TA15合金H型构件等温局部加载成形工艺研究

基于DEFORM3D平台,建立筋板类构件等温局部加载宏微观有限元模型,对TA15钛合金H型构件等温局部加载成形工艺进行研究,揭示了局部加载过程中加载模式、分模面位置、加载次序及加载参数对筋的充填和初生α相晶粒尺寸的影响规律.结果表明:分模面位置设在筋上比设在腹板上的筋充填性好,初生α相晶粒尺寸分布均匀;相对于只采用局部加载成形,先局部加载后整体精整使得变形更均匀,筋的充填差较小并且流线分布更合理;改变局部加载成形参数,即增大横向筋和腹板、纵向筋和腹板之间的圆角半径,分模面处的纵向筋和横向筋的充填深度差增大;增加上模压下速度,使筋的充填深度减小,初生α相晶粒尺寸减小,但分布越来越不均匀;在两相区成形加载次序对初生α相的晶粒尺寸影响不显著.     

钛合金筋板件等温局部加载模具应力分析

等温局部加载成形技术为航空航天复杂筋板类大型整体构件的成形提供了一种新的途径,但由于构件尺寸大,其成形温度高、时间长、载荷大等工艺特点,对模具提出了更高的要求。文章针对TA15钛合金典型环形高筋薄腹特征结构件等温局部加载成形,分析了等温局部加载模具的结构特点和可能的失效形式,并在此基础上采用DEFORM 3D有限元软件,对成形时模具应力进行了研究,获得了模具载荷和应力分布规律,并进一步分析了模具凹圆角半径和锻件筋条宽度对模具应力的影响。结果表明,等温局部加载成形模具的失效形式,主要为应力集中引起的脆性断裂;加载分区边界附近模具应力较小,离分区边界越远模具应力越大,且应力峰值出现在宽度较小的环形筋型腔凹角处;模具型腔各部分材料填充能力的不一致,是导致模具应力不均匀、局部出现应力集中的主要原因;增大模具凹圆角半径,模具应力降低程度较小,而通过合理的锻件几何尺寸设计,可以改善模具型腔的充填性,能更有效地降低模具应力的不均匀性和应力峰值。文章的研究结果可为等温局部加载成形模具的设计提供参考。     

筋板类锻件等温精密成形技术研究

主要研究筋板类锻件等温精密成形技术.针对典型筋板类锻件,设计了不同形式的局部加载垫板进行局部加载,通过局部加载技术控制腹板处多余金属的流动方向和距离,避免产生折迭、充不满等缺陷,并且利用等温变形条件改善金属充填质量和降低模压力.实验结果表明局部加载等温成形技术可以有效地控制金属的变形流动,提高筋板类锻件的成形质量.     

Effects of Parameters on Inhomogeneous Deformation and Damage in Isothermal Local Loading Forming of Ti-Alloy Component

Isothermal local loading (ILL) forming technology provides a new way to form largescale rib-web (LSRW) components of Ti-alloy, widely used in the aero-space fields as key load-bearing structures. However, the metal undergoes complex plastic inhomogeneous deformation and microstructural evolution, this will lead to macroscopical forming defects and further damage due to multi-process parameters and local loading method, making the process and forming quality hard to control. Using numerical simulation, combined with experiment, influences of various process parameters on forming process, inhomogeneous deformation and damage have been explored for ILL of LSRW components, such as the types of die-forging mode, frictional conditions, and local loading parameters (partitioning of the loading zone, constraint conditions, and loading pass). Then the reasonable forming conditions for LSRW components of Ti-alloy to be studied are proposed. The practical forming experiment of TA15 LSRW component was achieved successfully and the forging with good forming quality, excellent microstructure, and comprehensive mechanical properties was obtained, which indicates the reliability and practical value of results obtained in this article.     

等温局部加载成形过程中坯料变厚区过渡条件演化(英文)

采用简单不等厚坯料结合等温局部加载方法,低成本有效地控制大型钛合金筋板类构件成形过程中的材料流动和改善型腔充填。由于倒角过渡形式结构简单、过渡条件范围宽,因此坯料变厚区采用倒角过渡形式较好。局部加载成形过程中的过渡条件演化对坯料变厚区未约束部分的动态边界条件有显著影响。基于合理的假设,应用理论分析建立过渡条件演化模型。应用所建立模型的预测结果与实验和有限元分析结果进行比较,结果表明模型是可靠的。建立的过渡条件演化模型能够很好地处理变厚区未约束部分的动态边界,适用于对多筋构件局部加载成形中材料流动和型腔充填的快速分析。     

