基体表面粗糙度对冷喷涂Ti6Al4V界面结合的数值模拟∗

在冷喷涂过程中,基体的表面粗糙度会影响涂层和基体之间的结合,目前对该问题关注还不够,且存在一定争议。以冷喷涂修复 Ti6Al4V 钛合金(TC4)过程为研究对象,利用有限元模拟手段,建立二维和三维单粒子在不同表面粗糙度基体上的撞击模型。通过分析粒子在撞击到光滑表面、研磨表面和喷砂表面三种情况下界面的温度、等效塑性应变及系统能量的变化,得出以下结论：随着基体表面粗糙度的增加,粒子的等效塑性应变和扁平率逐渐减小。界面温度和等效塑性应变在基体“波峰”处较高,在“波谷”处较低,在高的表面粗糙度下,粒子的塑性变形减弱,反弹趋势增强。研究结果表明,对冷喷涂 TC4 修复过程而言,基体的粗糙化不利于涂层与基体的结合。研究结果可为冷喷涂修复钛合金过程中基体预处理方式的选择提供理论指导。     

HVOF喷涂WC-12Co粒子沉积行为分析

目的 研究不同超音速火焰喷涂条件下WC-12Co粒子在45^#碳钢基体上的沉积变形行为。方法 基于Johnson-Cook塑性材料模型与Thermal-Isotropy-Phase-Change热材料模型，采用LS-DYNA进行建模分析。结果 不同喷涂参数下，WC-12Co粒子在45^#碳钢基体上的沉积行为存在明显差异。沉积过程中，粒子等效塑性应变幅度高于基体;粒子边缘位置等效塑性应变幅度高于粒子中心轴线位置;粒子初始速度与初始温度的增加有助于提升结合界面温度与粒子扁平化程度;粒子初始温度与粒子初始速度对接触界面能量变化影响程度基本一致，单位粒子初始速度与温度提升的能量贡献比 分别为0.78以及0.76，二者的能量贡献比近似相同;适度的基体预热( =500 K)可以促进粒子变形，加深沉积坑深度，增大粒子与基体的结合面积，有助于提升粒子与基体之间的结合强度。基体过冷( =300 K)将导致粒子“翘曲”，降低粒子与基体之间的结合面积，基体过热( =600 K)将导致二者结合处于不稳定状态，易引起粒子剥落，二者均不利于粒子与基体的有效结合。结论 一定范围内提升粒子初始速度、温度与基体初始温度，可以提高粒子扁平化程度，增大粒子与基体结合面积，提升粒子与基体的结合性能，进一步提高涂层质量。     

冷喷涂TC4涂层临界沉积速度计算及制备涂层性能研究

目的研究冷喷涂TC4涂层的临界沉积速度及粒子温度对临界沉积速度的影响规律,并研究气体压强对沉积涂层性能的影响规律。方法理论研究上,采用有限元LS-DYNA软件中的Johnson-Cook塑性模型,选取3D164计算单元建立模型,研究粒子在不同温度和不同速度下碰撞基体后的形貌特征,确定粒子沉积临界速度。试验研究上,采用N_2作为冷喷涂驱动气体,在TC4合金上制备TC4涂层,然后采用SEM、Image J图像分析软件、硬度计等分析已沉积涂层的孔隙率和硬度等性能。结果 25、400、500、600℃温度下,计算表明10μm的TC4合金粒子在TC4基板上的临界沉积速度分别为730、465、392、361 m/s,即随粒子温度升高,粒子临界沉积速度降低,粒子沉积成涂层更容易。采用冷喷涂工艺在TC4基板上沉积TC4涂层,在N_2温度600℃、气体压力3 MPa的条件下,制备的TC4涂层厚度约1000μm,与TC4钛合金基体结合紧密,涂层孔隙率约为6.46%。结论气体温度升高,粒子临界沉积速度降低;气体压强变大,制备的涂层厚度就大且更加致密。     

