表面纳米化对工业纯钛拉伸性能的影响

通过SMAT技术实现了工业纯钛表面纳米化,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜和高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析技术对表面纳米结构层进行了表征,对比研究了工业纯钛和经SMAT处理表面纳米化工业纯钛的拉伸性能,讨论了表面纳米化对工业纯钛拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:经SMAT处理后,由于表面纳米晶的形成和变形层中高密度的孪晶与位错共同的作用,工业纯钛的屈服强度、抗拉强度提高而伸长率降低。试样经SMAT处理后,沿处理面到中心晶粒尺寸不同,使得SMAT试样拉伸断裂后处理面与中心的断裂类型不同,表面纳米晶层和亚晶层的断裂主要是滑移分离断裂,而基体粗晶部分断裂为微孔聚集型断裂。     

纳米压痕法分析ECAP变形工业纯钛的力学性能

采用等径弯曲通道变形(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)技术制备了不同晶粒尺寸的超细晶工业纯钛,通过纳米压痕测试技术对ECAP变形工业纯钛的力学性能进行研究,讨论了加载应变速率和晶粒尺寸对工业纯钛硬度测试结果的影响,进一步分析了ECAP变形工业纯钛的应变硬化能力和残余应力。结果表明:随着加载应变速率的增大和晶粒尺寸的减小,工业纯钛的硬度值增加。硬度-位移曲线表现出具有硬化效应的压痕尺寸效应(Indentation Size Effect,ISE)。纳米压痕形貌表明:ECAP变形工业纯钛的应变硬化能力降低,存在残余压应力。     

超细晶工业纯钛的变形、应变速率敏感性和激活体积（英文）

在温度为250～450℃、应变速率为1×10~(-4)～1s~(-1)的条件下,对超细晶工业纯钛进行变速率压缩实验,计算超细晶工业纯钛的应变速率敏感性因子和激活体积,并研究超细晶工业纯钛的变形行为。结果表明:超细晶工业纯钛在稳态变形阶段存在流变软化效应,这是受变形过程中大角度晶界和位错活动所控制的。超细晶工业纯钛的应变速率敏感性因子和激活体积在数值上都相对较低,应变速率敏感性随着变形温度的升高而增加,但激活体积独立于变形温度。应变速率敏感性和激活体积的数值表明晶粒内部位错之间几乎无交互作用,而位错与晶界之间的交互作用显著影响超细晶工业纯钛的塑性变形。     

超细晶工业纯钛的变形、应变速率敏感性和激活体积

在温度为250~450 ℃、应变速率为1×10-4-1 s-1的条件下，对超细晶工业纯钛进行变速率压缩实验，计算超细晶工业纯钛的应变速率敏感性因子和激活体积，并研究超细晶工业纯钛的变形行为。研究结果表明：超细晶工业纯钛在稳态变形阶段存在流变软化效应，这是受变形过程中大角度晶界和位错活动所控制的。超细晶工业纯钛的应变速率敏感性因子和激活体积在数值上都相对较低，应变速率敏感性随着变形温度的升高而增加，但激活体积独立于变形温度。应变速率敏感性和激活体积的数值表明晶粒内部位错之间的交互作用几乎不发生，而位错与晶界之间的交互作用显著影响超细晶工业纯钛的塑性变形。     

高应变速率对纯钛塑性变形的影响

利用动态塑性变形(DPD)和准静态压缩变形(QSC)技术对纯钛圆柱样品进行对比压缩试验,研究了不同应变速率下纯钛形变孪晶和微结构演变。结果发现:2种变形方式的变形机制相似,低应变时以形变孪生为主,孪生饱和后转变为位错滑移主导;高应变速率促进了形变孪晶的产生,激发{4211}压缩孪晶的形成,同时使变形机制转变临界应变提前至0.2;纯钛在高应变速率和高应变(ε≥0.6)下出现绝热剪切带(ASB)。     

120°模具室温ECAP制备工业纯钛的压缩变形本构关系

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对120°模具室温Bc方式ECAP变形8道次制备的平均晶粒尺寸约为200 nm的工业纯钛进行等温变速压缩实验,研究超细晶工业纯钛在变形温度为298~673 K和应变速率为1×10-4~1×100s-1条件下的流变应力行为。结果表明:变形温度和应变速率均对流变应力具有显著影响,峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;流变应力在变形初期随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳,呈现稳态流变特征。采用双曲正弦模型确定了超细晶工业纯钛的变形激活能Q=104.46 kJ/mol和应力指数n=23,建立了相应的变形本构关系。     

