝超声金属焊接过程

针对叠片工艺软包电池极耳采用多层同种金属与单层异种金属超声焊接的过程，使用Abaqus/Explicit软件结合实际焊头振动数据，并考虑多层界面的摩擦系数变化规律，建立了二维多层铜铝超声波焊接有限元分析模型，分析超声波多层铜铝金属焊接行为。并与红外摄像仪测量的焊接温度和焊接界面截面金相对比。结果表明多层铜铝进行超声波焊接时，摩擦热与塑性变形热为超声波焊接过程中主要的热量来源，焊接塑性形变在达到一定状态会剧烈增加，多层铜铝异种金属焊接时，塑性形变主要发生与铜片接触的铝片，模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好，对叠片工艺软包电池的极耳焊接试验具有一定的指导意义。     

超声-电阻复合焊接方法及界面行为

有色金属微型零件超声焊接时,由于焊头面积小,输入焊接区域能量少,界面有效连接面积不足,影响焊接接头的力学性能. 针对这一问题,结合超声焊接与电阻焊的特点,研制了超声-电阻复合焊接系统. 对铜、铝异种金属进行了超声-电阻复合焊接工艺试验,并与相同工艺条件下的超声焊接进行了对比. 结果表明,电流对超声能的输出有促进作用,使换能器的峰值功率有明显的增加;超声使焊接起始阶段界面接触电阻迅速减小并消失;在复合能量的作用下,输入焊接区域总能量有较大提高,焊接区域温度和加热速率显著增加.     

焊头几何尺寸对铜/铝超声波焊接接头塑性变形的影响

进行了1mm厚铜/铝异种金属超声波焊接实验研究,分析了焊头几何尺寸对工件表面接触区域变形、焊接区塑性变形的影响.结果表明:工件在高频振动作用下,焊头会在工件表面接触区域留下压痕,并使焊接区发生塑性变形,形成局部机械自锁.焊头面积相同时,圆形焊头更容易造成工件表面材料流动,从而形成更深的压痕,而矩形焊头能够产生更强烈的焊接区塑性变形.焊头形状相同时,面积小的焊头能够形成更深的压痕,而面积大的焊头使焊接区塑性变形程度更强烈.     

工艺参数对Cu/Al大功率超声波焊接微观组织和力学性能的影响

尽管大功率超声波焊接可以更好的焊接较高的导电、导热性的材料，但是对焊接机理的认识还很少. 为了深入明晰焊接过程以及得到高质量的Cu/Al焊接接头，研究了不同夹紧力、焊接时间、焊接振幅以及焊头形状对Cu/Al大功率超声波焊接的界面温度、中间相生长和接头力学性能的影响. 结果表明，随着夹紧力的增大，界面中间相厚度先增大后减小. 随着焊接振幅的下降，界面温度的降幅增大且中间相厚度呈现近似线性下降. 最优的焊头齿数为9个，焊头齿数的增多和减少均会导致界面温度降低和焊接裂纹产生. 为获得较高的Cu/Al大功率超声波焊接质量，焊接振幅应设置为最高. 对焊接接头的拉伸断口进行扫描电镜测试表明，Cu/Al超声波焊接接头的断裂模式是韧性-脆性复合断裂. 研究结果为优化超声波焊接工艺参数提供了指导.     

铝/铜异种金属电阻热辅助超声波缝焊工艺特性

1060纯铝箔作为中间层,通过电阻热辅助超声波缝焊的方式实现1 mm厚度6061铝合金和T2紫铜异种金属焊接,分析了焊接过程中电阻热对铝/铜焊接接头焊缝成形、界面形貌、温度场以及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,采用单独超声波缝焊焊接铝/铜异种金属时,因产生的焊接能量较小,接头连接界面处仅局部区域位置形成连接,接头拉剪强度为45 MPa. 但在电阻热辅助超声波缝焊过程中,电阻热的加入能够有效预热工件,令待焊材料表面发生软化,在高频振动作用下,接头连接界面处形成有效连接. 同时,引入电阻热提高了铝/铜界面处温度,由单独超声波缝焊的140 ℃增加至190 ℃,界面处原子扩散距离增加,获得焊接接头的拉剪强度增加至75 MPa,相对前者接头拉剪强度提高67%.     