大气物理气相沉积行为对层流等离子喷涂Mo涂层结构影响*

通过提高基体温度或粒子温度可以突破大气等离子喷涂涂层结合率一般不超过 1 / 3 的瓶颈，然而目前粒子温度难以通过提高功率等方式进一步提高。基于大气层流等离子喷涂的相关研究证明了层流等离子射流具有射流长度长、速度低、能量密度高等特点，能够有效通过提高粒子在等离子射流的滞留时间从而实现对粒子的充分加热。为了研究层流等离子喷涂高熔点 Mo 涂层的结构演变规律与关键影响因素，并推导出金属与陶瓷涂层的一般沉积行为，使用扫描电子显微镜对三种喷涂参数下制备的 Mo 涂层的结构进行了表征与分析。结果表明，喷涂过程中，在等离子射流以及高温粒子对基体的原位加热作用下，Mo 的氧化物蒸气能够在等离子射流扫掠中与扫掠后附着、沉积在涂层表面，从而影响后续 Mo 粒子的沉积而改变涂层的微观结构。涂层的结构主要与 Mo 粒子的蒸发和基体温度有关。粒子蒸发越剧烈，基体温度越高，涂层越趋向于呈现出多孔岛状凸起结构；粒子蒸发越弱，涂层越趋向于呈现出层状结构，有利于实现低氧化、高致密金属涂层的制备，拓宽等离子喷涂的应用。综合以上研究结果，揭示层流等离子射流中的粒子大量蒸发现象与气相沉积过程，为其作为一种大气环境物理气相沉积的实施方式奠定了基础。     

微米羟基磷灰石/钛复合粒子冷喷沉积行为

在不同加速气体温度和不同硬度基体上冷喷沉积单个微米羟基磷灰石/钛(mHA/Ti)复合粒子,获得加速气体温度与基体硬度对mHA/Ti复合粒子冷喷沉积行为的影响规律;运用冷喷涂技术制备mHA/Ti-Ti复合梯度涂层。采用扫描电子显微镜观察沉积后mHA/Ti复合粒子的表面形貌与结合形态及mHA/Ti-Ti涂层截面形貌,结合能谱分析沉积后mHA/Ti复合粒子和涂层中HA的Ca/P比。通过图像法测量涂层的平均厚度值。研究结果表明,当加速气体温度为300℃时,mHA/Ti复合粒子碰撞Ti6Al4V和316L不锈钢基体后发生了一定的塑性变形呈现中部隆起的扁平状,粒子周边出现了环形薄带。基体为HA/Ti涂层基体时,碰撞后mHA/Ti复合粒子呈现椭球状且部分嵌入至涂层基体中;随着加速气体温度升高至700℃,mHA/Ti复合粒子撞击Ti6Al4V和316L不锈钢基体后变形程度有所增加,且mHA/Ti复合粒子嵌入至HA/Ti涂层基体中深度有所增加,同时复合粒子在基体表面结合率增加。冷喷制备的mHA/Ti-Ti复合梯度涂层界面结合良好。通过对沉积后mHA/Ti复合粒子及涂层中HA的Ca/P比发现,冷喷沉积后mHA/Ti复合粒子及涂层中的Ca/P比与原始粉末中基本相同。     

WC-17Co 粉末尺寸对粒子飞行状态与涂层性能的影响分析

目的 提高碳化钨涂层的性能.方法 运用Fluent软件进行超音速火焰喷涂焰流的仿真模拟,得出喷涂距离-焰流速度、喷涂距离-焰流温度曲线.采用粒子飞行监测仪对三组不同粒度(粒子平均直径分别为21.72、32.92、42.56 μm)WC-17Co粉末在超音速火焰喷涂过程中的飞行状态进行监测,并得出喷涂距离-速度、喷涂距离-温度曲线,揭示喷涂过程中焰流速度、温度对粒子速度和温度的影响.通过扫描电镜观察分析不同粒度WC-17Co粉末撞击镍718合金基体后的扁平化程度,测量不同粒度WC-17Co涂层的孔隙率,比较涂层致密度的差异,同时采用压痕法测量涂层的硬度.结果 WC-17Co粒子飞行速度和温度随喷涂距离的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,且粒子飞行速度和温度随粉末粒径的增大而减小,根据粉末粒径的不同,其速度峰值在690～810 m/s之间变化,温度峰值在1890～2050℃之间变化.直径越小的粒子撞击基体后的扁平率越高,扁平率在1.94～2.35之间.WC-17Co涂层的孔隙率随粒子直径的增大而升高,涂层的硬度与孔隙率成反比,涂层努氏硬度在1072～1284HK之间.结论 超音速火焰喷涂过程中,碳化钨粉末的飞行速度和温度呈先增大后减小的趋势,且飞行速度和温度与粒子直径大小成反比.碳化钨涂层的致密度与硬度随粒子直径的增大而减小.     

