Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Laser Melting Deposited TA15 Alloy at 500℃ under In-Situ Tension in SEM

TA15 alloy fabricated by laser melting deposition was investigated at 500℃ under tensile deformation. The damage behavior of microstructure was analyzed by the real time observation of the microstructure evolution, microcracks initiation and propagation using in-situ tensile equipment fitted in the SEM chamber. Finally, the mechanism of fracture was discussed. The result showed anisotropic mechanical properties in X-and Z-direction. The existence of columnar β grains and its orientation to the tensile direction were the major factors inducing the anisotropic mechanical properties. As compared to Z-direction specimen, high tensile strength was observed in X-direction specimen due to the resistance in slips propagation provided by the prior-β grain boundaries( β GBs). Accumulation of the cracks at prior β GB caused the shear fracture. In case of Z-direction specimen, parallel orientation of prior β GB and GB α with the tensile direction resulted in a homogeneous deformation. The high reduction of cross section showed the enhanced ductile characteristics at high temperature.     

Mechanical properties and fracture behaviors on 6061 aluminum alloy under shear stress state

The mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of 6061 aluminum alloy were investigated by the tensile shear tests and in-situ tensile shear tests with tensile shear specimen devised. The results indicate that many slip bands parallel to tensile direction are produced on the surfaces of the specimens. With shear strain rates increasing, the shear yield stress and shear ultimate stress of 6061 aluminum alloy remain constant basically, but the shear fracture strain decreases obviously. The shear strain rates have no influence on the fracture surfaces. The grain boundaries of 6061 aluminum alloy are the weakest area and microcracks initiate at the grain boundaries parallel to tensile direction under shear stress. With the shear stress increasing, the microcracks extend and coalesce. The fracture of specimens is due to coalescence or shearing between the microcracks.     

Effect of microstructure on impact toughness of TC21 alloy

The impact toughness of TC21 alloy after different types of forging and heat treatments was studied. The results show that heat treatment at 915℃ for 1 h followed by air-cooling can achieve the highest impact toughness. The crack propagation path of bimodal microstructure is different from that of lamellar microstructure. Boundaries of primary a grain are observed to be preferential sites for microcrack nucleation. With the increase of heat treatment temperature, the volume fraction of primary a phase decreases and the nucleation sites of microcrack at the primary α phase boundaries also decrease, the impact toughness value is effectively improved. The microcracks of lamellar microstructure are located on α/β interface, or the boundary of colony, and/or grain boundary a phase. The crack propagates cross the colony, or along the colony boundary, and/or along β grain boundary. The crack propagation path of lamellar microstructure is dependent on the size, direction of colony. The crack path deflects at grain boundaries, colony boundaries, or arrests and deviates at α/β interface because of crisscross a lamellar. Therefore the impact toughness value of basket microstructure is higher than that of Widmanstatten microstructure.     

IN SITU OBSERVATION OF DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE FOR SUPERALLOY GH169 UNDER COMBINED FATIGUE-CREEP ACTION

In Situ observation of deformation and fracture for superalloy GH169 under combinedfatigue-creep action is made by using high temperature metalloscope,it is shown that underthe test conditions the deformution takes place by merely of slipping,twinning and grainhoundary sliding,and the mode of failure depends on the microstructure of specimen.lntergranular cracks arise.from W-type voids produced by the stress concentration at triplepoint which could not be relaxed by the interior deformation of grains and the localdeformathm region along grain bounaries.And the crack propagation mechanism is thenucleation,growth and linkage of carities at the grain boundaries.Transgranular cracks formfrom deformatiom damages within the grain,and its propagation mechanism is shear rupturealong the slip phme.     

Effect of microstructure on tensile properties and fracture behavior of intermetallic Ti2AlNb alloys

The tensile properties and fracture behaviors of Ti-22Al-27Nb and Ti-22Al-20Nb-7Ta alloys were investigated in the temperature range of 25-800℃ Three typical microstructures were obtained by ifferent thermomechanical processing techniques.The results indicate that the duplex microstructure has an optimum combination of tensile yield strength and ductility both at room and elevated temperatures.Adding Ta to Ti2AlNb alloy can improve the yield strength,especially at high temperature while retain a good ductility.The study on crack initiation and propagation in dedformed microstructure of Ti2AlNb alloys indicates that microstructure has ikmportant effect on the tensile fracture mechanism of the alloys.The cracks initiate within primary O/α2 grains along O/B2 boundaries or O phase laths in B2 matrix,and propagate along primary B2 grain boundaries for the duplex microstructure.The fracture mode is transgranular with ductile dimples for the duplex and the equiaxed microstructures,but intergranular for the lath microstructure.     

