Influence of melt superheat on breakup process of close-coupled gas atomization

In close-coupled gas atomization（CCGA）, the influences of melt superheat on breakup process are fundamental to obtain desired or finer powder. Based on a series of Cu atomization experiment under different superheating conditions, the influences of melt superheat on breakup process were studied. Experimental results indicate that as the melt superheat is increased to 150, 200, 250 and 300 K, the mean particle size （D50） decreases consequently to 34.9, 32.3, 30.9 and 19.7 μm. Theoretical analysis reveals that the primary breakup and secondary breakup processes are close coupled, and the melt superheat radically influences the melt properties, and plays a crucial role on governing the filming process of primary breakup and the atomization modes of secondary breakup. There exists a strong nonlinear decrease of contact angle of melt to nozzle orifice wall when the superheat is increased fi＇om 250 K to 300 K, leading to a marked fall of the film thickness formed in primary breakup, and D50 of copper powders is therefore sharply reduced. However, the log-normal distribution feature of particle size has not been substantially improved.     

Influences of Hot-Isostatic-Pressing Temperature on the Microstructure,Tensile Properties and Tensile Fracture Mode of 2A12 Powder Compact

2A12 aluminum alloy powders were hot-isostatic-pressed(HIPed) at representative temperatures for investigating the variation in microstructure, tensile property and fracture mode of the powder compact. It was found that the microstructure of raw powders changed from a dendrite structure to an equiaxed structure from room temperature to600 ℃. The liquid phase produced by the eutectic reaction in the powder was gradually increased and finally formed a liquid pathway that ran through the entire powder from 490 to 600 ℃. Prior particle boundaries were observed in the powder compacts HIPed at 490 and 520 ℃. The liquid phase in the powder compacts was squeezed into the powder boundaries and the triple points of powder when HIPed at 580 ℃. However, the liquid phase located at the triple points of the powder was forced out and moved toward a small powder particle by HIP pressure under an HIPing temperature of 600 ℃, which led to a decrease in the mechanical properties and relative density. Better comprehensive properties were obtained at HIPing temperatures of 490 and 580 ℃. The low ductility exhibited by the P/M aluminum alloy HIPed at different temperatures was believed to arise from a combination of the existence of oxide film on the powder particle surface and the distribution characteristics of the liquid phase. Finally, three typical types of de-cohesion were classified.     

THE PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTROPLATED SHEET CONTAINING RS ALUMINUM ALLOY POWDERS

1. IntroductionGenerajlyg the size of rapidly solidified ajuminum ajloy powders produced by ultrasonicgas atomization is from several microns to more than one hundred microns. There aresome difficulties in the studies of microstructure and properties of a single powder particle.For the observation under TEM, thin specimen of powders is needed. Microtoming canbe used to this purpose. However, the chattering lines and dislocations are introduced[1].Now, special techniques that incorporate powd…     

Effect of additional element and heat treating temperature on micro-structure and mechanical behavior of Ag alloy thin film

For Ag alloy film used for the storage media, it is required to have heat-resistance, anti-constant temperature and anti-constant humidity characteristics, corrosion resistance, while high reflectivity over Al is maintained. An Ag alloy thin film （additive element Pd, Cu, P） was created on glass substrates, and various heat treatment was conducted. Then, fine structure was observed on this thin film using AFM, and fine structure evaluation of the inside was carried out by the in-plane diffractometry and X-ray diffraetometry, and in addition, residual stress analysis was carried out. These results were compared and were examined, and fine structure and physical property in a metallic thin film were evaluated, and usefulness of evaluation method was verified.     