基于材料性能的冷喷涂临界速度预测窗口研究取得新进展

正冷喷涂过程中,喷涂粒子被高速气流加速到较高的速度(200~1 200m/s),在固态下碰撞基体,通过粒子强烈的塑形变形沉积在基体上形成涂层。由于喷涂材料和碰撞速度不同,粒子或者从基体上反弹或者沉积于基体上,使得粒子开始沉积到基体上的速度被称为临界速度,它是冷喷涂技术的一个     

基体表面粗糙度对HVOF粒子沉积行为的影响

目的 研究超音速火焰喷涂时,45#碳钢基体表面粗糙度对WC-12Co粒子在其表面的沉积变形行为的影响.方法 基于Johnson-Cook塑性材料模型与Thermal Isotropy-Phase-Change热材料模型,采用LS-DYNA进行建模分析.结果 不同45#碳钢基体表面粗糙度下,WC-12Co粒子的沉积行为存在明显差异,波峰高度与波谷深度的差异造成粒子不同程度的不规则变形.当基体表面粗糙度Ra=10.26μm时,粒子沉积位置不同将引起粒子最终沉积形貌不同,但粒子的冲击均引起波峰偏移变形,且粒子不同程度地填充弥补波谷.粒子沉积过程中,粒子中下部与粒子先接触基体处的屈服应力、等效塑性应变与温升均高于粒子顶部以及粒子后接触基体处.Ra=0μm时,粒子等效塑性程度最大,等于2.03,此时粒子温度峰值最高为1562 K,粒子-基体结合界面局部区域屈服应力迅速下降为0,但基体变形程度较低,二者结合面积有限,粒子-基体结合强度较弱.Ra=5.34μm时,粒子的屈服应力在非理想平面状态下最为稳定,且等效塑性应变与温升幅度最大,分别为1.83以及1496 K.结论 理想表面状态下,粒子屈服应力、等效塑性应变以及温度变化最佳,但粒子-基体结合面积较低,并不利于粒子沉积.非理想表面状态下,一定程度增加Ra,可促进粒子塑性变形,提升粒子温度,增大结合面积,降低粒子屈服应力,但粒子沉积形貌相比理想表面沉积形貌更加多样复杂.此外,过度增加Ra将引起波峰变形偏移,消耗大量粒子动能,粒子主要用于填充弥补波谷,等效塑性变形程度与温升幅度下降,屈服应力增加,不利于粒子沉积.     

粉末结构对冷喷涂纳米结构WC-Co沉积行为的影响

纳米结构WC-Co具有比常规WC-Co更高的硬度,因此受到了广泛关注.冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层过程中,因粒子温度低于熔点,沉积过程需要依靠WC-Co粒子的塑性变形,然而WC-Co粒子变形能力有限,使得WC-Co涂层难以实现有效沉积.文中从粉末结构角度出发,选用3种不同孔隙结构的WC-12Co粉末,运用扫描电镜研究不同结构WC-12Co单个粒子在基体上的沉积行为,分析了3种粉末在相同喷涂工艺参数下沉积的涂层的组织结构.研究发现,定点喷涂容易实现,沉积的WC-12Co沉积层组织结构致密,硬度接近块材,为粉末的连续沉积制备涂层提供了可能.涂层的连续沉积需要粉末和基体材料均产生一定的变形,具有一定孔隙结构的纳米结构WC-Co粉末,因其多孔结构促进了粉末拟变形的发生,适合于冷喷涂制备纳米结构WC-Co涂层.     

低温超音速喷涂团聚铁粒子沉积的SPH模拟

为了研究纳米团聚粒子形态对涂层特性的影响,应用SPH方法研究了低温超音速火焰喷涂金属团聚粒子的沉积行为.结果表明,纳米粒子团聚为微米级粒子后,基体碰撞出现了飞溅现象,应变变化明显.团聚粒子的等效塑性应变小于普通微米粒子,但团聚粒子的面积扩大比大于普通微米粒子.沉积过程中,当超过临界沉积速度后,金属团聚粒子与基体之间存在过渡区域,过渡区域随粒子速度的增加而扩大.     

