基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型

针对多轴联动数控机床加工精度误差补偿问题,从分析数控机床误差产生机制和建立精度误差补偿模型的角度,提出基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型。分析B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的拓扑结构关系、低序体阵列、各典型体坐标变换,推导出B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的精度几何误差预测函数模型。采用平动轴十二线法误差参数辨识算法,计算出B-A摆头五轴数控机床21项空间几何误差,为精度几何误差预测函数提供有效的误差参数。该精度误差参数建模方法,对不同结构和运动关系的数控机床具有通用性,为后续数控机床误差动态实时补偿提高切削加工精度提供了理论基础。     

五轴数控机床旋转轴误差辨识及补偿

五轴数控机床刀具与工件接触点(切削点)相对位置不变的旋转运动控制称为RTCP(Rotated Tool Centre Point),该功能对五轴数控机床曲面加工精度具有重要影响。为了提高五轴数控机床RTCP精度,分析了五轴数控机床RTCP运动过程中旋转轴结构参数误差与刀尖点误差关系,建立了刀尖点误差与旋转轴结构参数误差映射模型,根据刀尖点误差数据建立了旋转轴结构误差辨识方程组,通过矩阵最小二乘实现五轴数控机床旋转轴结构参数误差求解,用于五轴数控机床旋转轴结构参数误差补偿。结果表明:该误差辨识模型可准确计算出旋转轴结构参数误差,提高了旋转轴几何误差检测效率和精度,对提升数五轴控机床加工精度具有重要的意义。     

五轴数控机床综合空间误差的多体系统运动学建模

基于多体系统运动学理论的基本原理，结合RRTTT型五轴立式数控机床，阐述了多体系统的拓扑结构和低序体阵列，提出了特征矩阵的基本概念和构建方法，分析了多体系统有误差运动的基本规律，研究了根据特征矩阵得到综合空间误差的算法。理论分析和实例建模都显示所述方法能很好地解决误差建模的正确性、速度、通用性和自动化问题，为五轴数控机床精度分析和误差补偿提供了一种理想的误差建模技术。     

非正交五轴数控机床旋转轴误差辨识方法的研究

针对国内外对于非正交数控机床的斜摆轴B轴误差辨识研究较少问题,基于多体系统理论建立非正交五轴数控机床运动误差模型,此模型包含了旋转轴B轴的共计12项静态误差和动态误差,在对此运动误差模型进行数学表达与分析后,结合Renishaw公司的QC10球杆仪测量方式设计了8种不同测量模式。最后结合测量结果可实现斜摆轴B轴的12项误差辨识,快速高效。经试验验证,这种辨识方法测量结果精确,可用于非正交五轴数控机床旋转轴误差辨识。     

五轴数控机床旋转轴误差辨识方法研究进展

随着五轴联动数控机床在先进制造行业的地位越来越重要,机床空间定位精度显得尤为重要。旋转轴误差辨识和补偿是提高零件加工质量的一大重要指标。分析和比较近年来国内外基于球杆仪和R-test装置的五轴机床旋转轴误差辨识方法的主要特点,总结了旋转轴误差在不同定义下的辨识方法,从方法的可靠性、精度指标以及可行性等方面来综述该方法对五轴数控机床的应用价值。根据辨识原理的不足,系统性地指出了目前五轴数控机床旋转轴误差辨识存在的主要问题,并对未来的进一步研究提出了建议,为五轴数控机床旋转轴误差辨识方法提供了参考。     

FEA方法在电主轴阶梯过盈联结校核中的应用

介绍了高速数控机床电主轴扭矩传递联接——阶梯过盈配合的结构特点，和应用有限元方法对该过盈配合联接进行了应力应变分析的详细过程，通过结果分析，验证了该结构设计的合理性和联接的可靠性。     

