Spatial distribution of chromium in soils contaminated by chromium-containing slag

To evaluate the metal chromium (Cr) contamination of soil at a chromium-containing slag site by ferrochromium production, the contaminated sites, under slag heap, in the vicinity of slag heap and arable soils near the outlet of sewer channel, and unpolluted site 5 km away from one ferroalloy plant in Hunan Province, China, were selected. The concentrations of total Cr and water soluble Cr in bulk soil samples and profile depth samples were determined. The results show that the soils in the vicinity of slag heap have the highest total Cr content followed by the soils under the slag heap and near the outlet of sewer channel of the factory. The mean concentrations of total Cr in the top soils at above three contaminated locations exceed the critical level of Secondary Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in China by 3.5, 5.4 and 1.8 times. In most Cr polluted soils, total Cr has a relative accumulation in soil depth of 40-60 cm, but this trend is not found in unpolluted soils. The average concentrations of water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) in top soils under slag heap and in the vicinity of slag heap are 176.9 times and 52.7 times higher than that in the uncontaminated soils, respectively. However, water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) contents in soils near sewer channel are all low and the values are close to that in the uncontaminated soils. Although water soluble Cr (Ⅵ) content in soil profiles decreases with soil depths, it in soils under slag heap maintains a high level even at a depth of 100-150 cm. The results imply that the transportation of Cr (Ⅵ) can result in a potential risk of groundwater system in this area.     

广州市不同来源污泥中重金属的含量和形态分布特征

采集了广州市4个不同来源污水处理厂及1个工业废水处理厂的脱水污泥,分析污泥的理化性质参数和重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn、Cd)的含量,重点利用BCR法研究不同污泥中重金属的赋存形态。结果表明,脱水污泥中有机质含量较高,并且富含N和P营养成分。污泥中重金属含量差别较大,其中Mn、Zn、Cu含量高,其次是Ni、Pb、Cr,Cd含量最低,但5个不同来源污泥中重金属的含量都高出广州市农田背景值。除了S1污水污泥中的Cu、Cd及S1、S2、S5污水污泥中的Ni外,其他污泥中重金属的含量都低于国家污泥农用控制标准(GB 18918-2002)。BCR连续提取法表明,污泥中的Mn和Zn主要以酸可交换态及易还原态存在,Cu和Cr主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在,Pb大部分存在于残渣态,Ni和Cd的形态分布没有明显特征。     

Influence of sodium chloride and weak organic acids (flux residues) on electrochemical migration of tin on surface mount chip components

Abstract

The electrolytic properties of sodium chloride and no-clean solder flux residue, and their effects on electrochemical migration and dendrite growth on surface mount chip capacitors were investigated. The leakage current dependency on concentration of contaminants was measured by a solution conductivity method and compared with current measurements using DC voltage. The effect of electrolyte concentration and potential bias on the probability of electrochemical migration was investigated using a water droplet method on chip capacitors. The results from leakage current and conductivity measurement showed a difference which is caused by polarization effects, and demonstrated existing issues when indexing contamination levels on printed circuit board assemblies using a standardised solvent extract method. The experimental results showed that dendrite growth was dependent on the type and amount of contamination. The probability of migration becomes less dependent on the amount of contamination for sodium chloride at high concentrations. However, for organic acids from flux residues the migration probability shows an abrupt decrease with increasing concentration, which is attributed to a pH change in the condensed electrolyte phase.     

Influence of TiO2 Nano Particles on the Resistance to Corrosion and Mechanism of Cr2O3

Cr2O3-based ceramic composite coatings with a NiCr intermediate layer adding nano TiO2 particles were synthesized by Air plasma spraying(APS)followed further seal treatment.The coating samples were characterized by X-ray diffractions(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM).The corrosion behavior of coating was measured by weight loss in three solutions(HCl,NaOH,and NaCl).The relationships between the microstructure,corrosion behavior,and the content of TiO2 in coatings were investigated.When the content of TiO2 was relative high,the coating was composed of(Cr0.88Ti0.12)2O3 and Cr2O3 phase.Before sealing,the coating weight decreased all long in three kinds of solutions.However,after sealing treatment the coating weight decreased early but increased later,changed periodically as so.Polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) were performed to study the corrosion mechanism.The results showed that like organic coating,the corrosion of ceramic coating included three stages,in which the weight of samples decreased or increased corresponding to different physical and physical or chemical processes.The salt spray test showed the Cr2O3-based ceramic composite coating had an excellent decay resistance in marine environment.     