铝-铜异种材料对接搅拌摩擦焊温度场数值模拟

根据铝-铜异种材料对接搅拌头偏置搅拌摩擦焊接特点,利用ANSYS软件,模拟焊接过程中的瞬态变化温度场以及焊缝区域各点的热循环曲线. 通过对比分析了移动焊接稳定阶段焊缝横向、纵向及厚度方向各点的最高温度变化;对比不同焊接参数的变化对焊接温度变化的影响,确定主要影响因素为搅拌头转速. 通过试验采集特征点热循环曲线与模拟比较的结果吻合度良好,验证了热源模型与散热模型的准确性. 温度场模拟结果表明,异种材料偏置搅拌摩擦焊过程中温度最高值出现在焊缝中心偏铝合金侧位置.     

铜/铜超声波焊接的相对运动及断面微观演变

采用激光位移传感器对铜/铜超声波焊接过程中的工具头、上铜板及下铜板的振动进行实时测量.依据各部分的相对运动及断面的微观演变对焊接过程进行了分析.结果表明,焊接过程中,焊头振幅变化不大,上铜板振幅先增大后减小再增大,下铜板振幅逐渐增大.上铜板振幅增大阶段,上/下铜板的相对运动使界面产生大量摩擦热,界面形成局部微连接.上铜板振幅减小阶段,焊头与上铜板的相对运动显著增大,促使铜板发生剧烈的塑性变形,焊接界面连接面积迅速增加.最后阶段,上下铜板呈等振幅运动,焊接接头断面出现大量韧窝.     

铝—铜搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊缝共晶组织形成与抑制

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功焊接了铝—铜异种金属搭接接头,研究了铝—铜FSW焊缝界面宏观形貌、组织行为特征及其与焊接热输入变化的相关性,揭示出铝—铜FSW焊缝界面行为演变的基本规律.结果表明,在相应的焊接工艺参数下,单位时间、单位焊缝长度的热输入越大,铝—铜界面越容易发生共晶反应,生成Al-CuAl2共晶体组织,直接影响焊接宏观接头抗剪力学性能,而随着热输入的减小,共晶反应程度及范围减小;也就是说,热输入的减少可明显抑制共晶反应的发生.     

6061铝合金超声波点焊温度场数值模拟及试验

针对超声波焊接过程中温度演化过程监测存在的困难,考虑焊接过程中塑性变形产热和高频摩擦产热,建立了三维超声波焊接热-结构耦合Ansys有限元模型,模拟了6061铝合金超声波金属焊接过程,计算了不同焊接参数下的温度场,用细丝热电偶测温试验验证了焊接温度.结果表明,焊接过程中焊接区域最高温度模拟值与试验值误差在5%以内,表明了模型的准确性;温度最高处位于焊接区域中心位置,高温区随焊接时间的增大而增大;超声波金属焊接过程中,温度场主要受焊接压力及焊接时间的影响.     

铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊缝共晶组织形成与抑制

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功焊接了铝-铜异种金属搭接接头,研究了铝-铜FSW焊缝界面宏观形貌、组织行为特征及其与焊接热输入变化的相关性,揭示出铝-铜FSW焊缝界面行为演变的基本规律.结果表明,在相应的焊接工艺参数下,单位时间、单位焊缝长度的热输入越大,铝-铜界面越容易发生共晶反应,生成Al-CuAl₂共晶体组织,直接影响焊接宏观接头抗剪力学性能,而随着热输入的减小,共晶反应程度及范围减小;也就是说,热输入的减少可明显抑制共晶反应的发生.     

Temperature and stress distribution in ultrasonic metal welding—An FEA-based study

In ultrasonic welding, high frequency vibrations are combined with pressure to join two materials together quickly and securely, without producing significant amount of heat. During ultrasonic welding of sheet metal, normal and shear forces act on the parts to be welded and the weld interface. These forces are the result of ultrasonic vibrations of the tool, pressed onto the parts to be welded. In this study a model for the temperature distribution during welding and stress distribution in the horn and welded joints are presented. With the knowledge of the forces that act at the interface it is possible to control weld strength and avoid sonotrode welding (sticking of the sonotrode to the parts). The presented finite element model is capable of predicting the interface temperature and stress distribution during welding and their influences in the work piece, sonotrode and anvil. The study also included the effect of clamping forces, material thickness and coefficient of friction during heat generation at the weld interface.     