圆角半径及拔模斜度对钛合金T型构件局部加载过程的影响(英文)

为了研究几何参数对T型构件局部加载过程的影响,应用主应力法建立了充分考虑圆角半径、拔模斜度的新模型。实验和数值模拟结果验证表明新数学模型的结果更接近于实验和数值模拟值;拔模斜度的影响可以忽略;圆角半径的影响显著,特别是在圆角半径和筋宽的比率小于0.75的情况下更为显著。     

TA15合金大型筋板件等温局部加载晶粒尺寸演化研究

随着航空工业的迅速发展,大飞机和新一代军机的研制,钛合金大型筋板件的应用日益广泛,等温局部加载技术为该类构件的成形提供了新的途径。然而,等温局部加载成形是一个多因素耦合作用下的复杂成形过程,工艺参数控制不当将产生粗晶、组织不均匀等缺陷。为此,文章采用内变量法,建立了TA15合金高温变形微观组织演化物理模型,并与有限元软件DEFORM 3D结合对TA15合金筋板件等温局部加载成形过程等轴α相晶粒尺寸演化进行数值模拟。结果表明,锻件先加载区、后加载区及变形过渡区晶粒尺寸基本一致;随着温度的升高,锻件等轴α相晶粒尺寸平均值,呈先减小,后增加的趋势;锻件等轴α相平均晶粒尺寸随模具运动速度增加,先快速减小,后趋于平缓,较大的模具运动速度易造成组织不均匀性增加;采用只局部加载的加载方式,可以获得比采用先局部后整体的加载方式,更均匀细小的组织。     

局部加载控制不均匀变形与精确塑性成形研究进展

局部加载控制不均匀变形与精确塑性成形关键理论与技术研究,既是先进塑性成形学科前沿领域中的关键和挑战性课题,又是航空航天高技术发展的迫切需求。文章以局部不均匀加载实现通常极难的板面内弯曲成形为切入点,发展了控制不均匀变形以实现精确塑性成形的理论与技术,为我国先进飞机发展面临的大型复杂整体钛框成形制造难题的解决,提供了启示。建立了薄壁管数控弯曲失稳起皱、回弹、截面畸变预测和成形极限分析的模型、过程仿真和优化设计的方法;揭示了其关键影响因素和影响规律;实现了难度很大的薄壁管小弯曲半径数控弯曲精确成形。建立了多道次普旋、曲母线和带内筋件强旋等复杂过程三维仿真模型,提出了解决不均匀变形导致的复杂成形缺陷和旋轮轨迹优化设计难题的方法。解决了大型铝型材先进等温挤压中迫切需要解决的多场耦合作用下温度与速度效应和控制的重大难题。发展了复杂环件辗扩过程和控制仿真的三维有限元模型以及临界摩擦系数确定的解析-数值方法;总结了冷辗扩3种塑性变形行为及多因素耦合对辗扩过程的影响;提出了率相关晶体塑性模型在有限元中实现的稳健算法,实现了冷辗扩宏观变形行为的细观响应描述。     

多向加载近净成形研究动态

通过主动控制不同方向、不同成形阶段的多向加载条件并配合模具、变形温度等成形条件,可有效控制变形,提高坯料的成形性能,以获得预期的结构形状及组织状态的零件,实现净成形或近净成形,为难变形材料的复杂整体构件的精确塑性成形提供了一条有效途径。多向加载技术在蒙皮拉形、管材挤胀、环件径轴向辗扩、多向模锻等塑性成形工艺中都得到体现,但其工艺通用性差,需要专门的设备,不同成形工艺甚至当成形零件不同时,其变形机理亦迥异。评述了目前多向加栽成形工艺的应用与国内外研究现状,指出了该工艺在体积成形中应用发展需要解决的关键技术问题。     

钛合金整体隔框等温成形局部加载分区研究

钛合金大型整体隔框在航空航天领域得到了越来越广泛的应用,等温局部加载为这类构件的成形提供了新的途径。等温局部加载过程复杂并且存在着加载区、未加载区和过渡区以及不同加载区之间的转换,合理的局部加载分区,是保证成形过程实施和成形质量的关键,文章研究并提出了局部加载分区的总体原则,随后基于DE-FORM3D有限元软件,采用数值模拟方法研究了局部加载分区(大小、位置)对TA15钛合金整体隔框成形过程的影响规律。结果表明,局部加载分区对未加载区材料错移的影响是短程效应,合理的分区可有效控制未加载区材料错移和降低总体成形载荷;分区对材料总体变形量和变形均匀性影响不大;采用筋上分区有利于提高筋的充填性能并可避免毛刺的产生,从而可提高了过渡区成形质量。     

