稀土元素Ce对石墨球化作用的研究

通过凝固过程中的热分析试验,研究了稀土元素Ce对Ni-C二元过共晶合金凝固过程中过冷度及石墨生长形态的影响.结果表明,加入稀土元素Ce,初生相石墨结晶时的过冷度显著增大,凝固组织中的石墨形态由片状生长转变为球状生长;但加入Ce后,若提供一个小的过冷条件,石墨将以片状形态生长,表明凝固时的过冷是促进石墨球状生长的主要因素;稀土元素Ce并非是石墨球化的充分条件.     

新型Ni3Al/石墨高温固体自润滑材料的制备及其性能

采用熔炼法, 制备出新型Ni3Al/石墨抗高温、耐腐蚀固体自润滑材料.结果表明: Al不仅是强化合金基体的元素, 而且是一种使片状石墨转变为球状石墨的球化剂; 铝与氧结合成渣降低了氧在石墨表面的吸附.建立了界面能和过冷度对石墨生长形态影响的动力学模型; 分析表明, 石墨在洁净的液态金属中结晶, 由于(1010)棱面与(0001)基面的温度回升速率的差异, 促使石墨球状生长.石墨经球化处理后, 材料的冲击韧性得到提高; 将该材料与GCr15轴承钢及45﹟退火钢进行干摩擦磨损时, 摩擦因数分别为0.36和0.40.     

Fe-C-Si合金凝固过程中石墨的球化机理研究

采用热分析试验方法研究了Fe-C-Si合金凝固过程中过冷度的变化对石墨生长形态的影响,探讨了石墨结晶时的再辉温差与石墨生长形态间的相互关系,通过座滴法研究了液固界面能对石墨生长形态的影响.结果表明,稀土元素Ce促使石墨球化的凝固特征是显著降低了形核温度,但在添加Ce的情况下,只要提供一个小的过冷条件,石墨形态将由球状转变为片状,这种转化完全依赖于结晶时过冷度的大小,这表明过冷度的大小是影响石墨生长方式和最终形态的关键因素之一.凝固曲线表明石墨以片状形态生长时的再辉温差大,以球状生长时较小,这反映了石墨以片状生长时的速度高于球状生长时的速度.同时液态合金在石墨(0001)基面上的液固界面能高,石墨趋于球状形态生长;在(1010)棱面上的液固界面能低,石墨趋于片状形态生长.     

原料生铁对球墨铸铁的遗传性影响

采用高频感应炉熔化,自硬树脂砂型铸造,生产球墨铸铁.研究了不同产地原料生铁的成分、组织和缺陷在生产球墨铸铁时对铸件的遗传性影响.发现3个产地,具有不同组织、不同缺陷的原料生铁在重熔浇注球墨铸铁铸件的过程中,在凝固倾向、组织和缺陷方面有紧密的遗传性联系;同时,发现了一种不用普通球化剂获得球墨铸铁的工艺.讨论了这种工艺的原理和价值,提出了一种新的理念,即通过外加球状石墨核心,促进石墨呈球状生长.     

TRANSITION OF GRAPHITE MORPHOLOGY IN CAST IRON AND ITS GROWTH KINETICS

<正> 蠕虫状石墨兼有球状石墨和片状石墨的某些特征;各类石墨形态在一定条件下能够互相转变。这些事实预示着三类石墨形态在生长机制上具有一些共同的规律。本研究采用液态金属冷却(LMC)定向凝固技术,设想从凝固速度、变质、衰退三个方面探讨各类石墨形态的转变。LMC技术具有控制稳定,重复性好,可获得石墨形态连续转变的各类组织,得到定量数据等优点。通过使用该技术,期望获得其它实验方法所难以得到的实验证据,进而探讨石墨晶体的生长机制。 本试验原始试样由工业纯铁、光谱纯石墨和     

铸铁石墨形态的转变及生长动力学

蠕虫状石墨兼有球状石墨和片状石墨的某些特征;各类石墨形态在一定条件下能够互相转变。这些事实预示着三类石墨形态在生长机制上具有一些共同的规律。本研究采用液态金属冷却(LMC)定向凝固技术,设想从凝固速度、变质、衰退三个方面探讨各类石墨形态的转变。LMC技术具有控制稳定,重复性好,可获得石墨形态连续转变的各类组织,得到定量数据等优点。通过使用该技术,期望获得其它实验方法所难以得到的实验证据,进而探讨石墨晶体的生长机制。本试验原始试样由工业纯铁、光谱纯石墨和     

CONDITIONS OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF GRAPHITE IN Fe-C-Si ALLOY UNDER UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION

研究了Fe-C-Si合金中Ce量及凝固速度对石墨晶体形态转变的影响,首次提出了在球团状石墨与过冷石墨的转变或者蠕虫状石墨与片状石墨的转变过程中,以变质元素的含量变化为主要影响因素,并且以Ce_(D←→D)=0.0296lgR+0.162(％)及Ce(V←→A)=-0.0353lgR+0.147(％)为各自的临界加入量值.在球团状石墨与蠕虫状石墨的转变过程中,凝固速度的变化占主导地位,且以Rs=55×10~(-2.5Ce)(μm/S)和Rv=32.4×10~(-2.3Ce)(μm/S)为获得完全球团状或蠕虫状石墨的临界值。 蠕虫状石墨能与片状石墨间相互连续生长过渡,认为蠕虫状石墨为一定变质元素含量及凝固速度条件下石墨晶体特有的组织形态,无须球化衰退或石墨球破碎为其生长前提。     

快速凝固Cu83Fe17合金的显微组织

通过采用扫描电镜(SEM)研究了真空感应熔炼和单辊旋铸Cu83Fe17合金的显微组织和凝固行为.结果表明,真空感应熔炼Cu83Fe17合金的显微组织主要以初生的富Fe枝晶形式存在于Cu基体中,单辊旋铸Cu83Fe17合金的显微组织呈现富Fe枝晶和富Fe球状并存的两种形貌.富Fe相的形貌和大小随着条带厚度的变化而变化.富Fe球的大小分布不均,靠近自由面的富Fe球直径比接触面要大.分析表明,合金快速凝固过程中发生了亚稳态的液相分离.此外,采用一维热传导方程对Cu83Fe17合金的冷却速度进行模拟,计算得到合金条带自由侧在凝固时的冷却速度为1.5×106 K/s.     

定向凝固条件下Fe-C-Si合金石墨组织转变的研究

研究了Fe-C-Si合金中Ce量及凝固速度对石墨晶体形态转变的影响,首次提出了在球团状石墨与过冷石墨的转变或者蠕虫状石墨与片状石墨的转变过程中,以变质元素的含量变化为主要影响因素,并且以Ce_(D←→D)=0.0296lgR+0.162(％)及Ce(V←→A)=-0.0353lgR+0.147(％)为各自的临界加入量值.在球团状石墨与蠕虫状石墨的转变过程中,凝固速度的变化占主导地位,且以Rs=55×10~(-2.5Ce)(μm/S)和Rv=32.4×10~(-2.3Ce)(μm/S)为获得完全球团状或蠕虫状石墨的临界值。蠕虫状石墨能与片状石墨间相互连续生长过渡,认为蠕虫状石墨为一定变质元素含量及凝固速度条件下石墨晶体特有的组织形态,无须球化衰退或石墨球破碎为其生长前提。     

高炉-中频炉双联熔炼对铁液状态和凝固组织的影响

分别研究了中频炉熔炼和高炉-中频炉双联短流程熔炼时铁液的状态和凝固组织.研究发现,两种熔炼工艺得到的铁液状态和凝固组织存在明显区别.高炉-中频炉双联短流程熔炼铁液过冷倾向大,共晶石墨形核能力低;凝固组织石墨片数量多且细小,出现过冷石墨的几率增加;生产的铸件强度和硬度均增加,且硬度的增幅大于强度.     

热处理工艺对Fe-Co-Zr-Mo-W-B大块非晶合金断裂韧度的影响

采用电弧熔炼母合金、感应加热熔化、铜模吸铸工艺，制备了厚度为1mm的板状Fe-Co-Zr-Mo-W-B系Fe基大块非晶合金，铸态试样表面及断口光亮，具有典型的金属光泽，但脆性严重。本文采用压痕试验法研究了热处理工艺对铸态Fe基大块非晶合金脆性的影响。结果表明，合适的退火工艺可使Fe基大块非晶合金的断裂韧度提高到铸态的260％。     

On the modification of graphitized cast iron

The results of experimental and theoretical study of the formation of globular graphite upon solidification of alloys, heat and chemicothermal treatments, and surface melting of deformed cast iron are presented. The mechanism of the effect of magnesium treatment on the shape of graphite has been analyzed. It has been shown that gas bubbles play a large role in the nucleation and growth of globular and vermicular graphite. The spheroidizing effect of magnesium on the shape of graphite is considered as a result of elimination of the effect of sulfur and oxygen. The mechanism of changeover from the longitudinal to transverse graphite growth under the action of magnesium has been analyzed. The methods of producing ultradispersed states of globular graphite in deformed high-strength cast iron have been developed.     

A new method of fast measuring surface tension of melt cast iron and its application in graphite shape identification

1. Introduction In a casting process of alloy, many casting process parameters, such as refining and inoculating, gas isolation, mould filling ability and the surface roughness of casting, relate to surface tension of alloy. So, it has been approa- ched for a long time of interest by foundrymen and metallurgists to invent an effective method of fast measuring surface tension. Traditional methods of measuring surface tension can be classified into static and dynamic methods. Static method calcu…     

Cast structure and mechanical properties of Zr–Cu–Ni–Al bulk glassy alloys

Homogeneous melting without any nuclei was performed using the cold copper nozzle arc casting furnace and ladle arc-melt type furnace. Casting of a bulk glassy alloy can be achieved by using a copper nozzle arc casting furnace, which eliminates nucleation site (cold spot) for crystallization. Besides, the pouring molten alloy was melted homogeneously by arc heating before casting into the mold, similar to a pseudo float melting state. To produce a bulk glassy alloy sheet, a combination of the ladle arc-melt type furnace and squeeze cast method was used. Using this method, we succeeded in producing Zr₅₀Cu₃₀Ni₁₀Al₁₀ bulk glassy alloys in a rod shape by the former method and in a sheet form by the later method. Tensile strength of the Zr₅₀Cu₃₀Ni₁₀Al₁₀ bulk glassy alloy sheet is about 1900 MPa and the plasticity of the alloy at room temperature is significantly improved by cold rolling.     

