平板件电磁成形技术的研究进展

在简述了平板件电磁成形原理的基础上,从以下4个方面综述了此技术的国内外研究进展:成形线圈设计方面,列举了平板线圈,匀压力线圈,并列线圈以及工艺校形线圈的使用;磁场力计算方面,讲述了解析法和有限元法的应用;试验研究方面,阐述了电磁成形板材成形性能研究、电磁辅助成形研究的进展;数值模拟方面,叙述了各种数值模拟方法以及有限元软件的应用。最后,指出了平板件电磁成形技术推广过程中所需攻克的技术难题。     

Identification of Post-necking Tensile Stress–Strain Behavior of Steel Sheet: An Experimental Investigation Using Digital Image Correlation Technique

The stress–strain behavior of sheet metal is commonly evaluated by tensile test. However, the true stress–strain curve is restricted up to uniform elongation of the material. Usually, after the uniform elongation of the material the true stress–strain is obtained by extrapolation. The present work demonstrates a procedure to find out the true tensile stress–strain curve of the steel sheet after necking using digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Hill’s normal anisotropic yield criteria and local strains measured by DIC technique are used to correct the local stress and strain states at the diffuse necked area. The proposed procedure is shown to successfully determine the true tensile stress–strain curve of ferritic and dual-phase steel sheets after necking/uniform elongation.     

Experimental and numerical study of warm deep drawing of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet

Warm forming of magnesium alloy sheet has attracted more and more attention in recent years. The formability of magnesium alloy sheet at elevated temperature depends on appropriate processes, and the fabrication of high-performance sheet. In this research, an AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet with excellent performances is fabricated by the cross-rolling and the uniform annealing treatments. The uniaxial tensile tests are conducted using a Gleeble 3500 thermal–mechanical simulator, and the mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet are analyzed. Finally, some limiting drawing ratio (LDR) experiments are performed. The experiments show that the LDR can reach 2.0 at the forming temperature of 150 °C and the drawing velocity of 15 mm/s. A warm deep drawing process is also simulated by the finite element method. The influences of drawing temperature and blank holder force on the formability are numerically investigated. The simulation demonstrated that variable blank holder force technology can improve the LDR from 3.0 to 3.5, and decrease the wall thinning ratio from 15.21% to 12.35%.     

板料n值测量方法的研究

在板料冲压成形过程中 ,板料的硬化指数n值具有十分重要的意义 ,因而n值的测量无论对理论研究还是对工程实践都非常必要。因此 ,涌现出众多的硬化指数n值的测量方法。到目前为止 ,常用的测量方法主要有一点法、两点法、阶梯形试件拉伸法等。这些方法各有其优缺点 ,其共同不足就是用这些方法测定的n值反映的只是均匀塑性变形阶段的硬化性能。为此 ,本文基于常规单向拉伸试件在拉断后出现的锥形现象 ,以拉伸过程中的3个特征点 (屈服之后靠近屈服的一点、最大载荷时刻的点和断裂时刻的点 )为基础 ,提出了一种测量n值的新方案———三点法。在此方案中 ,用 3个特征点表征的两个n值分别描述了板料在均匀塑性变形阶段和随后大塑性变形阶段的硬化性能 ,而大塑性变形在板料成形过程中是必不可少的。本文通过对软钢板、紫铜板等进行的试验研究 ,证明了此方案是可行的。而且 ,作为板材成形性重要参数的r值也可以在试验中同时获得     

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 本文针对热轧钢板产品常出现的旁弯、翘曲等板形质量问题,通过盲孔法测量钢办矫直前以及粗矫、精矫后的残余应力分布来分析矫直工艺对带钢残余应力分布的影响,以便改善热轧钢板产品的质量。实测结果表明：矫直前钢板板宽方向残余应力很不均匀,并且在钢板边部存在残余压应力使钢板出现边浪等板形不良的情况;经过粗矫后应力值分布不均减小;在精矫后应力值进一步减小并且分布趋于均匀。而同一矫直工序中钢板长度方向不同位置残余应力分布也不同,其中钢卷中部的残余应力值为最小。     

