Heat transfer and solidification analysis in the mould region of a horizontal copper alloy billet continuous caster

Abstract

Mathematical modelling has been widely used as a powerful tool for process design and optimisation of the continuous casting process. A three-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to simulate heat transfer and solidification in a horizontal billet continuous casting system. In this model, the air gap formation and its effect on heat extraction from the billet was also modelled and considered. The developed model was run to simulate the heat transfer and solidification for an industrial billet casting machine. The predicted temperature distribution within the mould and billet was compared with those measured on an industrial caster and good agreement was obtained. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the temperature distribution and solidification profile within the cast brass billet. Finally, the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) was determined experimentally and a semi-empirical correlation between measured SDAS and corresponding calculated cooling rate was proposed for continuously cast brass billet.     

钙处理对连铸钢浇铸性能的影响

分析讨论了钙处理对连铸钢浇铸性能的影响 ,为了改善浇铸性能 ,应向钢中加入合适的钙含量 ,形成液态的铝酸钙。钙处理不当时不仅影响钢水的浇铸性能 ,而且还会影响钢水在连铸结晶器内的凝固行为。     

金属型球铁磨球的振动凝固

探索了金属型球铁磨球的振动凝固工艺过程．实验证明，选择合理的激振工艺参数，可以提高磨球的抗变形能力和耐磨性．     

The Horizontal Ohno Continuous Casting Process: Process Variables and Their Effects on Casting Stability

Abstract

Temperature profile measurements within a heated mould have been made during continuous casting of pure tin rod of 8.5 mm dia in an attempt to obtain an understanding of the influence of process variables on the position of the solidification front. It has been established that process variables such as casting speed, mould temperature and cooling position have a sensitive effect on the position of the solidification front. It varies linearly with casting speed for a given cooling position and mould temperature. The change in position of the solidification front in turn exerts a significant effect on the surface quality of the cast strand. It has been demonstrated that the solidification front should be brought well within the mould in order to obtain good dimensional and casting stability.     

连铸和模铸轴承钢性能的比较

检验了连铸和模铸轴承钢棒材的低倍组织,非金属夹杂物级别,碳化物形状和分布及疲劳寿命。结果表明,模铸材的氧化物夹杂的含量、平均尺寸和最大尺寸均小于连铸材,模铸材的碳化物均匀性和接触疲劳寿命也优于连铸材,但其生产成本高于连铸材。     

SIMULATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROGEN STORAGE ALLOY AND OPTIMAL DESIGN OF CASTING MOULDS

1.IntroductionHydrogenstoragealloyismainlyusedasnegativeelectrodematerialintheNickel--metalhydride(Ni--MH)rechargeablebattery.Becauseofitshighcapacityandlongcycle--life,Ni--MHbatteryhasmadeupmorethan40thepropertyidentityofthebatteryisnotverygood.Oneofthecausesisthatthemicrostructurehomogeneityofhydrogenstoragealloyisnotcontrolledwell.Althoughgasatomizationandrapidquenchingmethodscanproduceafineandhomogeneousmicrostructure,theyarenotsuitableforlarge-scaleproductionbecauseoftheirverylowproduc…     

EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT HIGH FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD ON INITIAL SOLIDIFICATION IN CONTINUOUS CASTING

1.IntroductionThesurfacequalityofcontinuouslycastingotscanbeimprovedbyimposingahighfrequencymagneticfieldfromtheoutsideofamold.Slowcoolingsolidificationofmeltisthoughttobeanimportantreasonofimprovingsurfacequalityll--4].Inordertoclarifythemechanismofimprovingsurfacequalitybyimposingmagneticfieldandcontroltheinitialsolidificationofcontinuouslycastmetal,itisimportanttostudytheeffectofslowcoolingcausedbymagneticfield.onthetemperaturedistributionofthemeltandtheformationpositionofinitialsolidificat…     

离心铸造高速钢轧辊裂纹形成机理研究

通过分析离心铸造高速钢轧辊凝固过程和裂纹形成条件,发现离心铸造高速钢轧辊裂纹形成的主要原因是高速钢轧辊凝固层强度低,且与铸型产生间隙,不足以承受离心压力所致.裂纹源萌生后,在离心铸造系统长时间工作环境下,轧辊不能自由凝固收缩,促进裂纹的扩展.中间层凝固和轴向凝固的出现,不利于获得致密的轧辊组织,促进轧辊产生裂纹.     