Interfacial reaction between zirconium alloy and graphite mold/yttrium oxide ceramic mold

Zirconium alloys are active in the molten state and tend to react with the mold during casting. The casting technology of zirconium is not yet well established; especially in selecting the mold materials, which are difficult to determine. In the present work, the interfacial reactions between zirconium casting and casting mold were studied. The zirconium alloy was melted in a vacuum arc skull furnace and then cast into the graphite mold and ceramic mold, respectively. The zirconium casting samples were characterized using SEM, EDS and XRD with an emphasis on the chemical diffusion of elements. A reaction layer was observed at the casting surface. Chemical analysis shows that chemical elements C, O and Y from the mold are diffused into the molten zirconium, and new phases, such as ZrC, Zr30, YO1.335 and Y6ZrO11, are formed at the surface. In addition, an end product of zirconium valve cast in a yttria mold has a compact structure and good surface quality.     

Influence of Chemical Composition and Melting Process on Hot Rolling of NiTiHf Shape Memory Alloy

NiTiHf high-temperature shape memory alloy ingots with transformation temperatures above 100 °C were produced by vacuum induction melting (VIM) and vacuum arc melting (VAM). The effects of melting process and compositional changes were investigated on hot rolling of cast samples. The amount of (Ti,Hf)₂Ni second phase which was formed during solidification and the (Ti,Hf)C formed due to graphite crucible using in VIM have significantly affected the microstructure of the cast sample due to poor coherency, which affected the hot-rolling behavior. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to inspect the observed cracks in the microstructure after the hot-rolling process. The results displayed that the formation of (Ti,Hf)C and the existence of (Ti,Hf)₂Ni second phase had harmful effects on the workability of the cast specimen due to the feeble coherency of (Ti,Hf)C and (Ti,Hf)₂ Ni with the matrix, which caused a failure in the hot-rolled specimen. The Ni₅₀Ti₄₀Hf₁₀ alloy produced by VAM shows better workability in hot rolling due to lower amount of (Ti,Hf)₂Ni, (Ti,Hf)C phases.     

Wear behaviour of an FeAl intermetallic alloy containing carbon and titanium

FeAl based alloys with carbon and titanium additions were prepared using arc induction melting and their effect on wear behaviour was investigated using ball-on-disk technique. The experimental results showed that carbon addition to FeAl alloys results in formation of perovskite-type Fe₃AlC_0.5 carbide phase and graphite. Addition of Ti promotes the formation of TiC and Fe₃AlC_0.5 and prevents the formation of graphite in the alloy. Hardness and wear resistance of FeAl based alloys increase with increase in the volume fraction of carbides. The FeAl alloys containing Ti exhibited low wear rate and coefficient of friction. Examination of wear tracks revealed micro ploughing at a lower load of 5N. Thin surface flakes with traces of their detachment were observed at a higher load of 10N. It was also observed that presence of graphite in localized regions reduce the wear resistance of the alloy. The results are correlated with observed microstructure and hardness.     

感应淬火对合金铸铁组织与油摩擦性能的影响

目的 优化感应淬火工艺，为提高合金铸铁表面硬度及耐磨性能提供理论依据。方法 通过热力学计算和同步热分析法测试分析了合金铸铁相变规律，并对该材料在6 kW和8 kW功率下进行了2~8 s高频表面淬火。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、洛氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机，研究了不同感应淬火工艺对合金铸铁显微组织、硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果 合金铸铁经感应淬火后，组织为珠光体+马氏体+石墨+磷共晶，随加热时间延长，马氏体含量增多，珠光体与磷共晶逐渐减少，直至6 kW/8 s、8 kW/6 s时消失，但是继续延长时间会产生裂纹。硬化区硬度随加热时间增长而提高，峰值为50HRC，二者的关系可用Logistic曲线描述。硬度升高会提升耐磨性，超过一定硬度后，摩擦系数在0.11波动。不同形式的裂纹可以造成磨痕宽度具有不同的变化规律。结论 感应淬火可有效提升合金铸铁的表面硬度及油摩擦性能。     

获得D型石墨变质剂的研究

为获得Ｄ型石墨而熔制以钛和稀土合金为主的中间合金，其熔点、密度适中，被铁水吸收良好。可在冲天炉、电炉熔炼条件下稳定地获得Ｄ型石墨铸铁。