合金定向凝固一次枝晶间距模拟

建立二元合金树枝晶生长的二维元胞自动机模型,模拟丁二腈2.5%(质量分数)乙醇定向凝固枝晶生长和一次枝晶间距选择过程。模拟结果表明:在给定的凝固条件下,定向凝固一次枝晶间距可在一个范围内变化,其具体取值与凝固历史具有相关性。在相同的温度梯度和不同冷却速度下,模拟给出的一次枝晶间距上、下限与实验结果吻合较好,详细分析影响定向凝固一次枝晶间距上下限的因素。结果表明:在给定凝固条件和合金系条件下,液相中无对流,影响一次枝晶间距上下限的主要因素是界面能和溶质扩散系数。     

凝固速率对Cu-1.0wt%Cr合金界面形态及枝晶演变的影响

研究了定向凝固速率对Cu-1．0wt％Cr亚共晶合金凝固界面形态及枝晶生长的影响。结果表明：当温度梯度一定时，随着凝固速率的提高，初生α相形态经过平面晶-胞晶组织-粗树枝晶-细树枝晶一系列的演化；初生α相的一次枝晶间距λ1在胞晶生长阶段逐渐增大，而在枝晶生长阶段，λ1又逐渐减小；而二次枝晶间距λ2随凝固速率的增加一直减小。     

PMO对定向凝固GCr15轴承钢枝晶臂间距的影响

为了解脉冲磁致振荡(pulse magneto-oscillation, PMO)技术对GCr15轴承钢定向凝固组织的作用，通过改变PMO参数和抽拉速率，研究了不同抽拉速率下PMO对定向凝固GCr15轴承钢枝晶臂间距的影响。结果表明：在相同抽拉速率下，PMO的峰值电流依次为150、250、350k_i A时，GCr15轴承钢的一次和二次枝晶臂间距先增大后减小。当峰值电流固定为350k_i A时，随着PMO频率从90、240、390k_f Hz依次增大，一次枝晶臂间距先减小后增大，二次枝晶臂间距逐渐变大。同时，随着抽拉速率的提高，枝晶臂间距减小幅度逐渐降低。通过测量温度梯度发现，在PMO作用下，固-液界面前沿液相中温度梯度的提高和溶质分布的变化，是枝晶臂间距减小的主要原因。     

定向凝固Al-4.5%Cu合金枝晶组织与抽拉速率的关系

用自制下拉式定向凝固设备,在一定的温度梯度下,在20-220μm/s的抽拉速率范围制备定向凝固Al-4.5%Cu合金,并对其微观组织、特别是一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率的变化规律进行研究。结果表明：定向凝固微观组织随抽拉速率的增大呈细化趋势,其一次枝晶间距减小;当抽拉速率小于100μm/s时,枝晶间距随抽拉速率而减小的幅度较大;当抽拉速率大于100μm/s时,枝晶间距减小幅度较为平缓。在综合分析抽拉速率、界面生长速率、温度梯度等影响因素的基础上,推导出界面局域平衡条件下预测定向凝固次枝晶间距的理论模型,该模型能够较为准确地反映定向凝固一次枝晶间距随抽拉速率在100-220μm/s范围的变化规律,为定向凝固工艺获得特定组织而预先选配合适的工艺参数提供理论参考。     

采用低温度梯度HRS工艺制备的镍基单晶高温合金雀斑组织

通过在高速凝固法(HRS)定向凝固过程中调整隔热挡板与壳型之间的间隙,获得了较低的定向凝固温度梯度(～30℃/cm),制备了含有雀斑组织的单晶高温合金试棒。结果表明:采用常规HRS工艺(温度梯度～50℃/cm)制备的合金一次枝晶间距为323μm,含有1.70%铸态共晶;而采用较低温度梯度HRS工艺制备的合金一次枝晶间距达到了704μm,是常规HRS工艺的2.2倍,并且合金的二次枝晶及三次枝晶较为发达;此外,雀斑组织区域包含较多平均晶粒尺寸为200μm的等轴晶晶粒和4.64%的铸态共晶,同时分布着富集Ta元素的MC碳化物。定向凝固过程中较低的温度梯度增大了合金的一次枝晶间距并使合金元素的凝固偏析加重,导致糊状区液相发生对流的倾向增大,从而促进了雀斑组织的形成。     

