Microstructure and properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy pre-stretched plate under various ageing conditions

The microstructures after various ageing treatments and their relation to the strength, fracture toughness, and corrosion behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy pre-stretched plate were investigated. The results show that retrogression and reaging (RRA) treatment led to a combina- tion of high strength and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of the alloy. The TEM microstructure of the RRA-treated alloy is a dis- tribution of very fine precipitates in the aluminum matrix grains, similar to that obtained under T6 condition, and the distribution of coarse η MgZn2 precipitates on the grain boundaries similar to that obtained by T7 temper. SEM observations revealed that most of the intergranular fracture characteristics were present on the fracture surface of both the T6 and RRA-treated specimens. On the contrary, the fractographs of the T7 treated specimens mainly consisted of dimple-type ductile transgranular fracture with minor intergranular cracking.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of epoxy-coated Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy in NaCl solution

The corrosion fatigue behavior of epoxy-coated Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy was investigated in air and 3.5 wt%NaCl solution. Epoxy coating as a new method was used to improve the corrosion fatigue property of the material.Results show that the fatigue limit(FL) of the coated specimens is higher than that of the uncoated specimens in3.5 wt% NaCl solution because of the strengthening and blocking functions of the epoxy coating. The FL of the coated specimens in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is as high as that in air. It implies that the coated specimens are not as sensitive to the environment as the magnesium alloy. The low tensile strength and the short elongation of the pure epoxy coating lead to that the fatigue crack of the coated specimen is always initiated from the epoxy-coating film Pores and pinholes accelerate the fatigue crack initiation process. Pinholes are caused by the corrosion reactions between the epoxy coating and the NaCl solution.     

Stress and Defect Characteristics in Oxide Films and Corrosion Resistance of Zr-1Nb Alloy

Two approaches to testing corrosion in autoclave with different time intervals for heating and cooling were carried out to investigate the corrosion resistance of Zr-1Nb alloy in the 0.01 mol/L LiOH aqueous solution at 360 °C/18.6 MPa, the stress, and defect density in the oxide film. The stress and defect density in oxide film were measured by a curl method and the Ion Migration Method (IMM), respectively. Results showed that the stress level and defect density in the oxide film in the shorter interval corrosion tests were lower than that in the longer interval corrosion tests at the initial stage of corrosion with the weight gain less than 34.37 mg/dm2. The corrosion resistance in the subsequent stages of corrosion was better in the shorter interval corrosion tests. It indicates that at the initial stage of corrosion the weight gain shows no obvious difference between the two approaches of corrosion tests in autoclave under different time intervals for heating and cooling. However, the stress level and defect density in the oxide film exhibit noticeable differences, which leads to two distinct microstructural evolution rates of the oxide film. The distinct microstructural evolution rates cause different corrosion resistance in the subsequent corrosion stages.     

Influence of additive element on surface oxide film ofA356 alloy

The influences of RE-modification and Sr-modification on the hydrogen content and surface oxide film ofA356 aluminum alloy melt were investigated. The hydrogen content of the melt was measured by reduce pressure test. The phases in the surface oxide film were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, and the morphology of the surface oxide film was observed by scanning electronic microscopy （SEM）. The results show that RE-modification reduces the hydrogen content ofA356 aluminum alloy greatly. Contrarily, Sr-modification increases the hydrogen content remarkably. After being treated with RE, a large number of LaAl11O18 consisting of Al2O3 and La2O3, are generated in the surface oxide film of A356 alloy. The surface oxide film of Sr-modification is almost composed of Al2SrO4. According to the results of SEM, the surface oxide film of Sr-modification is very easy to crack, destroy the continuity and compactness of surface oxide film, accelerate the vapor diffusing into the melt, consequently, increase the hydrogen content of A356 alloy melt significantly. But RE-modification makes the surface oxide film compact, and restrains the aluminum exposed to water, so reduces the hydrogen content ofA356 alloy melt.     