Chromium accumulation, microorganism population and enzyme activities in soils around chromium-containing slag heap of steel alloy factory

The environmental risk of chromium pollution is pronounced in soils adjacent to chromate industry. It is important to investigate the functioning of soil microorganisms in ecosystems exposed to long-term contamination by chromium. 45 soil samples obtained from different places of the slag heap in a steel alloy factory were analyzed for chromium contamination level and its effect on soil microorganisms and enzyme activities. The results show that the average concentrations of total Cr in the soil under the slag heap, adjacent to the slag heap and outside the factory exceed the threshold of Secondary Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in China by 354%, 540% and 184%, respectively, and are 15, 21 and 9 times higher than the local background value, respectively. Elevated chromium loadings result in changes in the activity of the soil microbe, as indicated by the negative correlations between soil microbial population and chromium contents. Dehydrogenase activity is greatly depressed by chromium in the soil. The results imply that dehydrogenase activity can be used as an indicator for the chromium pollution level in the area of the steel alloy factory.     

Influence of aluminium on the microstructure of Co based alloy coatings

Abstract

Coating contamination as a consequence of the diffusion of elements from the operating environment, accounts for the deterioration of a variety of mechanical components, and is particularly severe on those that operate at elevated temperatures. This study analysed the degradation of three Co based alloy coatings as a consequence of their contamination with Al. One Co–Cr–W and two Co–Cr–Mo–Si atomised alloy coatings, each with and without 5 wt-% aluminium powder, were deposited by plasma transferred arc on AISI 316L stainless steel plates. Accelerated aging at 600 and 1000°C contributed to the understanding of the effect of Al on the microstructure of coatings. Coatings with and without Al were characterised by laser confocal microscopy and microhardness. Dilution increased on coatings modified with Al due to the exothermic synthesis of aluminide compounds and the most significant microstructure modification was observed in the Co–Cr–Mo–Si coatings as primary Laves phase was almost suppressed. Accelerated aging tests showed that aluminium had a deleterious effect on the three Co based coatings although it was more pronounced in those processed with the Co–Cr–W alloy.     

中国高潜水位沉陷区采煤废弃物复垦农田的土壤特征(英文)

为了研究充填介质对中国东部高潜水位采煤塌陷区复垦土壤特征的影响,对采用煤矸石或粉煤灰作为充填介质形成的复垦土壤化学和微生物指标进行分析。结果表明,充填介质粉煤灰的存在能显著提高复垦土壤中pH值和含水率;在0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~50 cm土壤层,采用粉煤灰形成的复垦土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/TOC的比率高于采用煤矸石形成的复垦土壤;采用煤矸石作为充填介质形成的复垦土壤中,重金属As和Cr含量、土壤微生物碳氮比、呼吸熵等高于对照土壤和粉煤灰充填形成的复垦土壤;主成分分析表明,充填土壤中重金属含量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性能代表大部分复垦土壤特征。     

Steam oxidation resistance of two-layered Ni-Cr and Al APS coating for USC boiler applications

Thermal spray of Ni-Cr and Al coatings was attempted on modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, to evaluate their steam oxidation resistance. Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) coatings of 50Ni-50Cr as undercoat and Al topcoat were attempted with the aim that the pores produced by 50Ni-50Cr undercoat can be filled with Al topcoat during the steam oxidation. The steam oxidized samples evinced the Ni and Cr diffusion towards the Al coating structure and changed the topcoat in to the Ni-Al intermetallics. Though the two-layered coating exhibited an excellent performance against the steam oxidation for the base steel substrate till 3000 h of test, the top layers of the coating underwent significant internal oxidation.     