EFFECTS OF MODIFICATION OF THE CARBIDE CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH GRAIN BOUNDARY SERRATION ON CREEP-FATIGUE LIFE IN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

Modification of the carbide characteristics through the grain boundary serration is investigated, using an AISI 316 and 304 stainless steels. In both steels, triangular carbides were observed at straight grain boundaries while planar carbides were observed at the serrated grain boundaries. The serrated grain boundary energy is observed to be much lower than that of the straight one. Therefore, the carbide morphology is found to be changed from triangular to planar along the serrated boundary to reduce the interfacial energy between the carbide and the matrix. The creep-fatigue properties of these steels at 873K have been investigated. The creep-fatigue life of the sample with planar carbide at the serrated grain boundary was found to be much longer than that with triangular carbide at the straight one. These results imply that the planar carbides with lower interfacial energy have higher cavitation resistance, resulting in the retardation of cavity nucleation and growth to increase creep-fatigue life.     

Fatigue behavior of uncoated and MCrAlY-coated DS nickelbased superalloys pre-exposed in hot corrosion condition

The effects of a MCrAlY coating on low-cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of directionally solidified(DS)nickle-based superalloy DZ125 were investigated. Before the fatigue testings, the specimens were pre-exposed in high-temperature hot corrosion(HTHC) environment generating by a burner rig at 850 ℃. The results show that the coating in hot corrosion condition has beneficial effects on the fatigue resistance of superalloy. Under corrosion condition, the MCrAlY-coated specimens tested have higher fatigue lives than the uncoated specimens at the same stress level. The coating failure results from fatigue process and numerous fatigue cracks were nucleated at the specimen surface, only one main crack propagates inward and the secondary cracks away from the fracture surface are perpendicular to the loading orientation.     

CREEP OF POLYCRYSTALLINE NEAR γ-TiAl WITH A LAMELLAR MICROSTRUCTURE

Creep of a polycrystalline near γ-TiAl alloy in two fully lamellar conditions is presented. A lamellar structure with fine interface spacing and planar grain boundaries provides improved creep resistance. The lamellar structure with wide interface spacing and interlocked grain boundaries has <1/2 the creep life, five times the minimum strain rate and greater tertiary strain.Creep strain is accommodated by dislocation motion in soft grains, but the strain rate is controlled by hard grains. The resistance to fracture is controlled by the grain boundary morphology, with planar boundaries causing intergranular fracture.To maximize the creep resistance of near γ-TiAl with a lamellar microstructure requires narrow lamellar interface spacing and interlocked lamellae along grain boundaries.     

Lamellar orientation control in directionally solidified TiAl intermetallics

TiAl-based alloys are potentially used as high-temperature structural materials with a high specific strength in the range of~900°C.However,the mechanical properties of TiAl-based alloys are extremely anisotropic with respect to the lamellar orientation of the microstructures.A balance combination of room-temperature ductility and strength can be achieved when the lamellar orientation are aligned parallel to the tensile stress direction.Lamellar orientation control of TiAl-based alloys by directional solidification technique has been widely studied in recent years.Two different directional solidification processes can be used to modify the lamellar orientation.One is a seeding technique and the other is adjusting the solidification path.This paper reviews the principles of the two methods and their progress.The influence of alloy composition and solidification parameters on lamellar orientation control is also discussed.     

Fracture behavior of high strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy

The fracture behavior of a permanent mould casting Mg-8.57Gd-3.72Y-0.54Zr(mass fraction,%)(GW94) alloy was investigated under different thermal conditions,including as-cast,solution-treated,peak-aged,and over-aged states.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and optical microscopy(OM) were employed to examine the crack nucleation and fracture model.The results indicate that the GW94 alloy shows different behaviors of crack initiation and fracture under different thermal conditions. During tensile test at room temperature,the fracture model of the as-cast GW94 alloy is quasi-cleavage,while that of the solution-treated alloy is transgranular cleavage.It is a mixed pattern of transgranular and intergranular fracture for both the aged conditions.Large cavities formed at grain boundaries are observed in the peak-aged sample tested at 300℃,corresponding to the intergranular fracture.Localized plastic deformation at grain boundaries is also observed and corresponds to the high elongation at 300℃.     

Influence of silicide on fracture behavior of a fully lamellar Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si alloy

The fracture behavior of fully lamellar binary γ-TiAl alloys is extremely anisotropic with respect to the lamellar orientation.For the fully lamellar Ti-46Al-0.5W-0.5Si alloy,the existence of silicide ...     

全层状TiAl基合金断裂机理原位观察

通过对裂纹与晶内片层和晶界的交互作用的原位观察,研究了全层状组织TiAl基合金的断裂机制。结果表明：裂纹萌发和扩展方式不仅依赖于片层与拉伸轴的相对取向,还受晶界取向的制约。当片层与拉伸轴成较大角度时,沿片层裂纹扩展是通过主裂纹与沿片层微裂纹的连接及剪切的过程;而当拉伸轴近乎平行片层时,跨片层裂纹依靠对界面分离和跨片层微裂纹这两种形式的微裂纹的连接进行扩展的,纵向交叉晶界有利于断裂韧性的提高,而横向晶界则不利于材料断裂韧性。     

In-situ crack propagation observation in fully lamellar Ti-49%Al alloy

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The fracture mechanism of a fully lamellar γ-TiAl alloy through in-situ SEM observation

Fracture mechanisms in fully lamellar γ-TiAl alloys were studied by investigating interactions between cracks and lamellae within grain or grain boundaries using in situ SEM technique. The results showed that the fracture mechanisms depended on not only lamellar orientation to loading axis but also the type of grain boundary encountered.     