PRODUCTION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-QUALITY METAL POWDERS AND SPRAYFORMED PRODUCTS

Metal powders of superlative quality, i.e. high cleanliness, rapidly solidified and spherical shape, have seen an increasing demand in the market. The leading technology for the production of such powders is the inert gas atomization of metal alloy melts. To fulfill these requirements, the metal alloy is usually produced in a vacuum induction melting furnace (VIGA = vacuum induction melting/gas atomization) and poured by means of a preheated tundish system into a gas nozzle where the metal stream is disintegrated by a high kinetic energy inert gas jet. The produced micro-droplets solidify in a free fall inside the atomization tower. For special applications, super-clean and ceramic-free metal powders can be produced by using the EIGA (electrode induction melting/gas atomization) melting- and atomizing system.As an alternative to the metal powder route, the sprayforming technology allows to produce semi-finished products in one step. In this case, the metal droplets produced by the highenergy inert gas nozzle system are directly solidified on a substrate, allowing to form billets,rolls and tubes.     

Influence of powder characteristics on structure and properties of Ni3Al fabricated by spark plasma sintering

Three kinds of Ni and Al powder mixtures with nominal composition Ni75Al25 were employed to prepare Ni3Al alloys by spark plasma sintering（SPS） process. The raw powders include fine powder, coarse powder and mechanically-alloyed fine powder. The effects of powder characteristics and mechanical alloying on structure and properties of sintered body were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, bending test and Vickers hardness measurements. For all mixture powders near fully dense Ni3Al alloys （relative density〉99.5%） are obtained after sintering at 1150℃ for 5 min under 40 MPa. However a small fraction of Ni can be reserved for alloy from coarse powders. The results reveal that grain size is correlated with particle character of raw powder. Ni3Al alloy made from mechanically-alloyed fine powder has finer and more homogenous microstructure. The hardness of all alloys is similar varying from HV470 to 490. Ni3Al alloy made from mechanically-alloyed fine powder exhibites higher bending strength （1 070 MPa） than others.     

Powder Size Influence on Tensile Properties and Porosity for PM Ti_2AlNb Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Pre-alloyed powder of Ti_2AlNb alloy was prepared by electrode induction gas atomization method, and the powder was screened into fi ve kinds of powder size distribution. Fully dense Ti_2AlNb alloy was prepared by powder metallurgy(PM) using hot isostatic pressing. The properties of pre-alloyed powder and PM Ti_2AlNb alloy were tested. Results show that mean grain size of PM Ti_2AlNb alloy is infl uenced by powder particle size, but particle size has no signifi cant infl uence on tensile properties. Finer Ti_2AlNb powder has low Argon gas bubble ratio and high oxygen content, and poor fl owability of fi ner powder increases the degree of diffculty during degassing. As a result, big pores( 50 μm) are observed in PM Ti_2AlNb alloy prepared by fi ner powder and cause plasticity loss of tensile properties. In order to get a better comprehensive properties of PM Ti_2AlNb alloy, powder with an average size(～ 100 μm) is suggested.     

Characterization of Prealloyed Ti–6Al–4V Powders from EIGA and PREP Process and Mechanical Properties of HIPed Powder Compacts

Prealloyed Ti–6Al–4V powders were prepared by electrode induction melting gas atomization(EIGA) and plasma rotating electrode process(PREP) in this work. A comparative study of EIGA and PREP powders for hot isostatic pressing(HIPing) compaction was conducted. Characterization of important technological parameters such as particle size distribution, powder surface morphology and flowability was carried out. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V powder compacts HIPed from EIGA and PREP powders were also investigated. The results showed that the EIGA powder has a finer average particle size and higher tap density, while the PREP powder has better flowability and less pores. Micropores can be observed in heat-treated EIGA powder compacts by X-ray tomography and the porosity was found to be about 0.02%. There are no micropores(C4 μm) to be detected in heat-treated PREP powder compacts.Transgranular fracture mode as well as micropores contributes to the scatter in fatigue property of heat-treated PREP powder compacts. The respective advantages and disadvantages of both EIGA and PREP powders for producing Ti-based complex parts through HIPing were also discussed.     

Effects of combinatorial water atomization on microstructures and properties of Cu-Sn powder

A couple of additional cooling nozzles were assembled under traditional atomization nozzles in order to improve the process and produce the powder with fine microstructure and low oxygen. The influence of the process parameters on the properties of the powder was investigated. The results show that fmer powders with lower oxygen content and more irregular shape can be achieved by combinatorial atomizing process comparing with normal one under the same atomizing pressure.     