不同SPS烧结温度Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金的显微组织及力学性能(英文)

采用高能球磨和放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术,制备成分为Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)的TiAl合金块体,随后对TiAl合金进行热处理。研究在不同SPS烧结温度下制备的TiAl合金经过热处理后的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:高能球磨后的合金粉末形状不规则,粉末颗粒尺寸大约为几十微米。XRD分析表明,机械球磨后的粉末由TiAl和Ti3Al两相组成;烧结后的Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金块体主要是TiAl相,以及少量的Ti3Al和TiB2相。当烧结温度为900°C和1000°C时,合金的显微组织为双相结构,并伴随有一些细小的等轴γ晶粒和细小的针状TiB2相。当烧结温度从900°C上升到1000°C时,Ti-45Al-5.5(Cr,Nb,B,Ta)合金的显微硬度变化不大,抗压强度从1812MPa提高到2275MPa,压缩率从22.66%增加到25.59%,合金的断裂方式为穿晶断裂。     

Melting and solidification of TiNi alloys by cold crucible levitation method and evaluation of their characteristics

Abstract

The addition of Re, Fe and Cr into Ti–50 mol.-%Ni has been carried out to improve the oxidation and mechanical properties. The mono phase consisting of TiNi with the B2 type structure was identified in micro-alloyed materials proposed on the basis of the d-electrons concept. Experimentally, TiNi alloys were melted and solidified by the cold crucible levitation melting (CCLM) method. The TiNi–(Cr, Fe, Re) alloys with high purity and without contamination from a crucible were prepared, and the homogeneous microstructure was achieved by the diffusion mixing effect of CCLM even in the as-cast alloys which contained Re and Cr with higher melting temperatures and different specific gravities. The transformation from austenite to martensite phases occurred in all alloys below or above room temperature. Some alloys had the ability of shape memory even at room temperature. Ternary alloys showed a higher flow stress level compared with the binary TiNi alloy. On the other hand, the oxidation at 1273 K was promoted by the formation of titanium oxides (TiO₂) on the alloy surfaces. The oxidation resistance was improved by the formation of the continuous Cr₂O₃ film in TiNi–Cr alloys. The alloying effects by ternary elements (Re, Fe, Cr) in the intermetallic TiNi as well as metallic materials were explained well using two parameters used in the d-electrons concept.     

表面施加含稀土氧化物薄膜对Fe25Cr高温氧化的"活性元素效应"

研究了表面施加含有不同量Y     

An evaluation of the corrosion resistance and adhesion properties of an epoxy-nanocomposite on a hot-dip galvanized steel (HDG) treated by different kinds of conversion coatings

Hot-dip galvanized steel (HDG) samples were chemically treated by Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cr(III)-Co(II) and Cr(III)-Ni(II) conversion coatings. Epoxy nanocomposites were prepared using 2 wt.%, 3.5 wt.%, 5 wt.% and 6.5 wt.% nano-ZnO. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), pull-off adhesion tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to evaluate epoxy coatings properties on the surface of pre-treated HDG samples. Results showed that addition of nano-ZnO particles (specially 3.5 wt.%) can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the epoxy coating on HDG. Decrease of contact angle (φ) and increase of surface roughness (Ra) of the pre-treated HDG samples were obtained. Decrease of the value of φ was more pronounced when the Cr(III) pre-treated samples were post-treated by Cr(III)-Co(II) and Cr(III)-Ni(II) conversion coatings (CCs). The dry and wet adhesion strengths of the epoxy coating to HDG were significantly increased after the surface treatment of the samples. Increase of the adhesion strength and decrease of the adhesion loss were more pronounced on Cr(III)-Co(II) and Cr(III)-Ni(II) post-treated samples. The corrosion resistance of epoxy coating was also increased on the surface of pre-treated HDG samples. Increase of the corrosion resistance of the Cr(III) pre-treated HDG samples was more pronounced on the samples which were post-treated by Co(II) and Ni(II).     