原位SEM研究LDMD Ti-6Al-4V合金β晶界对拉伸断裂行为的影响

目的研究β晶界对激光直接熔化沉积(LDMD)Ti-6Al-4V合金裂纹形核或传播行为的影响,以澄清合金的断裂机制,为合金性能的改善提供理论依据。方法采用LDMD Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末,在Ti-6Al-4V基板上逐层堆积形成沉积层。沿沉积层扫描方向截取试样,在室温下观察样品的微观组织形貌,并对原位拉伸过程中的微观组织演化进行实时研究。同时研究β晶界对微裂纹萌生、扩展和断裂的影响行为,总结断裂机理。结果 LDMD Ti-6Al-4V合金组织宏观呈现出沿构造方向生长的粗大柱状β晶,β晶内由板条状α晶和整齐排列的具有相同生长取向的α簇组织组成,并有少量孔洞缺陷。采用原位扫描电镜拉伸样品时发现,在横向拉力作用下,样品最初在孔洞周围发生变形,之后裂纹的萌生扩展主要沿β晶界进行,β晶界对拉力起阻碍作用,造成样品的伸长率较低。拉伸过程中,微观组织主要沿着β晶界周围的α相变形,并且孔洞缺陷引起的应力集中使得缺陷周围变形最严重,变形方向与拉力方向呈45°。结论孔洞缺陷决定了样品的初始变形位置,而β晶界则决定了裂纹传播的方向,且由于拉伸试样的截取方向与β晶界相垂直,导致样品的伸长率较低,所以β晶界对样品的力学性能及断裂机理起决定作用。     

珠光体裂纹萌生与扩展的TEM原位观察

在透射电镜中进行动态拉伸原位观察珠光体裂纹萌生与扩展的微观过程。结果表明：珠光体裂纹萌生与扩展方式取决于珠光体层片和拉伸轴的位向关系。当珠光体层片平行于拉伸轴时，裂纹在渗碳体和铁素体中交替萌生，垂直于层片扩展；当珠光体层片垂直于拉伸轴时，裂纹在铁素体中萌生，平行于层片扩展；当珠光体层片与拉伸轴斜交时，裂纹通过渗碳体和铁素体交替断裂而扩展；裂纹也可以在珠光体团边界萌生和扩展。     

Cu双晶的循环形变行为与疲劳裂纹萌生：Ⅱ.疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展

用扫描电镜观察了受应变疲劳载荷作用的Ｃｕ双晶物的表面形貌，发现晶界是疲劳形变双晶是有利的裂纺萌生地点，在滑移带撞击晶界的地方，特别是在几条粗滑移带共同撞击晶界的地方观察到许多疲劳微裂纹；并且发现与平行晶界双晶相比，垂直晶界双晶有有利于疲劳裂纹沿晶界作早期扩展。     

In-situ deformation of TiAl PST crystals in TEM

The deformation process of TiAl polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals was in-situ observed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) with a tensile holder. Microcracks, resulted from different reasons, were observed to nucleate at several different sites. In many cases microcracks were observed to nucleate on lamellar boundaries and on the boundary between the deformation twin and the matrix. The intersecting parts of two deformation twins within the same TiAl lamella have been found to be favorite nucleation sites of microcracks. Microcracks were also observed to nucleate on the domain boundary of two TiAl domains coexisting in a TiAl lamella and at the triple point among TiAl domain boundary and lamellar boundary. It has revealed that cracks tend to propagate along the lamellar boundaries when the angle between tensile axis and lamellar boundaries is about 78°. When crack propagation was hindered, one or more microcracks nucleated ahead of the main crack. Then the microcracks grew up, connected each other and connected with the main crack through shear rupture of the ledgement between them.     

垂直晶界铜双晶的拉伸变形行为

利用数字图像相关法研究了垂直晶界铜双晶试样的拉伸变形行为,获得了拉伸过程中试样表面的全场变形分布。结果表明:试样整体变形呈"双颈缩"现象,试样表面的应变分布不均匀,晶界附近的应变水平低于晶粒内部的,试样总是在软取向的晶粒内首先发生塑性变形并断裂。借助扫描电镜(SEM)原位拉伸实验观察到在拉伸过程中滑移带不能穿过晶界。以上结果说明,铜双晶试样拉伸变形行为与组元晶粒的晶体取向和晶界的属性有关,软取向的晶粒更容易发生塑性变形,而大角度晶界在拉伸过程中具有强化效应,对晶粒的滑移变形有阻碍作用。