120°模具室温ECAP制备工业纯钛的热压缩变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对室温120°模具等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)制备的平均晶粒尺寸为200nm的工业纯钛(CP-Ti)进行等温变速压缩实验,研究超细晶(UFG)工业纯钛在变形温度为298～673K和应变速率为10-3～100s-1条件下的流变行为。利用透射电子显微镜分析超细晶工业纯钛在不同变形条件下的组织演化规律。结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大;随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,应变速率敏感性指数m增加,晶粒粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒数量逐渐增加;超细晶工业纯钛热压缩变形的主要软化机制随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶。     

退火对表面机械研磨处理纳米化工业纯钛性能的影响

通过表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在工业纯钛表面制备出具有纳米晶体特征的表面层,并对其进行不同温度的退火,利用光镜、分层显微硬度测试和极化曲线测量等手段,分别研究了机械研磨处理对工业纯钛和不同退火温度对表面机械研磨处理纳米化工业纯钛性能的影响.结果表明,表面纳米化使工业纯钛在0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中的耐腐蚀性变差,而低温退火可改善SMAT处理工业纯钛在0.5mol/L H2SO4溶液中的耐腐蚀性能.工业纯钛经表面纳米化+低温退火处理,可以提高其表面的硬度和耐腐蚀性能.     

纯钛的热变形行为及显微组织演变

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对退火态纯钛试样,在变形温度298~723 K、应变速率10~(-4)~10~1s~(-1)下进行热压缩试验,研究变形温度和应变速率对其热变形行为及组织演变的影响。结果表明:纯钛的压缩行为与变形温度和应变速率存在相关性;当应变速率一定时,流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小;当变形温度一定时,流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大。显微组织观察结果显示:在低温或高应变速率下变形时,形变组织主要为大尺寸等轴晶和孪晶,随着温度的升高或应变速率的降低,再结晶晶粒逐渐增多,孪晶数量减少,直至消失。     

工业纯钛TA1热压缩变形行为及本构方程

为了实现工业纯钛TA1的数值模拟,制定合理的自由锻工艺参数,利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机对工业纯钛TA1在变形温度为700、800、900和950℃和应变速率为0.01、0.1、1和5 s-1条件下的流变应力行为进行研究,最大变形程度为真应变0.7。结果表明:工业纯钛TA1在热压缩变形过程中,出现了动态回复与再结晶;流变应力随温度的升高而降低,随变形速率的减小而降低;在高的变形温度与低的应变速率下,工业纯钛TA1容易出现软化;求得了热变形激活能(Q)和双曲正弦形式的Arrhenius本构方程。     

体外浸泡纯钛的表面腐蚀和ECAP的影响

采用在Ringer模拟体液静态体外浸泡的方法,研究工业纯钛试片经过一定时间的浸泡后的失重和表面形貌的变化。采用等通道径角挤压(ECAP)方法处理工业纯钛并与粗晶纯钛进行对比,对ECAP处理的TA9和粗晶TA9也做了对比。结果表明:纯钛在400℃ECAP处理后的微观组织形成具有明显方向性的板条状组织,ECAP纯钛表面沉积的Na Cl晶体数量大于粗晶Ti,TA9也表现出相似结果。纯钛的腐蚀机制是一种受到电偶腐蚀控制的均匀腐蚀,细晶组织导致电偶的数量增加。     

Wear resistance of NiTi alloy after surface mechanical attrition treatment

An ultrafine grain layer consisting of nanocrystallites as well as submicrometer grains is produced on NiTi shape memory alloy by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) and the effects of the ultrafine grain layer on the tribological properties are investigated under dry sliding conditions. Compared to the coarse grain (CG) NiTi, the SMAT NiTi has smaller friction coefficients and improved wear resistance at applied loads from 5 to 15 N due to the grain refinement effect. Examination of the worn surfaces indicates that materials delamination and particles co-exist on both the CG and SMAT NiTi samples. Our results indicate that delamination is the main wear mechanism on CG NiTi whereas abrasive particles dominate the wear process on SMAT NiTi.     

表面机械研磨处理对Cu-4Ti合金组织及力学性能的影响

对Cu-4Ti合金分别进行45 min和60 min的表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),采用X射线衍射仪,光学显微镜,扫描电镜,显微硬度计等对处理不同时间的样品组织及力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,Cu-4Ti合金经表面机械研磨处理45 min和60 min后,表层晶粒尺寸分别达到了40.72 nm和17.12 nm,并且都出现了分界层,这与前人研究结果出现的过渡层截然不同。表面机械研磨方法可以强化金属表面,Cu-4Ti合金经SMAT 45 min和60 min后,表面硬度比基体分别提高了51%和56%。     