Phase Transformation and Magnetic Property of Ni-Mn-Ga Powders Prepared by Dry Ball Milling

This study investigated the phase transformations and magnetic properties of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy powders prepared by dry ball milling in argon atmosphere. The Fe and Cr elements were found to be introduced in the alloy after ball milling, which should result from the severe collision and friction among the particles, balls, and vial. The x-ray diffraction result indicated that the Fe and Cr elements should have alloyed with the Ni-Mn-Ga matrix. The martensitic transformation temperature and Curie temperature of the 800?°C annealed powders decreased by ~33?°C and increased by ~28?°C, respectively, as compared to that of the bulk alloy. The comprehensive effect of the changing of valence electron concentration of the alloy due to the introduction of Fe and Cr and the grain refinement of the alloy caused by ball milling should be responsible for the reduction of martensitic transformation temperature. The saturation magnetization of the 800?°C annealed powders became larger (~5?emu/g) than that of the bulk alloy. The enhancement of magnetic properties, such as the increase of Curie temperature and enhancement of saturation magnetization of the annealed Ni-Mn-Ga powders, should be attributed to the increase of magnetic exchange caused by introduction of Fe in the alloy. The contaminations of Fe and Cr elements emerging from the dry ball milling process changed the phase transformation and magnetic properties of the Ni-Mn-Ga alloy. Therefore, the dry ball milling process is difficult to control the contamination from the milling medium and not suitable to prepare Ni-Mn-Ga powders. On the contrary, the wet ball milling method under liquid medium should be a better method to prevent the contamination and fabricate pure Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy powders.     

Surface physico-chemistry study of an austenitic stainless steel: Effect of simple cold rolling treatment on surface contamination

The surface physico-chemistry properties of stainless steel and the effects of a cold rolling treatment were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were carried out on rolled surfaces at different rates. Thus, by characterizing passive film chemistry and contamination layer, the modifications due to this treatment were quantified, in particular an increase of the ratio (Fe/Cr)_oxide is evidenced with the level of the cold rolling treatment. Moreover, based on an angle resolved analysis, a new model where the contamination layer is represented as isolated parts was developed in order to describe the geometry of this carbon contamination. XPS experiments show an iron enrichment of the passive film during the cold rolling treatment, which seems to be explained by a surface heating during the mechanical treatment. Therefore, the new island model puts in evidence the effects of ageing time and surface condition on the geometry of carbon contamination. Hence, cold rolling increases the thickness and the recovery of carbon contamination on the stainless steel surface.     

Casting of Iron Aluminides

Iron aluminides form an interesting class of materials which combine excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance with good mechanical properties at moderate to high temperature (up to 500 °C). These materials, however, suffer from low room-temperature ductility (under 5% elongation in tension), which is mostly due to environmental effects. Casting is a processing route traditionally applied to brittle alloys (e.g., gray cast irons), but to cast a part without defects, several thermochemical properties are needed, as well as information on the tendency of the alloy to form foundry defects (e.g., shrinkage voids, pores). The present work aims to provide this information using parts produced on laboratory scale. In particular, the solidification contraction and the efficiency of TiB₂ as inoculant are investigated. Three alloys with nominal composition (in at.%) Fe28Al, Fe28Al6Cr, and Fe28Al6Cr1Ti (about 1.5 kg for each melt) were melted in an induction furnace under argon flux protection using conventional raw materials (carbon steel, commercial aluminum, metallic chromium, and commercial ferrotitanium). The resulting melts were treated by adding Al-TiB₂ master alloy used in the aluminum industry and poured into “staircase” molds, designed to investigate feeding distance effects in complex parts. Characterization of the microstructure of the alloys revealed that alloys Fe28Al and Fe28Al6Cr showed κ-carbide precipitation, while alloy Fe28Al6Cr additionally showed chromium carbides at dendritic boundaries. Addition of 1 wt.% Ti in alloy Fe28Al6Cr1Ti changed the solidification microstructure, refining the dendrite morphology and forming TiC-containing eutectic in interdendritic spaces.     