Study of the Influence of Particle Velocity on Adhesive Strength of Cold Spray Deposits

The adhesion mechanism of deposit/substrate interface prepared by the cold spray method is not fully understood at present. It seems that the adhesion strength is mainly determined by the mechanical (including the plastic deformation of particle and substrate) and thermal interaction between particle and substrate when the particles impact onto the substrate with a high velocity. In order to understand the adhesion mechanism, a novel adhesive strength test was developed to measure the higher bonding strength of cold sprayed coatings in this study. The method breaks through the limits imposed by glue strength in the conventional adhesive strength test, and it can be used to measure the coatings with a higher adhesive strength. The particle velocity was obtained with DPV-2000?measurement and CFD simulation. The relationships between the adhesion strength of deposits/substrate interface and particle velocity were discussed. The results show that stronger adhesion strength can be obtained with the increase of particle velocity. There are two available ways to improve the adhesion strength. One is to increase the temperature of working gas, and another is to employ helium gas as the working gas instead of nitrogen gas.     

Cold Gas-Sprayed Deposition of Metallic Coatings onto Ceramic Substrates Using Laser Surface Texturing Pre-treatment

Cold spraying enables a variety of metals dense coatings onto metal surfaces. Supersonic gas jet accelerates particles which undergo with the substrate plastic deformation. Different bonding mechanisms can be created depending on the materials. The particle–substrate contact time, contact temperature and contact area upon impact are the parameters influencing physicochemical and mechanical bonds. The resultant bonding arose from plastic deformation of the particle and substrate and temperature increasing at the interface. The objective was to create specific topography to enable metallic particle adhesion onto ceramic substrates. Ceramic did not demonstrate deformation during the impact which minimized the intimate bonds. Laser surface texturing was hence used as prior surface treatment to create specific topography and to enable mechanical anchoring. Particle compressive states were necessary to build up coating. The coating deposition efficiency and adhesion strength were evaluated. Textured surface is required to obtain strong adhesion of metallic coatings onto ceramic substrates. Consequently, cold spray coating parameters depend on the target material and a methodology was established with particle parameters (diameters, velocities, temperatures) and particle/substrate properties to adapt the surface topography. Laser surface texturing is a promising tool to increase the cold spraying applications.     

The Effect of Deposition Conditions on Adhesion Strength of Ti and Ti6Al4V Cold Spray Splats

Cold spray is a complex process where many parameters have to be considered in order to achieve optimized material deposition and properties. In the cold spray process, deposition velocity influences the degree of material deformation and material adhesion. While most materials can be easily deposited at relatively low deposition velocity (<700 m/s), this is not the case for high yield strength materials like Ti and its alloys. In the present study, we evaluate the effects of deposition velocity, powder size, particle position in the gas jet, gas temperature, and substrate temperature on the adhesion strength of cold spayed Ti and Ti6Al4V splats. A micromechanical test technique was used to shear individual splats of Ti or Ti6Al4V and measure their adhesion strength. The splats were deposited onto Ti or Ti6Al4V substrates over a range of deposition conditions with either nitrogen or helium as the propelling gas. The splat adhesion testing coupled with microstructural characterization was used to define the strength, the type and the continuity of the bonded interface between splat and substrate material. The results demonstrated that optimization of spray conditions makes it possible to obtain splats with continuous bonding along the splat/substrate interface and measured adhesion strengths approaching the shear strength of bulk material. The parameters shown to improve the splat adhesion included the increase of the splat deposition velocity well above the critical deposition velocity of the tested material, increase in the temperature of both powder and the substrate material, decrease in the powder size, and optimization of the flow dynamics for the cold spray gun nozzle. Through comparisons to the literature, the adhesion strength of Ti splats measured with the splat adhesion technique correlated well with the cohesion strength of Ti coatings deposited under similar conditions and measured with tubular coating tensile (TCT) test.     

冷喷涂Cu粒子参量对其碰撞变形行为的影响

采用有限元数值计算方法研究了冷喷涂过程中Cu粒子与Cu基体的碰撞变形行为,探讨了粒子速度、温度对其碰撞基体后的变形行为、界面温度变化与粒子和基体的接触面积的影响．结果表明,随粒子碰撞速度的增加,粒子扁平率与碰撞界面温度增加、接触面积增大．证实了存在使碰撞界面发生绝热剪切失稳变形的临界速度,该速度与粒子沉积的临界速度一致．当粒子速度大于产生绝热剪切失稳变形的临界速度时,粒子的变形扁平率显著增加,且界面温度与有效接触界面面积也显著增加;随碰撞前粒子温度的增加,碰撞界面的温度也显著增加．高达粒子材料熔点的界面温度与有效接触面积的显著增加,将有助于粒子与基体之间冶金结合的形成．     