Finite element analysis of stress corrosion cracking for copper in an ammoniacal solution

Finite element analyses including a cohesive zone model(CZM) were conducted to investigate the role of corrosion product films(CPFs) in stress corrosion cracking(SCC) for copper in an ammoniacal solution. It is found that a tensile CPF-induced stress generates near the interface between the CPF and the copper substrate at the substrate side in front of the notch tip for a U-shaped edgenotched specimens. The CPF-induced stress is superimposed on the applied stress to enhance emission and motion of dislocations. The peak opening stress(S_(11)) increases with an increase in CPF thickness and a decrease in CPF Young's modulus. Damage mechanics based on the CZM was applied to study the stress corrosion crack initiation and propagation by analyzing the stress redistributions and load–displacement curves. The results show that the crack initiates first in the CPF and then propagates to the copper substrate. The fracture strain of the specimen covered a CPF is lower than that without a CPF. Based on the simulation results, the mechanism of the CPF-induced SCC, which promoted the initiation and propagation of the stress corrosion cracks, was discussed.     

Deposition of cerium contained conversion films on LC4 alloy with square wave pulse method

Cerium contained conversion films were deposited on LC4 aluminum alloy using square wave pulse (SWP) in aCeCl3 solution with KMnO4 as the oxidant. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were adopted to study the composition and the morphology of the film. It is found that the film is composed of Al, Zn, Cu,and small amount of cerium. The polarization curves of the specimens treated with SWP technique measured in 3.5% (mass fraction) NaCl solution reveal that the film thus formed inhibits both the anodic and cathodic process of the corrosion of the specimen. The immersion tests of treated specimens in 3.5% NaCl solution indicate that the corrosion resistance of the SWP treated specimen is better than that of the untreated and is equivalent to or even better than that of the traditionally electro-chemically treated specimens.     

Deformation behavior of TC 1 titanium alloy sheet under double-sided pressure

In order to investigate the influence of normal stress through thickness on the formability of sheet metal, the viscous pressure bulge（VPB） tests of an annealed TC1 titanium alloy sheet were carried out under two different conditions： double-sided pressure bulging and conventional single-sided pressure bulging. The automated strain analysis, measurement environment （ASAME） and scanning electron microscope（SEM） were used to study the strain distributions and the fracture morphology of bulged specimens. It is found that thickness strain is increased for double-sided pressure bulging specimens, and the limiting dome height（LDH） of double-sided pressure bulging specimens is increased by 31.8% compared with conventional single-sided pressure bulging specimens. The dimples in fracture surface for double-sided pressure bulging specimens are larger and deeper than those for conventional single-sided pressure bulging specimens. The results indicate that normal stress through thickness is helpful in improving the formability of titanium alloy sheet metal.     

Effects of heat treatment process on stress corrosion cracking and microstructures of 7A05 A1 alloy plate

In order to improve the stress corrosion cmcking（SCC） resistance of 7A05Al alloy, four different heat treatment processes were performed. After the heat treatments, the stress corrosion cracking resistance, mechanical properties and microstructures of 7A05Al alloys were studied. The results show that the retrogression and reaging（RRA） treated specimens possess the highest SCC resistance with slightly reduced strength compared with the other specimens. Thus RRA is the best process in terms of the optimal combination of SCC resistance and strength. Further TEM observation reveals that the RRA treated specimens are characterized by the fine equiaxed grains, dispersed second phase and wide PFZ. The pre-aging treated specimens show lower SCC resistance but higher strength as compared with the RRA treated ones. Equiaxed grains are also observed in the pre-aging treated samples by TEM, indicating that the anisotropy is eliminated. However, the dual aging and deformation plus aging treated specimens are demonstrated by large anisotropy.     

Electrochemical behaviour of commercially pure titanium and Co—Cr alloy in Ringer‘s solution

The electrochemical behaviors of commercially pure titanium(CP Ti) and Co-Cr alloy in Ringer‘s solution have been investigated.The results indicate that the electric potential of passive region for CP Ti is up to 3000mV,and its passive current density is 3.078 μA/cm^2,The excellent corrosion resistance of CP Ti can be attributed to the formation of TiO2 oxide film.The passive region of Co-Cr alloy is 770mV,which is narrower than that of CP Ti.However,no hystersis loops are found in the reverse scanning curves of Cu-Cr alloy.A complex oxide film of Co3O4,Co2O3,and Cr2O3 formed on the surface provides Co-Cr alloy with a stable electrochemistry property.The corrosion rates of the crevice samples increase with the pH value of medium decreasing.The electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA) analysis indicates that Ti in CP Ti and Co,Cr in Co-Cr alloy dissolve in crevice area due to the Sealed-Cell effect.     