导风叶轮低压铸造温度场有限元模拟及应用

铸件凝固过程数值模拟是提高铸件质量和铸造生产经济效益的重要方法和途径之一。以大型有限元软件ANSYS为工具，以某大型外贸件导风叶轮低压铸造为模型，在对充型完成后温度场的数学模型进行深入分析研究的基础上，成功的模拟了铝合金导风叶轮铸件低压铸造的凝固过零，并根据模拟结果对铸件可能产生的缺陷部位进行了预测，实现了工艺参数的优化和模具的合理设计。     

拉速液位与结晶器出钢温度的关系研究

结晶器液位和铸坯拉速可直接影响结晶器内钢液温度.本文基于数值模拟和钢液凝固机理,建立起结晶器内钢液液位和铸坯拉速对其出钢口处钢液截面平均温度和坯壳温度的制约关系.仿真结果表明,所建立的关系模型能够反映结晶器出钢口处坯壳表面温度的动态变化,及间接地预知坯壳厚度目的.     

Gas absorption in grey cast iron during mould filling

Abstract

The effect of mould filling on the hydrogen and nitrogen concentration in grey cast iron has been investigated. A special mould was designed and the influence of several process and mould parameters, such as degree of turbulence, permeability, core binder and coatings, were studied. The hydrogen concentration increased during mould filling and the absorption was favoured by turbulent filling, low permeability and larger gas evolution from the mould and cores. In some cases, the hydrogen concentration in the iron after mould filling almost reached the solubility limit, which increases the risk that gas precipitates during solidification.

Exact values of the influence of mould filling on the nitrogen concentration could not be obtained, but some observations could still be conducted. The absorption of nitrogen seemed to be favoured by the same parameters as hydrogen.     

Solidification studies on sand cast Al 6061–SiCp composites

Most of the automotive components are cast and their performance depends very much on the solidification phenomenon. Solidification is primarily a process of achieving solid crystals from the liquid melt by promoting zones possessing very high cooling rates to ensure super cooling of the melt. Till date enormous data is available as regards the solidification behaviour of popular light alloys such as Al 6061 and A 356 with regard to the casting process, mould materials used and other important processing parameters. Effect of chills on the solidification behaviour of the above materials has also been reported suggesting chills to be an important promoter of directional solidification. Directional solidification results in minimized solidification defects. However, there is a lack of information regarding the effect of chills on solidification behaviour of aluminium based metal matrix composites which are currently the most potential candidate materials in automotive industries as a replacement for conventional light alloys. In the light of the above, this work is aimed at experimentally studying the solidification behaviour of Al 6061–SiC_p castings in sand mould using copper and mild steel chills. Further, commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) software has been used to predict the cooling curves with and without the use of chills for the developed composite. The experimental and predicted cooling rates of the developed composites are not in good agreement. Use of copper chills resulted in promoting higher cooling rates during the solidification of developed composites.     

回转窑托轮结构及铸造工艺的计算机辅助设计

针对传统回转窑托轮铸造工艺复杂、受力易产生轮辐开裂等状况,应用ABAQUS对其应力分布进行了分析,改进了托轮的结构。通过铸造CAE软件MAGMAsoft对托轮铸件充型、凝固的模拟分析,找出了缺陷易产生的部位,提出了铸造工艺的改进方案。实现了托轮件结构及铸造生产工艺的计算机辅助设计。     

金属型球铁磨球非平衡凝固特性的研究

探索了金属型球铁磨球非平衡结晶过程，并就磨球的非平衡凝固特性进行了较深入的分析研究。过共晶球铁凝固时出现非平衡奥氏体；亚共晶球铁出现晕圈铁素体和非平衡渗碳体相；在柱状晶与等轴晶过渡区中存在着偏聚物。为改善球铁磨球的显微组织及性能，球铁成分应控制在共晶或稍过共晶处。     