轴系过盈联接面形状误差的映射关系研究

过盈联接是轴系零件之间一种常见的配合形式。以轴系中轴与轴套的过盈联接结构为对象,通过多个截面的误差测试与曲面拟合描述过盈联接面的形状误差,将形状误差等效为零件表面离散节点的实际位置相对于理想位置的偏移,采用有限元节点偏移构造实际轴与轴套过盈联接结构的有限元接触模型,分析配合面过盈量、形状误差以及装配状态等对轴套外圆柱面几何特征的影响,建立过盈联接结构形状误差的映射与传递关系,为轴系精度分析、轴系零件选配以及装配工艺参数选择提供基础。     

基于平面光栅的加工中心几何误差辨识研究

本文运用齐次坐标变换原理和刚体假设，利用加工中心刀尖点到工件的封闭特性，推导出了包含21项几何误差的数学模型，基于平面光栅测量辨识出全部几何误差，同时还介绍了平面光栅的结构，工作原理和特点等。建立误差的模型和辨识误差的方法具有通用性，可以推广到其它多轴数控机床误差建模和误差辨识的分析之中。     

双转台五轴数控机床的综合误差建模与补偿研究

研究五轴数控机床的综合误差建模与补偿方法.系统地分析了机床几何误差与热误差,并提出了其新的分类方法和一种直观形象的杆、副误差矩阵描述方法,根据这种误差描述方法建立了五轴数控机床的综合误差模型,最后根据矩阵微分法建立了机床综合误差补偿模型.     

基于激光跟踪仪的数控机床空间误差测量及补偿

为了改变机床空间误差综合性的测量手段和补偿技术在国内机床制造和生产中应用较少的现状和研究数控机床空间精度提升方法，介绍数控机床平动轴的21项误差和激光跟踪仪的空间误差测试原理，阐述测量与辨识机床空间误差的步骤和方法。在桥式五轴加工中心上进行空间误差测试，给出数控机床空间误差结果，并生成误差补偿文件，通过西门子的VCS功能进行了误差补偿。并对比分析了补偿前后的21项误差，对补偿前后数据的差异进行原因分析，并通过对机床空间体对角线的测量验证了空间误差测量与补偿的实际效果，补偿后误差缩小为原来的11.2%,应用该技术能够大大提高机床的空间精度。     

A new compensation method for geometry errors of five-axis machine tools

The present study aims to establish a new compensation method for geometry errors of five-axis machine tools. In the kinematic coordinate translation of five-axis machine tools, the tool orientation is determined by the motion position of machine rotation axes, whereas the tool tip position is determined by both machine linear axes and rotation axes together. Furthermore, as a nonlinear relationship exists between the workpiece coordinates and the machine axes coordinates, errors in the workpiece coordinate system are not directly related to those of the machine axes coordinate system. Consequently, the present study develops a new compensation method, the decouple method, for geometry errors of five-axis machine tools. The method proposed is based on a model that considers the tool orientation error only related to motion of machine rotation axes, and it further calculates the error compensations for rotation axes and linear axes separately, in contrast to the conventional method of calculating them simultaneously, i.e. determines the compensation of machine rotation axes first, and then calculates the compensation associated with the machine linear axes. Finally, the compensation mechanism is applied in the postprocessor of a CAM system and the effectiveness of error compensation is evaluated in real machine cutting using compensated NC code. In comparison with previous methods, the present compensation method has attributes of being simple, straightforward and without any singularity point in the model. The results indicate that the accuracy of positioning was improved by a factor of 8–10. Hence, the new compensation mechanism proposed in this study can effectively compensate geometry errors of five-axis machine tools.     

Enhanced virtual machining for sculptured surfaces by integrating machine tool error models into NC machining simulation

Sculptured surface machining is a time-consuming and costly process. It requires simultaneously controlled motion of the machine axes. However, positioning inaccuracies or errors exist in machine tools. The combination of error motions of the machine axes will result in a complicated pattern of part geometry errors. In order to quantitatively predict these part geometry errors, a new application framework ‘enhanced virtual machining’ is developed. It integrates machine tool error models into NC machining simulation. The ideal cutter path in the NC program for surface machining is discretized into sub-paths. For each interpolated cutter location, the machine geometric errors are predicted from the machine tool error model. Both the solid modeling approach and the surface modeling approach are used to translate machine geometric errors into part geometry errors for sculptured surface machining. The solid modeling approach obtains the final part geometry by subtracting the tool swept volume from the stock geometric model. The surface modeling approach approximates the actual cutter contact points by calculating the cutting tool motion and geometry. The simulation results show that the machine tool error model can be effectively integrated into sculptured surface machining to predict part geometry errors before the real cutting begins.     