Effect of pre-deformation on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of aluminum alloy 2519

The effects of pre-deformation and strain rate on the stress corrosion cracking （SCC） behavior of aluminum alloy 2519 in air and in 3.5% NaCI water solution were investigated by means of slow strain rate tension （SSRT）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results indicate that the alloy is susceptible to SCC in 3.5% NaCI water solution and not in air. At the same pre-deformation, the alloy is more susceptible to SCC at 1.33 × 10^-5 s^-1 than at 6.66 × 10^-5 s^-1. Moreover, it is more susceptible to SCC at free pre-deformation than at 10% pre-deformation at the same strain rate. The number of 0 precipitated along the grain boundaries is reduced and distributed discontinuously, at the same time, the precipitate-free zones （PFZ） become narrow and the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is reduced after 10% pre-deformation.     

TA16和TA17钛合金在高温高压水中的腐蚀行为研究

研究了TA16和TA17钛合金在高温高压中性水质中的电化学行为、均匀腐蚀行为和应力腐蚀行为.结合SEM和XPS分析技术,分析了腐蚀后合金表面形貌和氧化膜的组成.研究结果表明:在高温高压中性水质中,两种钛合金具有很好的耐腐蚀性能,TA16钛合金的钝化性能、抗均匀腐蚀和抗应力腐蚀性能均优于TA17合金,腐蚀后两种钛合金表面生成了表层由TiO2组成、内层由TiO2、Ti2 O3和TiO组成的致密氧化膜.     

A quantified concept of the hydrogen permeability of passivating films at a crack tip during stress corrosion cracking of structural materials

A general theoretical and methodological approach to local dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement contributions to stress corrosion cracking in various structural materials is discussed. According to this approach a quantified determination of the hydrogen embrittlement contribution to stress corrosion cracking in high-strength steels, titanium, aluminium, and zirconium, and zirconium alloys appears to be possible. On the basis of a few postulates, a quantitative concept of hydrogen permeability of the passivating film at the tip of a crack in the metal is developed; this concept allows for the first time a quantified determination of the relationship between critical hydrogen concentration and stress intensity factor in steels, titanium, and aluminium, and aluminium alloys under hydrogen embrittlement. Two new methods for studying adsorption processes at the tip of a growing crack during stress corrosion cracking are an additional outflow of this concept.     

IncoMAPAl—9052合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用双悬臂梁试样,实验研究了IncoMAP Al-9052合金在3.5％NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明该种合金的裂纹扩展机制有别于常规的铝合金。其初期阶段的裂纹扩展过程可划分为三个阶段,在每一阶段的裂纹扩展机制可能是不同的,但其裂纹扩展的主要机制为氢脆。     

钛合金及其油井管耐蚀性能研究进展

综述了油井管现状、钛合金组织与力学性能,重点探讨了钛合金作为油井管的耐蚀性能、影响因素与耐蚀机理,并对第一性原理计算在钛合金管材成分设计与界面腐蚀特征中的应用进行了概述。研究发现,钛合金管材具有较强的抗硫化物应力开裂(SSC)性能,在高温高压(HTHP)油气田的工况条件下具有极低的腐蚀速率,对孔蚀、缝隙腐蚀、接触腐蚀以及氢脆等也具有高的抵抗力; Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金表面的钝化膜在含H_2S腐蚀环境中更易遭到破坏,其稳定性会因温度变化与其他元素介入而发生变化,抗腐蚀性能也会随之发生改变。     

A study of competitive anion adsorption at the tip of a crack in stress corrosion cracking of AI 27-1 alloy

A method to determine chloride ion concentration adsorbed at the tip of crack in stress corrosion cracking of AI27-1 aluminium alloy in chromic acid based solutions is discussed. The dependance of hydrogen permeability of passivating film at the tip of crack on the concentration of adsorbed chloride ions is the backbone of the method. Critical stress intensity factor, K_HE, and critical crack growth rate, V_cr data form an experimental base for the method and are a necessary prerequisite of hydrogen embrittlement as the main mechanism of cracking in stress corrosion conditions.     