Morphology and microstructure of rapidly solidified tin-lead alloy powders

Sn60Pb40 al oy powders were fabricated using the planar flow casting （PFC） atomization process. By using OM, SEM and EPMA, the characteristics of the morphologies and microstructures of the powders have been investigated. It is observed that the environment of ambient gas in the atomization box has great effects on the morphology of the al oy powders. The microstructures of Sn60Pb40 al oy powders produced by the PFC atomization process are completely composed of eutectic, which is made up of both oversaturated αsolid solution and β solid solution. The microstructures of smal size powders are extraordinarily undeveloped dendritic eutectic, in which the large majority of the α phase appears nearly spherical, evidently since the cooling rate is higher and the under-cooling is larger. As for the large size powders, since the cooling rate and undercooling are relatively low, lamel ar α phase apparently increases in the eutectic microstructures of these powders, and there is even typical lamellar eutectic structure clearly observed in some micro-areas. After remelting tests by DTA, the microstructures of smal size powders are transformed, which become composed of large crumby α phase and eutectic （α＋β）, while those of large size powders change into classical tin-lead structures of primary α phase plus lamellar eutectic （α＋β）. By studying the microstructures of tin-lead alloy powders, a model has been proposed to predict the microstructure formation of Sn60Pb40 al oy powders.     

增材制造用高流动性铝合金粉末制备技术研究

采用自主开发的旋转盘离心雾化实验装置进行雾化制备增材制造用铝合金粉末实验研究,通过开展雾化盘实验研究优选出粒度分布较均匀收得率较好的盘形,并获得其结构和工艺参数的影响规律;通过对制得的铝合金粉末性能和3D打印成型件物理性能进行检测。结果表明:离心雾化制备的铝合金粉末具有高流动性、窄粒度、高球形度、高松比,表面光洁无卫星粉,无空心粉等特点,同时3D打印离心雾化样件熔覆道均匀,孔洞缺陷少,致密度和力学性能明显优于气雾化样件,尤其是抗拉强度和屈服强达到495和320 MPa,相比气雾化粉打印样件提高近10%。     

改性平面流铸粉末化过程的数值模拟

在传统平面流铸技术的上,研究出一种新的粉末制取技术－－改性平面流铸粉末化技术。将改性平面流铸粉末化工艺过程分为平面液流的形成、平面液流的破碎和金属粉末的形成3个主要阶段,对这3个阶段建立了完整的数学模型,并对Sn60Pb40合金粉末化过程进行了数值计算。计算了平面液流形成过程动态熔潭中熔融金属液的温度场和流场,以及所得金属粉末的尺寸,计算结果与实验结果相吻合。考察了喷嘴几何尺寸、雾化气氛气体密度等主要工艺参数对改性平面流铸粉末化工艺的影响。     

基于Laval喷嘴的层流气雾化法工艺参数探索及粉末性能研究

基于Laval喷嘴的层流气雾化技术可以高效制备高性能金属粉末,但目前对这种技术的各项工艺参数及粉末性能尚未有系统性研究。本工作使用基于Laval喷嘴的层流气雾化制粉设备制备了AlSi10Mg合金粉末,同时使用传统分析方法和X射线计算机断层扫描技术分别研究了雾化气体压力以及导流管内径对粉末整体形貌、三维形貌、球形度、粒度分布、物理性能及内部缺陷的影响,并结合数值模拟进行机理性解释。结果表明,基于Laval喷嘴的层流气雾化技术制备的AlSi10Mg粉末性能较好,由于在较高的雾化气体压力和较窄的导流管内径条件下气液流量比更高,金属熔体更易发生破碎,故制备的粉末球形度更好,粒度分布较窄,细粉收得率可接近50%,不规则粉末及空心粉较少。     

