低钛铝合金的电解生产与晶粒细化

在电解低钛铝合金的工业化生产试验中，研究和对比了电解加钛和熔配加钛低钛铝合金的晶粒细化效果及其衰退行为。结果发现：电解质中添加少量TiO2对电解槽铝产量和电流效率影响较小，二者分别维持在1200kg和92％左右，钛的吸收率在95％以上所生产的合金钛含量稳定，晶粒细化效果明显，晶粒尺寸随钛含量的变化趋势与熔配加钛合金相同；钛含量在0．1％～0．2％范围内时，电解加Ti合金晶粒细化效果的抗退化能力比熔配加Ti合金的强。     

电解加钛铝合金的晶粒细化及其制备铝-硅合金的组织和性能

研究了电解加钛的晶粒细化作用，与AlTi和AlTiB细化剂对纯铝的晶粒细化效果进行了比较；对用电解低钛铝合金制备的A356合金和由纯铝制备并用AlTi或AlTiB细化处理的A356合金的组织与性能进行了对比研究；进行了利用工业铝电解槽生产的电解低钛铝合金熔体直接生产A356合金的工业试验。结果表明：电解加钛具有显著的晶粒细化作用，其细化能力与AlTiB的相当，明显优于AlTi中间合金的。在试验室条件下，用电解低钛铝合金制备的A356合金与纯铝制备并用中间合金细化处理的A356合金的拉伸性能相当；将电解低钛铝合金熔体直接用于铝．硅合金的生产是可行的，并具有节约能源，细化处理工艺简单，产品质量良好的特点。     

电解低钛ZL108合金的组织及性能研究

研究了用纯铝锭和电解低钛铝合金锭来熔配生产ZL108Ti合金的组织及性能。结果表明：生产的ZL108Ti合金组织细化,二次枝晶臂间距变小，其抗拉强度和屈服强度均有较大的提高。当钛含量为0．10％～0．15％时，σb≥370MPa。     

电解掺钛对纯铝晶粒细化作用效果的分析

向铝电解槽添加一定量的二氧化钛可使生产的铝锭中含有少量的钛。分析了用这种掺钛方式生产的低钛铝合金的微观组织，对比研究了电解掺钛与通过铝钛中间合金掺钛的晶粒化效果。结果表明。电解掺钛具有更优良的晶粒细化作用。随着电解掺钛量的增加，晶粒尺寸下降。电解掺钛量在0．20％～0．30％之问既可得到满意的细化效果。还分析了电解掺钛的晶粒细化作用的机理，对电解掺钛新工艺的可用性进行了评价。     

电解生产低钛铝合金的晶粒细化及衰退行为

选用Ti质量分数为0．1％～0．3％的电解低钛铝合金，分别研究了钛对合金晶粒的细化效果和熔体保温时间对晶粒细化的衰退行为的影响，并与相应含钛量熔配低钛铝合金进行了对比。结果表明，随着Ti含量的增加，两种加钛方式的低钛铝合金样品晶粒得到明显的细化。随着保温时间的延长，所有合金的晶粒尺寸均不同程度发生了粗化，Ti对晶粒的细化效果明显发生了衰退。电解加钛铝合金晶粒细化效果的抗衰退能力优于熔配加钛铝合金，这种趋势对Ti的质量分数为0．1％～0．2％的合金特别明显。     

不同加钛方法对6063合金细化的研究

加钛方式不同，钛含量不同，对铝及其合金的晶粒细化效果不同。对比研究了用电解低钛铝合金、加Al—5Ti中间合金、Al—5Ti—1B中间合金及电解低钛铝合金加Al—B中间合金4种加钛方式及不同钛含量对6063合金的晶粒细化效果。研究结果表明：不同的加钛方式对6063合金均有明显的细化效果，随着钛含量增加，晶粒逐渐变细；钛含量相同时，电解加钛的细化效果优于Al—5Ti中间合金的细化效果；当合金中含有硼时，钛含量相同时，电解加钛加Al—B中间合金的细化效果优于加Al—5Ti—1B的细化效果。     

