热处理对Ti3Al基合金板材拉伸性能与微观组织的影响

研究固溶温度、时效温度以及多重时效处理对Ti-24Al-15Nb-1Mo合金热轧板材拉伸性能的影响,对不同热处理工艺下板材的微观组织和拉伸断口形貌进行观察.结果表明:当固溶处理温度从990 ℃升高到1 010 ℃时,Ti-24Al-15Nb-1Mo合金热轧板材的室、高温强度均有所提高,塑性略有降低;当时效温度从815 ℃升高到850 ℃时,板材的室温和高温强度降低,塑性变化不明显;Ti-24Al-15Nb-1Mo合金热轧板材经990 ℃固溶处理后再进行多次时效处理,其拉伸性能变化不明显;增加时效次数,拉伸强度略微降低.     

热处理对TB9合金力学性能及显微组织的影响

TB9合金属于亚稳型β钛合金,热处理强化效果明显,抗腐蚀性强、本文研究了固溶处理、固溶+时效处理对TB9合金力学性能和显微组织的影响,结果表明：经过800℃-900℃固溶处理后,TB9合金强度随固溶温度提高逐渐下降,塑性变化不明显；超过820℃固溶处理时,β晶粒尺寸迅速长大； 800℃-900℃固溶处理后对时效态TB9合金强度影响不明显；塑性随固溶温度上升明显下降,延伸率从15%降低到10%,面缩率从37.5%下降到20%以下；经过820℃/30min、WQ+520℃/8h、AC固溶时效处理后α相充分析出,合金性能稳定。     

β21s钛合金棒材热处理研究

研究固溶时效热处理对β21s钛合金棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在固溶温度一定时,随着时效温度的升高(从540,550到560℃),合金的强度下降,而塑性则有所上升;在时效温度一定时,随着固溶温度的升高(从750,770,790到800℃),合金强度先有所升高(在790℃时达到峰值),而后又有所降低,而塑性则逐步降低。     

双级时效对A705-630不锈钢力学性能及显微组织的影响

本文针对双极时效处理对A705-630不锈钢力学性能和微观组织的影响进行研究。结果表明:A705-630不锈钢经过固溶处理+时效处理得到板条马氏体组织;当进行二次时效处理后组织仍为板条马氏体,但是晶粒有细化的趋势,而且晶界上的析出相明显减少;另外在相同的固溶处理和一次时效处理的情况下,A705-630不锈钢在经过590℃二次时效处理后的强度与未经过二次时效处理的强度未有明显变化;二次时效处理温度在大于590℃时,随着时效温度的升高,强度下降,塑性、韧性和硬度变化不明显。     

热处理制度对Ti-55531合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过采用不同的热处理制度研究了时效温度和β退火温度对Ti-55531合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ti-55531合金固溶加时效处理后可获得初生α相呈长条或等轴状的组织,β基体上大量析出的次生α相使其获得较高的强度,且强度随时效温度升高而显著降低,延伸率变化不明显,断面收缩率在620℃以上随着时效温度升高有所增加,但该组织状态断裂韧度偏低;β退火后可获得均匀的片状组织,具有较高的断裂韧性,抗拉强度在600~650℃之间随退火温度升高呈线性关系降低,可根据需要很方便地调整强度级别,塑性随退火温度升高变化不太明显。     

热处理对TC4钛合金厚板组织和性能的影响

采用正交试验方法,研究了不同热处理制度对TC4钛合金厚板显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,固溶温度对合金显微组织、室温拉伸强度、塑性和断裂韧性影响很大。相变点下固溶时合金组织为双态组织,相变点上固溶时合金组织为魏氏组织;当固溶温度从975℃相变点下增加到1045℃相变点上时合金的强度变化不大,合金的塑性大幅下降,而合金的断裂韧性逐渐升高;TC4钛合金厚板在975℃/10 min+670℃/1 h热处理,可获得最佳强度-塑性匹配,在995℃固溶处理,670~760℃时效处理可获得最佳强度-韧性匹配。     