Corrosion performance of a hot-dip galvanized steel treated by different kinds of conversion coatings

The anticorrosive performance of various kinds of conversion coatings including Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were studied on hot galvanized steel (HDG). The effect of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions was also examined on the Cr(III) coating performance. DC and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted when the specimens were immersed in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solution. The coating morphology was observed using SEM. Micro-cracks were observed on both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) treated samples. The results indicated a decrease in the corrosion rate of HDG when the Cr(III) or Cr(VI) conversion coatings were found on the surface. The greater anticorrosion resistance of a Cr(VI) treated sample (compared with a Cr(III) one) was obtained at low immersion times. However, a significant decrease in self healing behavior and therefore corrosion resistance of the Cr(VI) treated sample was observed at longer immersion times. The anticorrosion resistance of Cr(III) treated samples was significantly improved using Co(II) or Ni(II) conversion coatings on Cr(III) treated samples. On the other hand, a lower decrease in corrosion performance of samples treated by Cr(III) and Co(II) or Ni(II) was obtained after a long immersion time in corrosive environment. It was found that, the passive and barrier layer which the Co(II) or Ni(II) conversion coating can produce on the Cr(III) coating can superiorly improve its anticorrosion resistance.     

Fe-Cr-C系高碳高铬耐磨堆焊合金微观组织分析

研究了C元素含量6.0%左右时改变Cr元素含量和Cr元素含量40%左右时改变C元素含量两种情况下Cr及C元素各自对Fe-Cr-C合金堆焊层组织的影响.结果表明,C和Cr元素增加时,初生碳化物的量增加.初生碳化物随着C元素和Cr元素的增加,形态越来越规则,分布越来越密集,初生碳化物颗粒的单个尺寸增大.C元素含量6.0%左右,Cr元素含量增大时,初生碳化物微区Cr元素含量增加;而当Cr元素含量40%左右,C元素含量增加时,初生碳化物微区Cr元素含量反而降低.     

Protective Aftereffect of IFKhAN-92 Inhibitor for Corrosion of Nickel–Chromium Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

It is shown that the multimolecular protective layer of an organic inhibitor formed on the surface of chromium–nickel steel in an HCl solution containing a triazole derivative, the inhibitor IFKhAN-92, has a protective aftereffect in background solutions of the same acid. Such a protective layer is chemically bonded to the Fe, Cr, and Ni oxide and hydroxide phase adjacent to the metal phase. The lower part of the polymolecular protective layer of the organic inhibitor consists of a polymer complex formed by IFKhAN-92 molecules, metal cations (Fe, Cr, and Ni), and chloride anions, and the outer part consists of physically adsorbed IFKhAN-92 molecules, which are easily removed from the metal surface during ultrasonic washing of samples.

     

Preparation of Self-Healing α-Al2O3 Films by Low Temperature Thermal Oxidation

This paper reports a new approach to lowering the temperature necessary for the preparation of α-Al₂O₃. Oxidation of Al–Cr alloys, with Cr contents of 18, 23 and 27 %, was performed at temperatures ranging from 620 to 720 °C in air for 100 h. The resulting oxide films were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. The results showed that α-Al₂O₃ films were obtained following oxidation of the 18 and 23 wt% Cr alloy samples at 720 °C and that rough surfaces were conducive to the formation of α-Al₂O₃ such that peened surface samples showed significant α-Al₂O₃ growth while polished samples showed no oxide by XRD. A 23 wt% Cr sample with a roughened surface exhibited the formation of α-Al₂O₃ at a temperature of 670 °C. Conversely, only a very thin oxide film was observed on a 27 wt% Cr sample after oxidation at 720 °C.     

表面施加含稀土氧化物薄膜对Fe25Cr高温氧化的“活性元素效应"

研究了表面施加含有不同量Ｙ２Ｏ２的Ｃｒ２Ｏ３和Ａｌ２Ｏ３薄膜对Ｃｒ２Ｏ３形成合金Ｆｅ２５Ｃｒ在１０００℃、１０４ＰａＯ２环境中高温氧化的作用。结果发现含Ｙ氧化物薄膜明显降低了Ｃｒ２Ｏ３层的生长速度,而且含Ｙ复合氧化物薄膜的作用大于 Ｙ２Ｏ３薄膜,此时,Ｃｒ２Ｏ３层表面形貌发生了较大的变化,间接证据表明Ｃｒ２Ｏ３的生长机制的由阳离子向外扩散为主转变阴离子向内扩散为 主,通过表面施加含Ｙ的氧化物薄膜产生