基于复合搅拌摩擦焊的6063铝合金焊接接头残余应力控制研究

分别采用普通搅拌摩擦焊和带随焊旋转滚压装置及随焊水雾冷却装置的复合式搅拌摩擦焊对6063铝合金薄板进行焊接试验,并对两组试验的纵向残余应力数据进行对比分析。试验结果表明:普通搅拌摩擦焊接焊后试样的最大纵向残余应力是拉应力,其值为83.6 MPa,位于前进侧的搅拌头轴肩边缘处。前进侧与返回侧两侧的纵向残余应力基本对称,从焊缝中心到边缘,纵向残余应力由小变大后再变小,最后转变为压应力;复合搅拌摩擦焊接焊后试样的最大纵向残余应力比普通搅拌摩擦焊减小了38.9 MPa,其分布与普通搅拌摩擦焊时基本相同,但其变化范围窄。这说明随焊旋转滚压装置及随焊水雾冷却装置能有效减小纵向残余应力,从而能减小焊后变形,提高搅拌摩擦焊接接头质量。     

高速列车铝合金车体枕梁搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布特征

采用超声波法对铝合金枕梁部件搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头和熔化极气保护焊(MIG)接头分别进行了残余应力测量。结果表明,FSW固相焊接头的纵向应力和横向应力均为拉伸残余应力,其中纵向应力水平远高于横向应力。纵向应力在FSW焊缝两侧呈不对称分布特征,在搅拌头的前进侧应力值较高,而在返回侧应力值较低,最高应力位于前进侧的轴肩作用边缘处。MIG熔化焊接头在焊缝及近缝区的纵向应力和横向应力也为拉伸残余应力,且在MIG焊缝两侧呈对称分布特征,其中纵向应力高于横向应力,最高应力位于焊缝及热影响区。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力分布

采用小孔法对3 mm厚2024-T4铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的残余应力分布规律进行研究.为了衡量钻孔引入应变对结果的影响,测量了退火2024铝合金板钻孔产生的应变,将其作为附加应变对焊接试件上测得的应变结果进行修正.结果表明,在试验条件下得到的焊接接头的残余应力以纵向应力为主,横向应力相对很小;纵向高应力区集中在轴肩作用区域,呈不对称分布,前进侧应力高于返回侧,在轴肩作用区域之外应力值迅速降低,在距焊缝中心较远的区域转变为压应力;纵向残余应力峰值为164.5 MPa.分析认为,机械搅拌和焊接温度场的叠加作用造成焊缝两侧纵向残余应力的不对称分布.     

铝/镁搅拌摩擦焊异质接头热-力场仿真研究

铝合金和镁合金在多材料结构中的混合应用可有效实现轻量化效果,以搅拌摩擦焊为代表的新型固相焊接技术在铝/镁异种合金连接中的应用是焊接领域的研究热点。文中基于扭矩热源模型,利用Abaqus软件分析了搅拌头转速对6061铝合金/AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头热-力场的影响。结果表明:受搅拌头产热和热传导散热的共同作用,接头表面和横截面温度场分别呈椭圆状和碗状,焊缝前进侧温度高于后退侧。接头残余应力主要由纵向应力和横向应力构成,轴肩边缘同时受热应力和机械应力的作用而具有应力峰值。此外,接头峰值温度和残余应力值均随搅拌头转速的提高表现出不同程度的增大。相关研究结果可为铝/镁异种合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数的设计与优化提供理论指导。     

搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力的试验

搅拌摩擦焊是 90年代出现的一种新型焊接技术 ,特别适用于熔化焊接性差的铝合金等材料。搅拌摩擦焊接头的纵向残余应力分布具有高应力梯度的特点 ,传统的应变片钻孔法不能满足测量要求。提出了云纹干涉钻孔法测量非均匀分布残余应力的计算公式和试验方法。该方法由云纹干涉法测量钻孔释放的位移条纹 ,通过确定孔边待测区域内三个测量点的条纹值 ,可直接得到该区域内的残余应力。利用该方法测量了铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊接头纵向残余应力沿深度和横向的分布 ,其分布规律表现为在搅拌带内为拉应力 ,搅拌带外残余应力的值迅速下降 ,并变为压应力以保持平衡。     

车体铝合金熔化极气体保护焊与搅拌摩擦焊残余应力研究

采用小孔法分别对6 mm厚度7020铝合金的熔化极气体保护焊及搅拌摩擦焊对接接头的残余应力进行了测试。结果表明,用两种焊接方法得到的焊接接头,其纵向应力均大于横向应力,对比7020铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头和熔化极气体保护焊接头中的纵向残余应力,发现搅拌摩擦焊接头的纵向残余应力峰值要远远小于熔化极气体保护焊接头中纵向残余应力峰值。搅拌摩擦焊接头的最大纵向残余应力为50 MPa,而熔化极气体保护焊接头的纵向残余应力最大值已经达到了90MPa。     

铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊残余应力超声波法测量

开发了静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊装置,在焊接过程中搅拌装置外部轴肩不旋转,内部搅拌针旋转,获得了无弧纹的搅拌摩擦焊缝表面。焊接了6系列铝合金挤压型材和7系列平板对接定轴肩搅拌摩擦焊试件,使用超声波焊接残余应力测量方法对静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊残余应力场进行了测量。测量结果表明搅拌摩擦焊残余应力最大值可达母材抗拉强度的66%左右,应力峰值不低于弧焊,纵向残余应力最大值产生在焊缝热影响区边界附近,横向残余应力值低于纵向残余应力。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力测试分析

采用小孔法研究厚2 mm的6061-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊对接接头残余应力的分布规律,分别测量接头处垂直、平行于焊缝的残余应力,并进行了计算分析。结果显示,搅拌摩擦焊接头残余应力在焊缝及其附近区域无论是垂直还是在平行焊缝方向的均承受压应力,且随小孔深度的增加而增加。垂直和平行于焊缝方向的残余应力呈现出周期性分布,且它们在前进侧的周期相比于后退侧较小;残余应力在焊缝两侧呈不对称分布,后退侧应力值较高,其残余应力峰值出现在后退侧轴肩作用区域边缘处,其值分别为93 MPa和100 MPa。     

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊温度场及残余应力场分析

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊是一项在搅拌摩擦焊的搅拌头上添加轴向高频振动的新技术. 以6 mm厚7075铝合金材料为研究对象,建立了超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊与普通搅拌摩擦焊接的热源模型,通过ANSYS软件研究了轴向振动对焊接过程温度场以及焊后残余应力的影响规律. 结果表明,轴向振动的添加能够增大热输入量,提高焊接峰值温度且降低焊缝残余应力;在相同转速及焊接速度下,当振动频率一定时,焊接峰值温度和焊后残余应力随着振动幅值的增加而增大;当振动幅值一定时,随着振动频率的增大,焊接峰值温度及焊后残余应力也相应增加.     

不同焊接速度6005A-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织演变及力学性能研究

采用不同焊接速度对6005A-T5铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊,对其焊接接头的组织和力学性能进行研究。建立了焊接接头不同区域析出相的演变和力学性能之间的关系。在焊接的过程中,焊核区由于受到了足够的热输入,β″相完全回溶到铝基体。在后续的自然时效过程中逐渐形成GP区,这也是焊核区硬度上升的主要原因。热力影响区发生不完全再结晶,晶粒呈现拉长状,同时有大量的位错形成。热影响区主要包含Q"相和 β″相。当焊接速度下降时,焊接接头的强度随着β″相的回溶和Q"相的形成逐渐降低。焊接接头纵向残余应力的平均值要大于横向残余应力。当焊接速度增加,纵向残余应力的峰值随之增加,但对横向残余应力的影响可以忽略。     

Simulation of welding of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy by different yield stress models

To investigate the effects of strain hardening, strain softening and dynamic balance behaviors of 2A12-T4 aluminum alloy on the welding residual plastic strain and residual stresses, the true stress-true strain curves at different temperature of certain material were used in the FEM modeling process. The simulation results show that little influence on the welding residual plastic strain and residual stresses was found as the strain hardening, strain softening and dynamic balance worked together.     

Residual stresses simulation for friction stir welded joint

Abstract

As a solid state joining technique, friction stir welding (FSW) can produce high strength, low distortion joints efficiently. Compared to fusion welding, residual stresses in FSW joints are expected to be low due to a relatively low heat input. However, apart from the heat input, the force from the tool also plays an important role in the development of welding stresses. In the present paper, a semicoupled thermomechanical finite element model containing both thermal load and mechanical load was established to simulate the development of welding stresses during FSW process; an autoadapting heat source model was employed in the thermal analysis; the fixture was also included in the mechanical analysis model. The simulation results showed that due to the effect of the tool force, the longitudinal residual tensile stresses became smaller and were asymmetrically distributed at different sides of the weld centre; the peak of the tensile residual stresses at the retreating side was lower than that at the advancing side. Calculated and experimental results were compared.     

焊接热循环和变形历史相关的A7N01-T6本构关系

建立了与焊接热循环温度和热变形历史相关的铝合金本构关系,利用MSC.MARC二次开发接口和Fortran语言,以塑性变形有限元计算增量理论为基础,开发了适用于焊接过程的材料本构关系用户子程序.采用弹塑性(混合硬化)和蠕变性质(应变软化)描述低温应变硬化特征和高温动态回复及再结晶引起的应变软化特征,不同温度的本构关系形式一致而参数不同.结果表明,焊件的残余应力和应变结果与理论结果吻合良好.与采用理想弹塑性本构关系相比,采用新开发的本构关系,高温应变软化和低温应变硬化导致等效残余应力基本不变,纵向残余压缩塑性应变较大,相应的焊接残余变形也较大.     