Sn60Pb40 solder powders produced by the planar flow casting atomization process

Conventional planar flow casting (PFC) is one of rapid solidification processes for the fabrication of microcrystalline or amorphous ribbons. Based on the conventional PFC process, the planar flow casting atomization (PFCA) process has been developed, which is a new rapid solidification process for the production of metal powder directly from alloy melts. A prototype experimental apparatus was designed and manufactured.With the apparatus, Sn60Pb40 alloy solder powders were prepared, and the effects of the main technological parameters on the powder size distribution and morphology were experimentally studied. The experimental investigations indicate that the metal powders produced by the PFCA process can be classified by velocity; and fine spherical tin-lead alloy solder powders can be fabricated by adjusting the technical parameters. The new PFCA process has such features as high productivity and efficiency, low energy consumption, simple operation,short technological process, and large gross yield.     

快速凝固雾化工艺对铝合金粉末形貌和粒度分布的影响

利用气体雾化法制备铝合金粉末,通过扫描电镜和机械筛分法对金属粉末的表面形貌和粒度分布特点进行了系统地考察.探索出一种较佳的雾化工艺.结果表明,利用气体雾化法制备的粉末,其尺寸及形状不是很均匀,粉体粒度分布呈正态分布.并对各参数影响规律作了比较讨论.     

Cu-20%Co合金雾化液滴的凝固组织特征

对Cu-20%Co合金进行了高压气体雾化快速凝固实验,获得了富Co相以微细球形粒子形式分布于基体的Cu20%Co合金粉末.富Co相粒子的尺寸随着粉末尺寸的增加而增大.在凝固过程中,富Co相液滴受固-液界面推斥;凝固后,Co相粒子主要分布于晶界.由于富Co液相的表面能较高,液-液相变时弥散相液核通常在雾化液滴内部形成,并在温度梯度的作用下向雾化液滴中心迁移,从而导致在粉末表面形成很薄的富Cu基体相层.     

气雾化制备Pd-Ag-Cu粉末钎料的研究

研究了惰性气体雾化法制备Pd-Ag-Cu合金粉末。在喷嘴结构不变的情况下，改变过热度、雾化压力、导流管的内径，导流管伸出长度都会影响到Pd-Ag-Cu合金粉末的粒度与粉末收得率。通过调整各项工艺发参数研究发现，提高过热度和雾化压力，减小导流管内径有利于降低粉末粒度，导流管随着伸出长度的增加，粉末粒度先降低后增加。各项参数都有临界值，不能无限制增大或减小，综合调整才能达到最佳制粉效果。     

两种3D打印用雾化Ti-6Al-4V粉末的对比研究

本研究分别利用水冷铜坩埚真空感应熔炼气雾化(VIGA-CC)和等离子旋转电极(PREP)两种技术制备出球形Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末,作者利用SEM、同步辐射CT扫描-三维重建和氩气含量测试等分析手段对不同粒径的Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末的孔洞缺陷和氩气含量、硬度值进行了表征。实验结果表明, VIGA-CC粉末粒度分布宽,细粉收得率较多,粉末粒度分布在40~180 μm之间, PREP粉末的粒度分布较窄,主要集中在110~180 μm之间；金属粉末内部的孔隙率、气体含量和孔尺寸随着粉末粒度的增大而增大,且同一粒径范围内VIGA-CC粉末的气孔概率多于PREP粉末；随着粉末粒径减小,粉末截面组织逐渐细化,其硬度值逐渐升高,整体上VIGA-CC粉末硬度值高于PREP粉末。     

高压水雾化法制备的高硅铝合金粉末特性

用高压水雾化法制备高硅铝合金粉末．并对粉末的特性进行了分析检测.实验结果表明、用该方法可制得含氧量低、粒度分布均匀、压制性好的合金粉末与同种合金的铸造试样相比,粉末的显微组织得到了显著细化,Si相的形态、尺寸及分布得到了明显改善,其α-Al基体因合金元素固溶度的提高得到了显著强化