Effect of weld tip geometry on ultrasonic welding of A6061 aluminium alloy

The authors ultrasonically welded A6061 aluminium alloy sheet using two types of weld tips with different contact face geometries, and investigated the effect of the weld tip on the performance and interface structure of the welds. One type of tip has a cylindrical contact face without knurl, which is called a C-tip in this study. The other type of tip has a flat contact face with knurl, which is a called K-tip in this study. The following main results were obtained.

The strength of the joints welded using the C-tip was higher than that welded using the K-tip and the fluctuation in joint strength with the C-tip was smaller. The C-tip could stably produce the higher strength joint. Using the K-tip, the knurl indentations were made on the workpiece surface due to the pyramidal projections on the weld tip, and the indentation size expanded with welding time, resulting in the deterioration of the joint property. On the other hand, the indentation made on a workpiece surface by using the C-tip showed a distinctive shape like an ellipse, elongated perpendicular to the ultrasonic vibration, and the indentation grew with welding time.

Using the K-tip, unbonded regions remained at the weld interface due to the concavity on the weld tip face. In the cross-sectional structure parallel to the workpiece width of the joint welded using the C-type tip, a distinctive feature was observed that the faying surface of the anvil workpiece was mixed with that of the sonotrode workpiece by intense plastic deformation and a horn-like protuberance intruding into the sonotrode workpiece was formed at the periphery of the welded area.     

钢管径向摩擦搭接焊加载力数值模拟

采用ABAQUS软件,以45钢为径向环,对钢管径向摩擦焊在假设变形速率前提下分析焊接界面温度场和径向环的加载力情况.计算采用了Johnson-cook幂硬化弹塑性模型,并考虑材料热物性与摩擦系数随温度变化.结果表明,在不考虑径向环与夹具之间传热的前提下,在焊接界面形成了以夹具体为中心的椭圆状温度梯度分布和以夹具体空隙为中心的条带状温度梯度分布,两处的最高温度达到1 260℃和1 050℃的前提下得到了加载力曲线.为了简化焊接工艺过程将加载力曲线人为拟合为定值三段加压过程,重新代入模型反复修正计算使界面温度场和径向环变形过程与焊接过程吻合良好.     

Evolution of bond formation and fracture process of ultrasonic spot welded dissimilar materials

Ultrasonic spot welding was applied for dissimilar lap welding of aluminium alloy and steel sheets. With a combination of heat and force input during the welding process, the welded interface at aluminium/steel interface was formed. A graphical model was established to represent the weld formation process. The thickness of top aluminium sheet was reduced with an increase in welding time, which led to the failure mode switching from debonding failure to pullout failure. The intermetallic at the welded interface was verified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on the surface of the fractured specimen. In addition, the vibration direction of the sonotrode during ultrasonic spot welding influenced joint strength by changing the alignment of micro bonds at the welded interface.     

Interface morphology and microstructure of high-power ultrasonic spot welded Mg/Al dissimilar joint

High-power ultrasonic welding technology, which has the excellent characteristics of low-energy input and high efficiency, can effectively shorten the welding time, reduce the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and improve the strength of Mg/Al dissimilar welded joints in the future manufacturing industry. Mg/Al dissimilar metal ultrasonic welded joints with favourable mechanical properties were obtained through reasonable selection of sonotrode patterns and optimisation of welding parameters. The connection mechanisms of joints were discussed based on the analysis of weld interface morphology, microstructure evolution, and the composition and distribution of Mg–Al IMCs that varied with welding energy. The mechanical interlocking phenomenon and discontinuously distributed Mg₁₇Al₁₂ with low thickness were observed at the weld interface, which helped to improve the joint performance.     

微束等离子弧焊电弧温度场的分布特征及参数影响

使用数值模拟的方法,应用ANSYS软件对微束等离子弧焊电弧温度场分布进行了计算,并且基于光谱检测和高速摄影技术对微束等离子弧焊电弧温度场的分布进行验证. 结果表明,电弧轴向温度在近钨棒处最大,距钨棒距离增加电弧温度减小;电弧径向温度在电弧中心处最大,随着径向距离增加,温度减小. 随着焊接电流的增大,电弧近钨棒端面处及其中心的温度增大. 钨棒端面半径减小,电弧近钨棒端面处及其径向中心温度增大. 归一化后数值模拟的电弧端面径向和轴向温度分布,分别与光谱检测和高速摄影电弧图像处理的电弧光辐射强度分布保持一致.