Effect of high pressure rolling on weld-induced residual stresses

Abstract

The formation of large residual stresses continues to be a problematic side effect of all common welding processes. In this work, localised high pressure rolling of gas metal arc welds to relieve these residual stresses has been investigated using strain gauging and neutron diffraction. Rolling was found to remove undesirable tensile stresses and even induce large compressive ones, though only when applied after rather than during welding. Strain measurements taken during combined welding and rolling operations show that this is because material at the weld line continues to yield as it cools. This erases any beneficial effect on the stress distribution of rolling at high temperature. A method of rolling using an oscillating force is also presented and found to be just as effective as the equivalent static force process.     

V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发热-弹-塑性有限元方法模拟了V形坡口和K形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢多层焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形.同时采用试验的方法测量了接头的残余应力和角变形.计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性.数值结果表明,不同坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢接头的Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布均出现不连续性,且SUS304侧的高拉伸残余应力区明显宽于Q345侧;K形坡口开口朝向Q345侧相较于开口朝向SUS304侧的接头,Q345/焊缝交界处附近的峰值应力和高拉伸残余应力区均明显较小.试验和数值结果表明,坡口形式对接头的角变形有明显的影响.     

Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的分析

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟Q345/SUS304异种钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验方法测量了焊接接头的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形. 计算得到的残余应力、横向收缩和角变形与实测值吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 结果表明,Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布有明显的不连续性,靠近交界处Q345侧的较窄范围内纵向拉伸应力明显低于该区的两侧;SUS304侧的高纵向拉伸应力区明显宽于Q345侧. 此外,试验和数值分析表明,Q345/SUS304异质接头有较明显的角变形.     

Evolution of residual stresses in dissimilar steel surfacing layers during process of post-weld heat treatment

Abstract

Residual stress relaxation during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is a thermodynamic process, which is affected not only by the heat treatment process, but also by the welding residual stress. In this study, the residual stresses in as welded and heat treated surfacing metal were measured using blind hole and X-ray method. The results reveal that the welding residual stresses are compressive at the surface of the weld and tensile at inner weld. However, after PWHT, the residual stresses at surface and inner weld change to the opposite state. Finite element simulations show that the differences of expansion coefficients between base metal and filler material are the main factor to the changes of stress state. The experimental results verify that the expansion coefficients of base metal and filler materials have been changed greatly after long soaking at high temperature.     

BT20钛合金电子束热处理残余应力计算

利用三维有限元分析软件，模拟了BT20钛合金薄板焊态和焊后电子束局部热处理的实际焊接温度场以及残余应力的分布。结合数值计算，讨论了不同的热处理方式以及热处理工艺参数对焊接接头残余应力分布的影响。结果表明，在钛合金薄板焊缝的背面进行电子束局部热处理，可以显著降低焊缝中心处的残余拉应力。数值计算结果还表明，在其它工艺参数相同的情况下，随着局部热处理加热宽度和加热时间的增加，焊缝及近缝区的纵向残余应力随之降低，同时产生残余应力的范围也随之增大。     

T型焊接试件焊接残余应力分布的测定

为了掌握钢结构中焊接残余应力的具体分布状态,采用基于逆磁致伸缩效应原理的无损检测方法,利用磁测应力仪对T型焊接试件焊缝附近不同层深处的焊接残余应力进行了实际测量,得到了距焊件表面1、1.5和2 mm三个不同层深的焊接残余应力分布规律,并和基于有限元法的数值模拟计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,焊缝附近区域残余应力较大,随着层深的增加,横向和纵向残余应力均由压应力逐渐过渡为拉应力,而纵向残余应力在远离焊缝中心的区域内,则改由拉应力过渡为压应力.     

Porosity reduction in CO2 laser welding of aluminium alloys ‐ Influence of penetration,joint, oxygen gas and oxide films

This study aims to ensure the safety of nuclear power plants. The accidents involving leaks from the welded zones at the pipe penetration part of a reactor vessel or at a coolant pipe are reported at home and abroad. One of the main causes is the welding residual stress. So, it is important to know the welding residual stress for maintaining high safety of the plants, the estimation of plant's life cycle and the plan of maintenance. The welded joints of the nuclear power plants have complex shapes, and the welding residual stresses also have complex distributions three-dimensionally. In this study, the inherent strain method combined with finite element method is used to measure the welding residual stresses accurately.

The mock-up is idealized for the welded joint at the pipe penetration part of the actual reactor vessel. The inherent strain method is applied to measure the residual stresses. In this method, the inherent strains are unknowns. When the residual stresses are distributed complexly in a three-dimensional stress-state, the number of unknowns becomes very large. So, the inherent strains are expressed with some functions to decrease the number largely. The theory, the experiment process and the analysed results are explained. The characteristics of the distributions of residual stresses and their production mechanisms are discussed. The inherent strain method gives the most probable values and the deviations of the residual stresses. The deviations are small enough for the most probable values. It assures the high reliability of the estimated results.