再结晶退火对Mg-1.5Y板材组织、织构及性能的影响

利用十字交叉轧制工艺制备了Mg-1.5Y合金板材,研究了再结晶退火(475℃/15min)对其微观组织、宏观织构、力学性能及成形性能的影响。结果表明,退火促使轧制板材发生强烈的静态再结晶,形成均匀的等轴晶组织。轧制态板材呈现出近圆形-双峰织构分布特征,(0002)面极点由法向(ND)向轧制方向2(RD2)倾转大约±20o;再结晶退火后,基面极点沿轧制交角方向发生劈裂,形成蝴蝶状-多峰弱织构分布特征,且晶粒取向更加随机化,最大极密度由轧制态的5.0降低至2.8。退火态板材的断后伸长率、杯突值分别达到30.5%、4.4mm,相对于轧制态分别提高了63%、42%。     

基于多宽度高斯核函数模型的十字形件冲压成形工艺参数优化

基于试验设计的板料冲压成形工艺参数优化局限在有限的参数组合上,利用响应面方法可以进行全局范围的优化设计。针对一般响应面方法在预测精度上的不足,提出多宽度高斯核函数响应面方法。通过正交试验获得各因素的影响程度指数,利用均匀试验获得合适的设计参数样本,建立基于多宽度高斯核函数的冲压成形响应面模型。对十字形件的冲压成形进行工艺参数优化,结合遗传算法求解满足质量要求的最优工艺条件,验证表明,该方法对提高板料成形质量有效。     

真气垫炉内漂浮换热过程数值模拟及结构优化

气垫炉是一种薄板材热处理用先进设备,基于某铝厂设计的气垫炉结构,建立气垫炉整体的三维计算模型,运用流固耦合FSI分析法对炉内板材漂浮换热过程进行模拟。模拟结果表明,板材换热基本均匀,但板材向下畸变过大,无法实现正常漂浮。为减少板材畸变,在优选空间内采用正交试验法优化气垫炉喷嘴布置参数,并采用响应面法与遗传算法优化气垫炉导流装置结构参数。结果表明,装置优化后板材上下表面的风量、压力分布更为合理,炉内板材畸变量从110.3 mm降低至41.4 mm,板材漂浮得以实现。     

冷轧薄板表面色差原因分析

利用共聚焦显微镜对冷轧薄板的色差表面形貌进行观察,发现条状色差主要是由于带钢表面粗糙度不均匀引起。通过生产现场调研发现,在焊缝连接处色差纹路具有连续性特征,且通过轧机急停取样后发现色差主要是由于连轧机的5#机架引起。分析表明,带钢粗糙度不均与轧制过程中乳化液油膜在工作辊面分布不均相关,而油膜不均与乳化液的喷射方式、轧制速度、乳化液的颗粒度和接触角存在直接关系。通过增加乳化液辅助喷嘴,控制轧制速度,并将轧制油的颗粒度由13μm降低至8μm,油滴接触角由80°降低至63°,色差缺陷得到解决。     

Effects of the rotary embossing process on mechanical properties in aluminum alloy 1050 sheet

Heat shields are designed to protect components from heat damage, and one method of producing heat shields is with the embossing process. The embossing process is a sheet metal-forming method that is utilised in strengthening sheet metals. This method also increases the surface area useful for heat transfer. In this paper, the effect of this technique on the yield load, tensile load, bending strength and buckling strength for different sheet thicknesses of aluminium alloy 1050 sheets is investigated. Furthermore, the efficacy of this forming technique as a method for strengthening the sheets is discussed.     