预渗氢对Zr-4合金在360℃/LiOH水溶液中耐腐蚀性能的影响

核反应堆运行时,锆合金包壳的腐蚀和吸氢相伴发生,被锆合金吸收的氢不但会影响锆合金的力学性能,同时对锆合金的耐腐蚀性能也会产生一定的影响,其影响程度与合金成分和腐蚀条件密切相关。氢对Zr-4合金(Zr-1.3Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr,质量分数,%)在LiOH水溶液中的耐腐蚀性能影响机理尚不完全清楚。本工作开展了预渗氢对Zr-4合金在LiOH水溶液中耐腐蚀性能影响规律及其机理的研究。采用气相渗氢法或电解渗氢法对Zr-4合金样品进行渗氢,制备了低氢(20~120μg/g)和高氢(120~250μg/g)样品。将渗氢和未渗氢的样品同时放入高压釜中进行360℃/18.6MPa/0.01mol/LLiOH水溶液的腐蚀试验。采用高分辨扫描电子显微镜(HRSEM)观察氧化膜断口、内表面和外表面形貌;用卷曲法测量氧化膜内应力;采用二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)测定Zr-4样品氧化膜中Li+浓度沿深度方向的分布。研究结果表明:3种氢含量样品在LiOH水溶液中腐蚀时均发生明显的腐蚀转折,但样品中的氢含量越高,转折后的腐蚀速率越小,即耐腐蚀性能越好。与未渗氢样品相比,渗氢样品的氧化膜更加致密,氧化膜/金属(O/M)界面的起伏程度更小,氧化膜显微组织的演化更慢。渗氢样品氧化膜中的应力水平较低,且随氧化膜厚度增加应力下降的趋势更平缓,同时氧化膜中的Li+浓度更低,且沿氧化膜深度方向上Li+浓度下降得更快。这说明合金中的氢可抑制Li+在氧化膜中的扩散、降低氧化膜中的应力水平,延缓氧化膜中空位扩散凝聚形成孔隙、孔隙连通发展成为微裂纹的过程,从而提高了Zr-4合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Disposition of fracture zones under hydrogen embrittlement

Disposition of the fracture zones during hydrogen embrittlement is discussed by using experimental data on crack growth kinetics by stress corrosion cracking and internal hydrogen embrittlement of the titanium alloy Ti-7 AL-2 Zr-1,5 Mo-1 V. The situation of these zones ahead of the crack tip depends on the kind of embrittlement and on K_I and can change within wide limits.     

飞机水平安定面后梁裂纹原因分析

某飞机在500h定检时发现水平安定面后梁中段左下部存在裂纹。采用化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度检测及断口分析等方法对后梁的裂纹性质及萌生原因进行分析。结果表明：后梁裂纹性质为应力腐蚀裂纹,裂纹断口上存在大量呈泥纹花样的氧化物和氯化物腐蚀产物;后梁在装配和使用过程中阳极氧化膜受到破坏,LD5铝合金基体在海洋性气候中的Cl-以及工作拉应力共同作用下产生了应力腐蚀开裂;对铝合金应力腐蚀影响因素和预防措施进行讨论,为预防同类材料发生应力腐蚀提供了重要的参考。     

Effects of water chemistry and loading conditions on stress corrosion cracking of cold-rolled 316NG stainless steel in high temperature water

The effects of electrode potential, stress intensity factor and loading history on stress corrosion cracking growth of a cold-rolled 316NG stainless steel in 288 °C pure water were investigated. Crack branching and intergranular stress corrosion cracking along random grain boundaries were observed by electron-back scattering diffraction. A strong dependence of crack growth rate on stress intensity factor is observed. A single-cycle overloading produced a retarded transient cracking growth period. The mild inhibiting effect of decreasing electrode potential on crack growth of cold-rolled 316NG SS is analyzed based on the interaction between crack tip mechanics and crack tip oxidation kinetics.     

Effect of Hydrogen on Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of AZ91 Alloy in Aqueous Solutions

The effect of hydrogen on the corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of the magnesium AZ91 alloy has been investigated in aqueous solutions.Hydrogen produced by corrosion in water diffuses into,and reacts with the Mg matrix to form hydride.Some of the hydrogen accumulates at hydride/Mg matrix(or secondary phase) interfaces as a consequence of slow hydride formation and the incompatibility of the hydride with the Mg matrix(or secondary phase),and combines to form molecular hydrogen.This leads to the development of a local pressure at the hydride/Mg matrix(or secondary phase)interface.The expansion stress caused by hydride formation and the local hydrogen pressure due to its accumulation result in brittle fracture of hydride.These two combined effects promote both the corrosion rate of the AZ91 alloy,and crack initiation and propagation even in the absence of an external load.Hydrogen absorption leads to a dramatic deterioration in the mechanical properties of the AZ91 alloy,indicating that hydrogen embrittlement is responsible for transgulanar stress corrosion cracking in aqueous solutions.