机械研磨处理Zr-4合金表面纳米化研究

选用表面机械研磨技术(SMAT)处理密排六方结构Zr-4合金的表面,实现Zr-4表面纳米化,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)对比分析不同时间SMAT处理Zr-4合金表面平均晶粒尺寸。SMAT处理15min时Zr-4合金表面平均晶粒尺寸最小,约为20nm。利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对其纳米化表层结构进行表征,并研究了其表面纳米化机制。     

Surface mechanical attrition treatment induced phase transformation behavior in NiTi shape memory alloy

The phase constituents and transformation behavior of the martensite B19′ NiTi shape memory alloy after undergoing surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) are investigated. SMAT is found to induce the formation of a parent B2 phase from the martensite B19′ in the top surface layer. By removing the surface layer-by-layer, X-ray diffraction reveals that the amount of the B2 phase decreases with depth. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) further indicates that the deformed martensite in the sub-surface layer up to 300 μm deep exhibits the martensite stabilization effect. The graded phase structure and transformation behavior in the SMATed NiTi specimen can be attributed to the gradient change in strain with depth.     

CP-Ti在含氟离子硝酸中电化学腐蚀行为

采用开路电位(OCP)、动电位极化曲线(PPC)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS) 3种电化学测试手段对工业纯钛(CP-Ti)在含氟离子硝酸溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明:随着硝酸溶液中氟离子浓度的增加,CP-Ti耐蚀性变差;影响CP-Ti耐蚀性转变的临界氟离子浓度为1. 25 mmol/L;氟离子与CP-Ti表面的氧化膜发生反应,致使均匀、致密的氧化膜溶解转变为多孔膜,降低了CP-Ti的耐蚀性。     

Fretting corrosion behaviour of thermally oxidized CP-Ti in Ringer’s solution

The fretting corrosion behaviour of thermally oxidized (at 650 °C for 48 h) commercially pure (CP) titanium in Ringer’s solution was evaluated and reported for the first time in this paper. A cathodic shift in free corrosion potential (FCP) with the onset of fretting occurs very rapidly for untreated CP-Ti whereas it occurs over the entire 18,000 cycles for thermally oxidized (TO) CP-Ti and the extent of cathodic shift in FCP is relatively less for TO CP-Ti. The tribocorrosion performance of TO CP-Ti is better than that of untreated CP-Ti.     

异步轧制对表面纳米化316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)在316L不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层，然后在室温对其进行80％形变量的异步轧制(CSR)，研究了CSR处理后表层组织和性能的变化．结果表明：经过60min SMAT后，样品表面形成了一定厚度的纳米晶层，晶粒尺寸为10—30nm．对其进行80％形变量的CSR后，表层组织仍为纳米晶组织，但纳米晶尺寸更加均匀、细小(为5—15nm)，表面粗糙度显著下降；纳米表层硬度略有提高，但基体硬度显著提高；在0．05mol／L H2SO4 0.25mol／L Na2SO4腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性能比SMAT后的样品有明显改善，但均低于原基材．     

Surface nanocrystallization by surface mechanical attrition treatment and its effect on structure and properties of plasma nitrided AISI 321 stainless steel

A plastic deformation surface layer with nanocrystalline grains was produced on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Low-temperature nitriding of SMAT and un-SMAT AISI 321 stainless steel was carried out in pulsed-DC glow discharge. The effect of SMAT pretreatment on the microstructure and properties of the stainless steel were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Vickers hardness tester and UMT-2MT tribometer. The results show that the plasma nitriding of AISI 321 steel can be enhanced considerably by means of SMAT process before nitriding, and a much thicker nitrogen diffusion layer with higher hardness was obtained for the SMAT samples when compared with un-SMAT samples. In addition, the wear resistance and load capacity of the nitrided layers on the SMAT samples was much higher than that of the un-SMAT samples due to the thicker S phase case and the gradient nitrogen diffusion layer.     

Enhancing the ag precipitation by surface mechanical attrition treatment on Cu-Ag alloys

The influence of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on Ag precipitation in Cu-Ag alloys was investigated. Cu-6 wt% Ag was melt, cold rolled and solution treated to be Cu-Ag solid solution, which was either aged at 250 and 350 °C for 24 h directly or SMAT-ed before aging. Ag precipitates were hard be found in the directly aged Cu-Ag sample while they were observed clearly in the SMAT-ed counterpart at 250 °C. The Ag precipitates formed in the surface layer by SMAT are much coarser than those in the un-SMAT-ed sample. It is obvious that the precipitating behavior of Ag was promoted significantly by SMAT approach. A large number of defects were generated by SMAT and they were acting as fast atomic diffusion channels that facilitated the atomic diffusion of Ag.