电解生产低钛铝合金晶粒细化及衰退行为

选用含钛量为0．1％～0．3％的电解低钛铝合金，分别研究了钛对合金晶粒的细化效果和熔体保温时间对晶粒细化的衰退行为的影响，并与利用熔配加钛方法制得的相应含钛量的低钛铝合金进行了对比。结果表明，随着Ti含量的增加，两种加钛方式获得的低钛铝合金晶粒得到明显细化，晶粒尺寸随Ti含量的变化趋势相同。随着保温时间的延长，所有合金的晶粒尺寸均不同程度发生了粗化，Ti对晶粒的细化效果明显发生了衰退。电解加Ti的合金晶粒细化效果的抗衰退能力优于熔配加Ti的合金，这种趋势对含Ti量为0．1％～0．2％的合金特别明显。     

电解加钛与熔配加钛对工业纯铝晶粒细化的作用

对比研究了电解加钛,以Al-Ti和Al-Ti-B中间合金方式向工业纯铝熔配加钛以及向电解低钛铝合金中再熔配加Al-B中间合金的细化效果.结果表明,不同加钛方式对纯铝都有较强的细化作用; 在钛含量相同的条件下,电解加钛的晶粒细化能力明显高于熔配加Al-Ti中间合金的; 钛含量较低时,熔配加Al-Ti-B中间合金的细化效果略好于电解加钛的,钛含量较高时,二者的细化能力相当.向电解生产的低钛铝合金中再熔配加入Al-B中间合金,可明显改善晶粒细化效果,尤其在较低的钛含量时表现得非常明显.     

电解低钛铝合金在变形合金6063中的应用研究

研究了电解低钛铝合金的细化效果，结果表明，通过电解加低含量的钛可以使工业纯铝晶粒明显细化，由粗大的柱状晶变成等轴晶。用电解低钛铝合金直接配制6063合金时，得到的也是细小均匀的等轴晶粒。钛含量相同时，电解低钛铝合金的细化效果优于铝-钛中间合金的细化效果。     

电解加钛对6063铝合金的晶粒细化效果

向铝电解槽中加入少量的二氧化钍，可生产含少量钍的电解低钍铝合金锭。本文用电解低钍铝合金锭配置6063变形铝合金，研究了这种加钍方式对6063铝合金的晶粒细化效果及细化机理．并与铝钍中间合金．对6063铝合金的细化效果做了对比。结果表明，电解加钍的细化效果优于用铝钍中间合金加钍的细化效果。且随保温时间的延长。有更好的抗晶粒细化衰退效果。用电解低钍铝合金配置6063铝合金是完全可行的，用电解的方法加入二氧化钍是一种质优价廉的新方法。     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

Analysis of microporous structure of carbon adsorbents in terms of the theory of volume filling of micropores

A methodology of using the theory of filling the volume of micropores when evaluating the porous structure of carbon nanomaterials and adsorbents, as well as describing the adsorption of different species, is considered. Potentialities of the mathematical means of a theory of filling the volume of micropores when differentiating homogeneous and irregular microporous structure of activated carbon, determining the micropores’ parameters (their volume and size), evaluating the degree of heterogeneity of microporous structures, and describing adsorption over wide concentration range are analyzed. The perspectives of this approach, based on the theory of filling the volume of micropores, in the prognosis of the microporous structures’ parameters and the activated carbons’ adsorbability in the process of their synthesis are demonstrated. Original Russian Text ? G.A. Petukhova, 2008, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 170–176.     

Mechanism of Nucleation of Precipitates of Carbides of Refractory Metals Under Hot Rolling of Automotive Sheet Steel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The problem of formation of properties in microalloyed sheet steels is considered. The cause and the possible mechanism of precipitation of carbides of refractory...