高速冷滚打过程变形力解析方法及其修正

高速冷滚打成形是采用断续往复高速击打的方法实现动态冲击局部加载的一种近净塑性成形新工艺,其成形过程是高速、瞬态、高冲击、大变形的复杂过程。针对该成形过程中的变形力问题,首先采用主应力法进行变形力的解析求解;考虑主应力法在解析过程中难以反映滚打轮的高速往复击打等因素,应用ABAQUS/Expict进行高速冷滚打仿真实验,并根据仿真计算结果,运用回归分析的方法对解析方程进行修正,使解析方程能够更加准确地反映出不同工艺状态下的高速冷滚打变形力。在自行研制的高速冷滚打实验设备上进行冷滚打成形实验,完成变形力的测量,并验证了修正后的解析方程的正确性。     

Plastic deformation behaviors and their application in power spinning process of conical parts with transverse inner rib

By using FE method combined with experimental method, the power spinning processes of conical parts with transverse inner rib under different processing parameters are investigated. It is found that three kinds of typical plastic deformation behaviors, namely, under-filled, full-filled and unstable plastic deformation behavior occur in the forming process; the under-filled plastic deformation behavior has two different deformation modes; clearance between forming roller and mandrel and feed rate of forming roller are the two decisive factors influencing the plastic deformation behavior. Based on the study of plastic deformation behaviors, reasonable range of processing parameters for obtaining desired transverse inner rib is determined. Further, combining with the effects of processing parameters on the degree of inhomogeneous deformation and surface quality of finished spun parts, the rules for selecting reasonable processing parameters in power spinning process of conical parts with transverse inner rib are established for the first time. Then, reasonable values of processing parameters for a given process are determined, and desired spun parts with transverse inner rib are successfully obtained in experiment.     

Finite element modeling of power spinning of thin-walled shell with hoop inner rib

A 3D elasto-plastic finite element（FE） model of power spinning of thin-walled aluminum alloy shell with hoop inner rib was established under software ABAQUS. Key technologies were dealt with reasonably. The reliability of the FE model was verified theoretically and experimentally. The forming process was simulated and studied. The distribution of the thickness and stress, and the variations of spinning force were obtained. The workpiece springback was analyzed with ABAQUS/Standard. The results show that the FE model considering elastic deformation can not only be used to analyze the workpiece springback in the complex spinning process, but also serve as a significant guide to study the local deformation mechanism and choose the reasonable parameters.     

Distribution of Metal Flowing into Unloaded Area in the Local Loading Process of Titanium Alloy Rib-Web Component

对于通过模具分区实现的等温局部加载成形,为了减少加载区对未加载区的不利影响,一般会采用筋上分区模式。由于局部加载特征,在成形过程中加载区部分材料会流向未加载区。流入未加载区材料的分配对成形过程分析、材料流动控制、成形质量改进都有着重要影响。从加载区流入为未加载区材料的分配主要由未加载区的形状和模具分区附近的几何参数所确定。若未加载区是已成形区,部分流向未加载区的材料充填分区筋型腔。应用偏最小二乘回归建立了流入分区筋型腔材料比率的预测模型。数值结果表明流向未加载区材料分配的分析和所建立的预测模型是合理的。     

Microstructure evolution in the local loading forming of TA15 titanium alloy under non-isothermal condition

In this paper, the microstructure evolution and processing–microstructure relationship in the non-isothermal local loading forming of TA15 titanium alloy were studied through an analog experiment. Some new microstructural mechanisms are found, which are different from those under isothermal local loading forming. In the non-isothermal local loading forming, the tri-modal microstructure consisted of equiaxed primary α, lamellar α and β transformed matrix is achieved. The lamellar α, not produced under isothermal condition, is generated by β → α transformation due to the decrease of component temperature. With the same processing parameters, the volume fraction and grain size of primary α are both greater than those processed isothermally. The content of lamellar α decreases with heating temperature decreasing and little lamellar α can be found when the heating temperature drops to 930 °C. Under small deformation degree, the lamellar α distributes randomly in each feature region. As deformation increases, the lamellar α in transitional region and second-loading region present a preferred orientation perpendicular to the compression direction. The primary α content almost decreases linearly with heating temperature, which is different from the regular that under isothermal condition. Non-isothermal local loading forming with a higher heating temperature (near-β region) offers a cost-efficient way for the manufacture of TA15 titanium alloy large-scale integral components.     