A New Fabrication Method for the Casting of Cored Materials

Abstract

Using a heated double-channel mould, cored rods with pure tin as a clad material and Sn-Bi, Sn-Pb, and Sn-Zn eutectic alloys as core materials have been continuously cast. With precise control of casting variables, cored rods were successfully produced with a unidirectional structure for both core and clad materials. The effects of casting speed and mould exit temperature on cast structure were examined in an attempt to obtain an understanding of this new casting process. It was found that the dissolution of clad material occurs during casting, and the dissolution process is rapid and sensitive to the process variables. Excess dissolution of clad material leads to metal breakout. In order to reduce the dissolution, lower mould exit temperatures with faster casting speeds should be employed.     

数值模拟技术在汽车齿轮室模具温度场分析中的应用

以汽车齿轮室压铸件为例,对铸件凝固过程进行分析,使用模拟软件Flow-3D得到了压铸镁、铝合金模具温度场的分布特征,研究了镁、铝合金压铸件及压铸模具温度场随浇注温度、模具预热温度变化的情况。数值模拟结果可为汽车齿轮室模具优化设计提供参考。     

Experimental determination of heat transfer coefficients during squeeze casting of aluminium

Heat transfer coefficients during squeeze cast of commercial aluminium were determined, by using the solidification temperature versus time curves obtained for varying applied pressures during squeeze casting process. The steel mould/cast aluminium metal interface temperatures versus times curve obtained through polynomial curves fitting and extrapolation was compared with the numerically obtained temperatures versus times curve. Interfacial heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally from measured values of heating and cooling temperatures of steel mould and cast metal and compared with the numerically obtained values and found to be fairly close in values. The values of the heat transfer coefficients were found to increase with increase in applied pressures and to decrease with fall of solidifying temperatures corresponding to three distinct solidification stages namely, liquidus, liquidus–solidus and solidus stages. Below temperatures of 500 °C, the effect of the increase in heat transfer coefficients with applied pressure application becomes less significant and the drop in values of the heat transfer coefficients with solidification temperatures at any applied pressures remains fairly constant. The peak values of heat transfer coefficients obtained for as-cast (no pressure application) and squeeze cast (pressure application) of aluminium are 2975.14 and 3351.08 W/(m² K), respectively. Empirical equations, relating the interfacial heat transfer coefficients to the cast aluminium surface temperatures and applied pressures at three distinct temperature range intervals, were also derived and presented.     

铁型覆砂铸造及其发展

铁型覆砂铸造是指在金属型（铁型）内腔覆上一薄层树脂砂，然后采用这种覆砂铁型浇注铸件。原来主要用于球铁曲轴，现已扩大应用到50余种（类）铸件。由于覆砂铁型刚度较高，用于球铁件能实现无冒口铸造．提高工艺出品率，并能提高铸件尺寸精度，改善表面质量。笔者介绍铁型覆砂工艺的基本原理、发展情况以及计算机凝固模拟在该工艺上的应用。     

均衡凝固理论在铁模覆砂铸造大型空心球墨铸铁曲轴上的应用

介绍了铁模覆砂铸造大型空心球铁曲轴的工艺。采取平做、平浇、平冷和复合运用微量合金元素及多次孕育等技术措施，利用均衡凝固理论解决曲轴内部缩松，获得合格曲轴铸件，并得到铸态珠光体组织。     

Enhanced cooling for solidification of aluminium alloys in permanent moulds using advanced heat pipe solutions

Abstract

In order to obtain sound cast components with good properties, a number of measures must be taken to make parts defect free. It is well recognised by the casting industry that it is essential to control cooling rates of permanent mould castings in order to speed up solidification and control the solidification pattern. Each of the traditional controlled cooling techniques (air or water cooling passages and chill inserts) presents certain disadvantages and none offers optimum thermal management. A new cooling method for permanent moulds is proposed. This new technique is based on heat pipe technology that was developed specifically for the cooling of permanent moulds in the casting of light metals where high heat fluxes are normally encountered. The influence of the conductivity of mould coatings on casting solidification and dendrite arm spacing with heat pipe cooling was investigated. Typical experimental results are also presented.