Influence of Particle Velocity on Adhesion of Cold-Sprayed Splats

In cold spray, innovative coating process, powder particles are accelerated by a supersonic gas flow above a certain critical velocity. Particles adhesion onto the substrate is influenced by particle impact velocity, which can change dramatically depending on particle position from the core of the jet. In the present work, an original experimental set-up was designed to discriminate the particles as a function of the levels of velocity to investigate the influence of this parameter on adhesion. Particles at given positions could therefore be observed using scanning electron microscope, which showed different morphologies as a function of impact velocity. High pressure and temperature at the interface during impact were calculated from numerical simulations using ABAQUS^®. Transmission electron microscope analyses of thin foils were carried out to investigate into resulting local interface phenomena. These were correlated to particle impact velocity and corresponding adhesion strength which was obtained from LAser Shock Adhesion Test.     

Adhesion Strength of HVOF Sprayed IN718 Coatings

The adhesion strength of high-velocity oxyfuel thermally sprayed coatings is of prime importance when thick coatings are to be sprayed in repair applications. In this study, relationships between process parameters, particle in-flight characteristics, residual stresses, and adhesion strength were explored. The most important process parameters that influence HVOF sprayed IN718 coating adhesion strength on IN718 substrate material were identified. Residual stress distributions were determined using the modified layer removal method, and adhesion strength was measured using an in-house-developed tensile test. Relationships between process parameters, particle in-flight characteristics, coating microstructure, and adhesion strength were established. Particle temperature, particle velocity, substrate preparation, and deposition temperature were identified as critical parameters to attain high adhesion strength. Controlling these parameters can significantly improve the adhesion strength, thus enabling thick coatings to be sprayed for repair applications.     

Multiscale Model on Deposition Behavior of Agglomerate Metal Particles in a Low-Temperature High-Velocity Air Fuel Spraying Process

A multiscale model was constructed for agglomerate metal particle deposition in a low-temperature high-velocity air fuel (LTHVAF) thermal spraying process using finite element analysis (FEA) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). Here, the agglomerate particle impact on the substrate is simplified to three states. Then, the corresponding model is selected. The simulated results show that the temperature and velocity of agglomerate particle can affect the effective temperature and plastic strain in the contact interface for increasing particle energy. At the microscale, the deformation of the deposited particle might coarsen the coating surface to the extent that the critical velocity of the metal particle would decrease. It indicates that the agglomerate particle might splash when it impacts on the substrate. The transient melting can be ascertained at an angle in an approach to the achievement of intermetallics combined with the modeling of the particle penetrating into the substrate. In this process, the effective strain of an agglomerate particle at the nanoscale is less than that at microscale, but the surface area ratio at nanoscale is large. The uncompacted state of the agglomerate particle can lead to a turbulent force when the agglomerate particle deposits on the substrate, which can reduce the penetration performance of the particle. This behavior can decrease the stress-strain of substrate and cause the cracked particle to sparkle.     

高速火焰与等离子喷涂WC／Co涂层的性能比较

分析比较了超音速喷涂与等离子体喷涂的ＷＣ／Ｃｏ涂层的形貌,显微组织结构,孔隙率,硬度及其耐磨性,结果表明超音速火焰喷涂的ＷＣ／Ｃｏ涂层具有与粉末相近的相结构,也说ＷＣ颗粒在超音速火焰喷涂过程中,只有极少部分被分解和氧化,同时涂层具有很高的致密度,硬度和良好的耐磨性,涂层与基体的结合情况也得到很大的改善。     

Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying

Cold gas spraying is a relatively new coating process by which coatings can be produced without significant heating of the sprayed powder. In contrast to the well-known thermal spray processes such as flame, arc, and plasma spraying, in cold spraying there is no melting of particles prior to impact on the substrate. The adhesion of particles in this process is due solely to their kinetic energy upon impact. Experimental investigations show that successful bonding is achieved only above a critical particle velocity, whose value depends on the temperature and the thermomechanical properties of the sprayed material. This paper supplies a hypothesis for the bonding of particles in cold gas spraying, by making use of numerical modelling of the deformation during particle impact. The results of modelling are assessed with respect to the experimentally evaluated critical velocities, impact morphologies and strengths of coatings. The analysis demonstrates that bonding can be attributed to adiabatic shear instabilities which occur at the particle surface at or beyond the critical velocity. On the basis of this criterion, critical velocities can be predicted and used to optimise process parameters for various materials.