电流对Al-4.5%Cu合金定向凝固组织的影响

为揭示脉冲电流对晶体生长的影响机理,研究了脉冲电流和直流电对Al-4.5%Cu合金定向凝固胞状树枝晶组织的影响。结果表明:脉冲电流和直流电都能消除二次枝晶臂,减小糊状区深度和宽度,使一次枝晶间距减小;比较而言,脉冲电流处理的固-液界面较为平直,而直流电使界面变得凸凹起伏。分析认为电流偏聚所形成的热效应导致胞晶分裂可能是电流影响胞晶一次间距的主要原因,而脉冲电流引起的强制对流使得固-液界面更加平直。     

Pb—Sn合金三次树枝晶的形成判据

在定向凝固条件下对Pb－Sn合金的树枝晶生长进行了探讨,发现三次枝晶只能出现在过共晶区域。一次枝晶间距与二次枝晶间距的比值大对三次枝晶的形成有直接的影响;较小的生长速度和较高的温度梯度有利于三次枝晶的形成。在此基础上提出了三次枝晶的形成判据,并与试验现象进行了对比分析。     

超高温度梯度快速定向凝固的Cu-Mn合金胞晶间距

利用5kW CW CO2激光器对Cu-31.4%Mn合金进行了一系列表面重熔实验, 就激光束扫描速度对重熔区微观组织生长方向的影响和超高温度梯度快速定向凝固条件下胞晶间距选择规律进行了研究. 实验结果表明 熔池中微观组织的生长方向强烈地受激光工艺参数(激光输出功率和扫描速度)的影响. 通过采用本实验的工艺, 实现了与Bridgman法类似的超高温度梯度快速定向凝固, 其温度梯度可高达106K/m, 速度可高达24.1mm/s. Cu-31.4%Mn在超高温度梯度快速凝固条件下的胞晶间距存在一个分布范围.随生长速度的增大, 胞晶间距减小. 胞晶间距与生长速度的关系为 λmax=1.25v-0.61b, λmin=4.47v-0.52b, λ-=9.09v-0.62b. 实验结果与快速凝固条件下枝晶生长模型(Hunt-Lu模型)吻合.     

Al-7Si-0.36Mg合金定向凝固一次枝晶臂间距实验和模拟

通过Al-7Si-0.36Mg合金定向凝固实验和元胞自动机模型,开展定向凝固枝晶形貌演化和一次枝晶臂间距选择过程的实验和模拟。结果表明:在给定的凝固条件下,一次枝晶臂间距范围是一个连续的变化区间。在恒定温度梯度和不同凝固速度条件下,测得Al-7Si-0.36Mg合金一次枝晶臂间距上限值(λmax)、下限值(λmin)和平均值(λave)以及生长速率之间的关系,且上限值和下限值的比值接近3。模拟结果与实验结果的吻合程度明显优于Hunt-Lu等解析模型的预测结果,表明CA模型在枝晶定向凝固过程枝晶形貌演化模拟和枝晶臂间距预测等方面的准确性。结合模拟研究和文献调研分析影响定向凝固一次枝晶臂选择的因素,包括抽拉速度v、温度梯度G、界面能大小、溶质扩散系数DL、枝晶生长取向与热流方向的偏离角度θ等。     