异步热轧及热处理对钛合金TC4组织和力学性能的影响

研究了异步热轧及固溶时效处理对钛合金TC4显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:异步轧制后表层晶粒尺寸较中心层小。固溶时效处理较退火处理的合金综合性能好。在α+β两相区固溶时效,随着固溶温度的升高,合金强度先升高后降低,塑性先降低后升高。固溶温度相同时,随着时效温度的升高,合金的强度降低,塑性提高。     

固溶时效对TA10钛合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究了固溶时效处理对TA10钛合金棒材组织和性能的影响。结果表明:在890℃相变点以下加热时,随着固溶温度的升高,初生α相含量不断减少,β转变组织逐渐增多,合金强度增加,塑性先升高后降低;当固溶温度超过相变点时,组织形态转变为魏氏组织,合金强度进一步增加,塑性显著降低;本试验得到的较佳固溶时效处理制度为800℃保温30 min,水冷+500℃保温2 h,空冷,可获得良好的组织与性能。     

固溶和时效温度对TC6钛合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

研究了不同温度的固溶和时效工艺对TC6钛合金显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:800～840℃固溶后,合金由初生α相和亚稳β相组成,两相随着温度升高而长大,合金强度和塑性略有上升;880℃固溶后,亚稳β相依然保留到室温,然而在拉伸过程中出现应力诱变斜方马氏体α″相,导致双屈服现象;920～960℃固溶后,初生α相减少,大量的细针状斜方马氏体α″相在亚稳β相上析出,强度上升塑性下降;当超过β相变点固溶后,主要由粗大针状六方马氏体α?相组成,强度下降同时拉伸为脆性断裂。对于固溶样品经过不同温度时效处理,主要变化过程是亚稳β相分解为次生α相及其长大,300℃时效后,相比固溶态强度上升但塑性下降,亚稳β相中弥散析出次生α相及少量的ω相;当时效温度升高到400℃,强度继续上升接近最大值但塑性最差;500℃时效后,强度最高然而合金元素充分扩散,塑性得到提升;550℃时效后,强度有所下降但塑性明显提升,此时具有较佳的强塑性匹配;600～700℃时效后,初生α相聚集长大并且含量增加,次生α相在β基体上析出且逐渐长大为层片状,强度下降塑性进一步提升。     

固溶温度对3D打印TC4钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

对3D打印TC4钛合金进行不同温度固溶+490 ℃时效处理,通过显微组织观察和力学性能试验对其微观组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,3D打印TC4钛合金在原始沉积态时为不均匀的网篮组织,经固溶时效处理后,随着固溶温度的升高,组织中α相先以片状的形式生长于完整的原始晶界附近,再逐渐转变为粗大的板条状,强度逐渐升高而塑性有所降低,当固溶温度为920 ℃时,强度达到最大值,为1100 MPa。当固溶温度超过960 ℃时,α相逐渐被溶解,强度逐渐下降,同时塑性也表现较差。经扫描电镜观察,不同固溶温度下拉伸断口的宏观形貌均呈暗灰色,经890~960 ℃固溶+490 ℃时效处理的TC4钛合金,其微观形貌中存在的大量韧窝,可以判断出其断裂机制为韧性断裂。结合不同固溶时效处理后钛合金的显微组织及力学性能变化可以得出,经920 ℃固溶+490 ℃时效处理后的3D打印TC4钛合金具有较好的综合力学性能。     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

Analysis of microporous structure of carbon adsorbents in terms of the theory of volume filling of micropores

A methodology of using the theory of filling the volume of micropores when evaluating the porous structure of carbon nanomaterials and adsorbents, as well as describing the adsorption of different species, is considered. Potentialities of the mathematical means of a theory of filling the volume of micropores when differentiating homogeneous and irregular microporous structure of activated carbon, determining the micropores’ parameters (their volume and size), evaluating the degree of heterogeneity of microporous structures, and describing adsorption over wide concentration range are analyzed. The perspectives of this approach, based on the theory of filling the volume of micropores, in the prognosis of the microporous structures’ parameters and the activated carbons’ adsorbability in the process of their synthesis are demonstrated. Original Russian Text ? G.A. Petukhova, 2008, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 170–176.