Influence of rolling ways on microstructure and anisotropy of AZ31 alloy sheet

Two rolling ways,unidirectional rolling and cross rolling,were carried out on twin roll cast AZ31 alloy sheet to study the influence of strain path change on the evolution of the rolling microstructure and texture as well as the anisotropic properties of AZ31 alloy sheet with microscopy,X-ray diffraction technique and tensile tests.It is found that cross rolling gives rise to more uniform microstructure and stronger texture intensities compared with unidirectional rolling.The differences in the microstructure and texture intensities are reflected in the anisotropy characterized by the difference in the yield stress and the fracture elongation that were measured along directions in the rolling plane at angles of 0■,45■and 90■from the rolling direction.     

Study on traveling magnetic field casting of sheet components

The distribution of a magnetic field over an inductor used for sheet castings has been investigated experimentally. With an increase in height from the surface, the magnetic field density decreases according to the exponential law. In the transverse direction, the magnetic field density is approximately uniform except near the edges. The magnetic field density is direct proportional to the number of turns multiplied by the current in amperes. Ferromagnetic material in the upper mould can enhance the magnetic field density. Under the electromagnetic force, the mould-filling process of sheet casings has been studied by physical simulation method. The difference in filling capability between gravity casting and travelling magnetic field casting has been studied. The electromagnetic force can enhance the filling process, but it also brings a problem. With an increase in the magnetic field density, the surface quality of the aluminum alloy sheet castings becomes poor. The reason is discussed.     

三元磷酸盐体系无机预润滑试剂的研发及其在改善热镀锌汽车板成形方面的应用

目的旨在合成一种用于改善热镀锌汽车板材料成形性能的无机预润滑试剂,以期降低热镀锌板表面摩擦系数,进而减少冲压过程中开裂等缺陷的发生。方法以磷酸、金属硝酸盐等为主要试剂合成机预润滑试剂,在热镀锌汽车板材料表面得到均匀、连续的无机预润滑薄膜。采用扫面电子显微镜、辉光光谱仪等手段对材料表面所形成的无机预润滑薄膜的基本形貌、厚度等进行表征。采用平板摩擦、深冲实验对材料涂覆预润滑膜后的表面摩擦系数及冲压性能进行分析。同时,根据汽车板材料认证特点,对无机预润滑处理后的热镀锌汽车板材料的焊接/胶接、涂装性能进行分析。结果采用辊涂法在热镀锌汽车板材料表面可形成厚度为50～60 nm连续、均匀的薄膜。较之普通热镀锌材料,上述表面涂覆无机预润滑薄膜后的热镀锌材料表面摩擦系数可有效下降13%。,且伴随板面温度升高,无机预润滑热镀锌材料表面摩擦系数的下降愈发明显;同时,无机预润滑处理热镀锌材料的焊接性能(包括焊接窗口、焊接寿命)符合同等厚度汽车板材料的认证需求。涂覆无机预润滑薄膜热镀锌板表面与汽车结构胶具有良好的兼容性;此外,汽车主机厂挂片实验结果证实,现有的脱脂工艺可将材料表面无机预润滑膜彻底脱除,所得磷化膜厚度、晶粒大小与普通热镀锌板无异。结论当前所研发的无机预润滑试剂在热镀锌板表面形成薄膜,在不影响材料其他各项性能的前提下,可有效降低材料摩擦系数,为减少冲压缺陷的发生提供保证。     

The determination of initial blank shape by using the one-step finite element method and experimental verification

Many process parameters have an effect on the sheet metal forming process. A well-designed blank shape causes the material to flow smoothly, reduces the punch force, and yields a product with a uniform thickness distribution. Therefore, the determination of an initial blank shape plays the important role of saving time and cost in the sheet metal forming process. For these reasons, some approaches to estimate the initial blank shape have been implemented. In this paper, the one-step approach using a finite element inverse method will be introduced to predict the initial blank shape. The developed program is applied to several sheet metal forming examples for the demonstration of its validity. Moreover, the usefulness of the developed one-step approach program is investigated as compared with the FAST-3D program, which is a commercial package that is commonly used. Finally, the verification will be performed by comparing the predicted and experimental results.     