Through-process macro–micro finite element modeling of local loading forming of large-scale complex titanium alloy component for microstructure prediction

The intrinsic multi-heat unequal deformation behavior of the local loading forming requires a through-process macro–micro model to characterize the microstructure evolution during the forming process. In the present work, the phenomena and mechanisms of microstructural developments in local loading forming of titanium alloys are summarized. Mechanism-based unified material models, which characterize the through process microstructure evolution, are developed for integrated prediction of constitutive behavior and microstructure. A through-process macro–micro finite element model is established for the local loading forming of large scale complex titanium alloy component. The model can predict the microstructure evolution as well as macroscopic deformation in multi-step local loading forming process. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. The microstructure evolution in local loading forming is investigated by the established finite element model. It is found that the thermo-mechanical processing route greatly affects the volume fraction of primary alpha but has little influence on the grain size in local loading forming     

局部加载约束分流冷锻直齿轮工艺研究

针对直齿轮冷锻过程中齿腔充填困难、成形载荷大、模具寿命低的特点,提出了基于局部加载一约束分流冷锻圆柱直齿轮新工艺。在浮动凹模基础上,利用有限元软件对新工艺进行数值模拟。对工艺成形过程中速度场、成形载荷等规律进行了分析,并对比分析了多种成形工艺。结果表明：局部加载一约‘束分流终锻成形工艺可以较好地成形大模数圆柱直齿轮,能避免齿轮成形时产生的折叠缺陷,同时可以显著地降低成形载荷,为此类齿轮冷锻工艺的应用与生产实践提供了理论依据。     

基于BP-GA的大锻件过渡区宏观成形性能优化

针对铝合金大型锻件局部加载成形工艺下过渡区筋部充填不满的问题,借助于BP神经网络和GA遗传算法与数值模拟技术相结合的策略对锻件的局部加载成形工艺参数进行了研究。以锻件过渡区填充性作为质量评价目标,建立了坯料温度、压力机加载速度、第1道次压下量、进给量与质量指标之间的关系模型,利用遗传算法求解得到了合理的工艺参数:坯料温度为435℃,压力机加载速度为5 mm·s-1,第1道次压下量为18 mm,进给量为1165 mm,并将得到的工艺参数进行再模拟,并应用于生产试制,生产后的锻件筋部过渡区充填完整,对比模拟结果,表明所提出的策略能有效对大型锻件局部加载成形过渡区充填问题进行控制。     

T形截面环件冷辗扩中的应力应变演变特征研究

基于T形截面环件冷辗扩的数值模拟研究,揭示了该工艺中环件的应力应变的演变特征。外环面附近以及与芯辊接触的内环面附近压应力作用较强,而填充部分前端和环件心部拉应力作用较强;随着加工过程的推进,拉应力作用逐渐减弱。在周向上应变分布几乎相同,环件轴向对称面附近的金属产生压缩类变形,而其余金属产生拉伸类变形。环件心部和型槽入口处附近最有可能产生裂纹等缺陷。通过多道次加工或者适当增加每转进给量可降低产生裂纹。     

三通件多向加载成形热力耦合有限元分析

多向加载是通过在轴向和侧向同时或顺序地施加载荷,可以一次成形出多个方向上具有空腔的复杂构件,减少了加工工序,且提高了成形质量,为高效率、高质量成形复杂整体构件(如三通件)提供了有效途径。然而,三通件多向加载成形影响参数多、机理复杂,本文基于DEFORM-3D,建立了三通件多向加载成形热力耦合刚粘塑性有限元模型,并验证了其可靠性。在此基础上确定了加载方案,获得40Cr钢三通件多向加载成形过程中行程载荷曲线及速度场、温度场、应力-应变场的分布规律。结果表明,按本文确定的加载方案,成形初期在水平支管上出现明显的分流线,分流线处易出现裂纹;水平支管先于垂直支管成形完毕,在水平支管成形完毕时水平冲头的载荷迅速升高,而当整体成形快完毕时,水平冲头和垂直冲头的载荷都急剧升高;成形过程中坯料芯部为大变形区,变形速率大,塑性变形热使坯料芯部出现明显温升。该研究为三通件多向加载成形工艺参数的优化,以及缺陷的控制,提供了指导。