Ti14Cu合金的定向凝固组织及相研究

研究了100、500、1000μm/s三种抽拉速率下Ti14Cu合金的定向凝固组织演变,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察微观形貌,通过X射线衍射仪测定定向凝固组织中的相。结果表明,随着抽拉速率的提高,柱状晶组织变细且数量增多,枝晶间距减小而枝晶间隙的第二相析出物量增加。当合金成分及温度梯度一定时,二次枝晶间距与抽拉速率成反比。二次枝晶间距的Furer-Wunderlin模拟结果与试验测定的数据相吻合。     

Melt flow in a mushy zone – barrier effect of intermetallic phases

Abstract

Iron and manganese are common impurity elements in cast aluminium alloys, especially in secondary aluminium. During casting Fe/Mn-containing intermetallics are formed between the aluminium dendrites, which cause porosity and shrinkage defects. In this paper an experimental study on the influence of controlled convection during solidification on the spatial arrangement of intermetallic phases and their interaction with the dendritic microstructure in Al–7Si–1Fe (AlSiFe) and Al–7Si–1Mn (AlSiMn) alloys (wt-%) is presented. Forced convection is induced by a rotating magnetic field. The alloys are solidified directionally over a range of constant solidification velocities (0·015–0·18 mm s^–1) at a constant temperature gradient G of 3 K mm^–1. The results indicate that the primary spacing and the secondary dendrite arm spacing are affected by the presence of Fe and Mn intermetallic phases. In samples solidified under forced convections the primary dendrite arm spacing did not depend on the solidification velocity and no obvious fluid flow effect on the secondary spacing could be detected. These observations are in contrast to Fe and Mn free alloys. It seems that the intermetallics act as a barrier for the flow into the mushy zone.     

Simulation of microstructure evolution in directional solidification of Ti-45at.%Al alloy using cellular automaton method

The microstructural evolution of Ti-45 at.%Al alloy during directional solidification was simulated by applying a solute diffusion controlled solidification model. The obtained results have shown that under high thermal gradients the stable primary spacing can be adjusted via branching or competitive growth. For dendritic structures formed under a high thermal gradient, the secondary dendrite arms are developed not very well in many cases due to the branching mechanism under a constrained dendritic growth condition. Furthermore, it has been observed that, with increasing pulling velocity, there exists a cell/dendrite transition region consisting of cells and dendrites,which varies with the thermal gradient in a contradicting way, i.e. increase of the thermal gradient leading to the decrease of the range of the transition region. The simulations agree reasonably well with experiment results.     

Effect of sample diameter on primary dendrite spacing of directionally solidified Al-4%Cu alloy

The relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and sample diameter was studied during directional solidification for Al-4%Cu (mass fraction) alloy. It is shown that primary dendrite spacing is decreased with the decrease of the sample diameter at given growth rate. By regressing the relationship between primary dendrite arm spacing and the growth rate, the primary dendrite arm spacing complies with 461.76v-0.53, 417.92v-0.28 and 415.83v-0.25 for the sample diameter of 1.8, 3.5 and 7.2 mm, respectively. The primary dendrite spacing, growth rate and thermal gradient for different sample diameters comply with 28.77v-0.35G-0.70, 23.17v-0.35G-0.70 and 23.84v-0.35G-0.70, respectively. They are all consistent with the theoretical model , and b1/a1=2. By analyzing the experimental results with classical models, it is shown that KURZ-FISHER model fits for the primary dendrite spacing in smaller sample diameters with weaker thermosolute convection. Whereas TRIVEDI model is suitable for describing primary dendrite arm spacing with a larger diameter (d＞2 mm) where convection should be considered.     