Producing isolated shrink corners by folding-shearing

A novel sheet forming technique, folding-shearing, is used to produce shrink corners with minimal sheet metal wastage. The limiting height of shrink corner – a key feature of many parts - is investigated through a wide a range of experimental trials and FEA simulations. Folding-shearing can produce a shrink corner over twice as tall as can conventional stamping with a blankholder. The eventual limit is necking followed by fracture and the influence of part size and material, die spacing, blank profile and ‘shear zone angle’ on necking is demonstrated, alongside insights from a simple force model.     

Effect of plane strain on microstructures and texture, through the reduction ratio of AZ31 Mg alloy

Structural evolution of warm-rolled AZ31 alloy sheets was investigated with respect to various reduction ratios. In order to examine the effect of rolling pass on deformation of the sheet, one-pass rolling was applied to the AZ31 alloys for various 6/1/2011reduction ratios. When the applied reduction ratio was ∼85% of the initial thickness, significant grain refinement and texture development were achieved with dynamic recrystallization. Moreover, with the increase of the rolling reduction ratio from 30% to 85%, the warm rolled sheets exhibit plane strain mode displaying uniform 〈0 0 0 1〉//ND basal textures throughout the whole sheet thickness. The two-dimensional finite element method simulation showed that the current lubrication rolling results in a uniform plane strain deformation through the whole warm rolled sheet.     

热轧高强度钢板矫直前后残余应力分布的研究

针对热轧钢板产品常出现的旁弯、翘曲等板形质量问题,通过盲孔法测量钢板矫直前以及粗矫直、精矫直后的残余应力分布来分析矫直工艺对钢板残余应力分布的影响,以便改善热轧钢板产品的质量。实测结果表明：矫直前钢板宽度方向残余应力很不均匀,并且在钢板边部存在残余压应力使钢板出现边浪等板形不良的情况;经过粗矫直后应力值分布不均减小;在精矫直后应力值进一步减小并且分布趋于均匀。而同一矫直工序中钢板长度方向不同位置残余应力分布也不同,其中钢卷中部的残余应力值为最小。     

精密椭圆弯曲模设计

论述了一种高精度铝制覆膜薄板的大半径椭圆弯曲件成形工艺,提出了一种精密椭圆弯曲回弹量的求解及修正方法,并用反向预弯曲工艺解决了大半径弯曲时塑性变形量不足的问题,还对覆膜类复合材料弯曲件的精密成形探索了一种新的方法。     

The non-hydrostatic response of polymer melts as a pressure medium in sheet metal forming

The polymer injection forming process is a recent invention for producing plastic?Cmetal hybrids. It is a combination of injection molding and sheet metal hydroforming process in which polymer melt serves as a pressure medium. This paper presents the experimental investigations on the non-Newtonian nature of thermoplastic melt as pressure medium. The objective of this work is to identify the presence of non-hydrostatic pressure distribution within the cavity and its influence on the final shape of the formed sheet metal component. Experiments are conducted with center-gated injection mold under varying processing conditions. The development of localized cavity pressure during the process is recorded and evaluated against the final shape of formed sheet metal. It has been observed that higher injection rate, higher injection temperature, and higher melt flow index of the processed polymer is necessary for the uniform pressure distribution and subsequently uniform forming of the sheet metal.     

Deformation analysis for cold rolling of Al-Cu double layered sheet by physical modeling and finite element method

The deformation characteristics of Al-Cu double layered sheet during rolling with various process parameters were studied by both a physical modeling technique and the finite element method. Physical modeling and the finite element method are complementary, due to their different advantages and limitations. Physical modeling simulates metal forming operations by using a model workpiece under conditions similar to those in actual production. The deformation characteristics of double layered sheet during rolling were also simulated using a commercial finite element code, FORGE?. The effects of process parameters, such as total reduction ratio, initial thickness ratio and differential speed ratio on the rolling characteristics were the primary focus of the investigation. In addition, an analytical model for double layered sheet rolling is also proposed with the use of a force-thickness diagram. From the results, the effect of the process parameters on the rolling of the Al-Cu double layered sheet has been determined.