提高数控加工质量的工艺措施

在数控加工中,除了受机床、刀具、夹具的制造误差和安装误差的影响外,加工质量还与数控加工中所采取的工艺措施密切相关。从加工工艺角度出发,论述了提高数控加工精度和零件表面加工质量的若干措施,以利于高效地使用数控机床。     

对我国机床数控化推进工程的思考

实现机床数控化是当前我国机械行业正在进行的一项大的信息化上程，它对提升我围工业装备水平有着重要的意义。分析了机床实现数控化的意义和我国当前在实现机床数控化进程中存在的问题，并提出了我围机床数控化发展中存在的问题及其对策。     

数控机床三维空间误差建模及补偿技术研究

为了提高数控机床的加工精度,解决由机床三维空间误差引起的工件加工质量降低的问题,在研究多体系统理论误差建模技术的基础上,提出离线补偿和嵌入式补偿两种补偿策略。离线补偿是基于数控加工程序的修正补偿,将机床三维空间误差映射到数控加工程序,通过修改加工程序实现对机床的三维空间误差补偿;嵌入式补偿是基于数控系统的在线补偿,将机床三维空间误差融合到数控系统中,通过修正数控系统中的数据流实现对机床的三维空间误差补偿。实验表明,在不影响机床可靠性的前提下,两种补偿策略均显著提高了数控机床的加工精度。     

Single setup estimation of a five-axis machine tool eight link errors by programmed end point constraint and on the fly measurement with Capball sensor

Five-axis machine tools can be programmed to keep a constant nominal tool end point position while exercising all five axes simultaneously. This kinematic capability allows the use of a 3D proximity sensing head mounted at the spindle to track the position changes of a precision steel ball mounted on the machine table effectively measuring the 3D Cartesian volumetric errors of the machine. The new sensing head uses capacitive sensors to gather data on the fly during a synchronized five-axis motion which lasts less than 2 min. Because the measured volumetric errors are strongly affected by the link geometric errors, they can be used to estimate the link errors through an iterative procedure based on an identification Jacobian matrix. The paper presents the new sensor, the identification model and the experimental validation. The approach allows all eight link errors i.e. the three squarenesses of linear axes and the four orientations and center lines offset of the rotary axes to be estimated with the proposed single setup test. The estimation approach is performed on a horizontal five-axis machine tool. Then, using the estimated link errors, the volumetric errors are predicted for axes combinations different from those used for the identification process. The estimated machine model correctly predicts 52–84% of the volumetric errors for the tested trajectories.     

基于机床进给伺服系统中频振动抑制研究

伺服系统以其高性能、高精度等优势被广泛应用于数控机床和机器人上。机床进给伺服系统中由于滚珠丝杠等传动装置刚度有限,柔性连接方式易引发振动而影响其稳定性与精度。针对旋转进给伺服系统中存在的中频振动,提出一种基于二阶状态观测器的速度扰动观测补偿中频振动抑制方法,由速度观测器观测出的速度与实际速度反馈相减,通过带通滤波提取振动信号,作为补偿给到速度反馈上,抵消系统振动,提高系统带宽并保持稳定性和精度。最后在不同的速度环增益下,通过仿真和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.     

基于多体系统理论的车铣中心空间误差模型分析

数控机床的误差建模是进行机床运动设计、精度分析和误差补偿的关键技术,也是保证机床加工精度的重要环节.本文利用多体系统理论来构建超精密数控机床的几何误差模型,该模型简便、明确,不受机床结构和运动复杂程度的限制,为计算机床误差、实现误差补偿和修正控制指令提供了理论依据.在机床实际应用中,可以利用由精密机床误差建模所推导出的几何位置误差来修正理想加工指令,控制机床的实际运动,从而实现几何误差补偿,提高机床加工精度.