试样尺寸对Al-4.5%Cu合金定向凝固组织和界面稳定性的影响

在传统Bridgeman方法下,利用Al-4.5%Cu合金内外同心嵌套试样,研究了自然对流对凝固过程及组织的影响。试验结果显示,温度梯度和抽拉速率均相同的定向凝固试样,尺寸较大试样的组织呈规则胞状或树枝状时,对应尺寸较小试样组织胞晶尖端发生分叉或杂乱树枝状,表明尺寸较小的试样液-固界面稳定性较差。较小试样尺寸限制了液相中自然对流致使溶质原子液-固界面处大量富集是凝固组织不规则与液-固界面不稳定的主要原因。     

Numerical simulation of dendrite growth in Ni-based superalloy casting during directional solidification process

An understanding of dendrite growth is required in order to improve the properties of castings. For this reason, cellular automaton?finite difference (CA?FD) method was used to investigate the dendrite growth during directional solidification (DS) process. The solute diffusion model combined with macro temperature field model was established for predicting the dendrite growth behavior. Model validation was performed by the DS experiment, and the cooling curves and grain structures obtained by the experiment presented a reasonable agreement with the simulation results. The competitive growth of dendrites was also simulated by the proposed model, and the competitive behavior of dendrites with different misalignment angles was also discussed in detail. Subsequently, 3D dendrites growth was also investigated by experiment and simulation, and both were in good accordance. The influence on dendrites growth of initial nucleus was investigated by three simulation cases, and the results showed that the initial nuclei just had an effect on the initial growth stage of columnar dendrites, but had little influence on the final dendritic morphology and the primary dendrite arm spacing.     

不同拉伸速度对Al-5%Cu定向凝固组织的影响

在一定的温度梯度下,改变拉伸速度,对Al-5%Cu合金进行了定向凝固试验,并采用扫描电镜对Al-5%Cu合金定向凝固组织进行了分析.试验结果表明:在加热区中,试样与热装置之间的传热主要受热辐射控制.通过对凝固过程的热分析发现,在当前试验条件下,凝固潜热的影响可以忽略.另外,随着拉伸速度的增加,凝固速度提高,凝固组织由胞状晶转变为树枝晶,枝晶逐渐细化,枝晶间距大大减小.     

EFFECT OF LIQUID FLOW ON PRIMARY ARM SPACING OF CONSTRAINED COLUMNAR CRYSTALS

An experimental apparatus,which has a convection generator and an aid-heater,is developedfor the study of the effect of stable laminar liquid flow on the directional solidification processby the use of transparent alloy SCN-2wt-% Ace.The flow is perpendicular to primary arms.By in-situ observation and photographing at different specific moments,it has been found thatsuch a flow can cause a great change in primary spacings of constrained columnar crystals:forcells,the spacings become smaller;but for dendrites,they become larger.The former is mainlydue to the tilted growth of upstreamside branches,while the latter is mainly due to the coup-ling effect of liquid flow with solutal field around dendrite tips.The faster the liquid flows,thefurther smaller the cell spacing and the further larger the dendrite spacing.     

Numerical simulaton of cellular/dendritic transition and its growth during unidirectional solidificationin of Ti–Al alloy

采用基于溶质扩散控制模型CA方法对Ti44Al合金定向凝固初始阶段变速冷却过程中胞/枝晶转变过程进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明,在胞/枝转变过程中,存在胞-枝混合生长区,在一些胞晶相邻面无二次枝晶生长.在给定的冷却速率下,枝晶臂间距大于胞晶臂间距;而在过渡区,枝晶间距达到最大.另外,晶核数量对柱状晶间距产生影响,随着植入晶核数量的增加,柱状晶间距非均匀化程度明显减小.出现过渡区的原因与枝晶生长所引起固/液界面前沿成分波动有关.模拟与实验结果吻合较好.     

The Effect of Temperature Gradient and Primary Arm Tip Velocity on Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing at Steady-state Conditions Solidification

A numerical procedure is presented by which the coarsening of secondary dendrite arms, during steady state solidification can be simulated. The numerical results are compared with experimental data obtained for binary Al-Cu alloys. Very good agreement of the measurements with the theoretical predictions is obtained for the spacing of secondary dendrite arms during solidification. Based on these results, a generally applicable function could be established for finally secondary dendrite arm spacing as a function of alloy composition, temperature gradient and primary arm tip velocity.