新型1500MPa级高强钢的氢脆敏感性研究

根据钢材组织设计的思想，通过优化成分和工艺设计、研制出一种新的1500MPa级高强纲。采用阴极电解充氢的方法对其氢脆敏感性进行了研究，并与同一强度级别的42CrMo高强钢进行了对比。结果表明，所设计的1500MPa级高强钢的氢脆敏感性低于传统的42CrMo高强钢。SEM断口观察显示，两者的断口形貌也不同，1500MPa级高强纲为准解理断裂，而42CrMo高强钢为沿晶断裂。断口金相表明，前者的裂纹主要沿着贝氏体/马氏体（B/M）边界扩展，断裂模式为板条界分离，后者的裂纹沿着晶界扩展。对1500MPa级高强钢进行了TEM观察，发现其组织为贝氏体/马氏体复相组织，残留奥氏体以薄膜状存在贝氏体内部及贝氏体条片、马氏体板条间。     

1500 MPa级40CrNi3MoV钢的氢脆敏感性

通过慢应变速率拉伸实验研究了Si含量分别为0.25%和1.16%的1500 MPa级40CrNi3MoV钢的氢脆敏感性,即充氢后缺口试样抗拉强度下降率,冲击实验用来测试1 mA/cm2电流密度下充氢后试样的断裂韧性值,分析氢致裂纹的扩展方式.结果表明,由于Si抑制回火过程中碳化物的形核和长大,高Si含量的40CrNi3MoV钢中回火析出的碳化物被细化且弥散分布,作为氢陷阱使氢分布均匀,抑制了氢向裂纹尖端扩散,高Si含量的40CrNi3MoV钢的氢脆敏感性较低.     

回火温度对DP600钢氢扩散及氢脆敏感性的影响

利用慢应变速率拉伸和双电解池氢渗透试验,结合SEM、TEM、EBSD表征手段研究了不同回火温度下DP600钢中显微组织变化对其氢扩散及氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明,DP600钢的氢脆敏感性和有效氢扩散系数均随回火温度的升高呈下降趋势,这主要与钢中位错、小角度晶界等可逆氢陷阱浓度降低以及碳化物/基体界面、大角度晶界等不可逆氢陷阱浓度增加有关。其中弥散分布的碳化物使碳化物/基体界面捕获的氢原子分布均匀,导致试验钢的氢脆敏感指数由44.6%(270 ℃)下降至1.8%(350 ℃)。综合考虑回火温度对试验钢强度和氢脆敏感性的影响,DP600钢的最佳回火温度为330 ℃。     

STUDY ON HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF LOW CARBON STEELS

本文研究了15Mn,15MnVB及20MnVB三种钢在0.1NHCI水溶液中氢致断裂.三种钢、热处理后获得贝氏体、回火马氏体及F/M双相组织。用延迟断裂及断裂力学实验方法测定出σn—t_f及dα/dt-K曲线,结果表明:等温贝氏体抗氢脆敏感性最好,回火马氏体最差,F/M双相组织显著降低了氢致断裂倾向。     

1000MPa级0Cr16Ni5Mo钢的氢脆敏感性研究

利用升温脱氢分析(TDS)实验研究了1000 MPa级0Cr16Ni5Mo马氏体不锈钢的氢陷阱行为.同时,采用慢应变速率拉伸实验(SSRT)研究了该钢缺口与光滑试样的氢脆敏感性,并利用SEM观察了试样的断口形貌.结果表明,位错和晶界为该钢的主要氢陷阱,充氢后缺口试样与光滑试样的伸长率均下降明显,但强度变化不大.随着氢含量的升高,断口形貌由韧窝型韧性断裂向穿晶、准解理断裂,甚至向沿晶断裂方式过渡.由于C含量较少,该钢的不可逆陷阱含量极少,大量的可扩散氢使得该钢具有较高的氢脆敏感性.最后利用与Eshelby等效夹杂理论有关的氢致应力模型,验证了应力集中与氢含量之间的变化关系.     

低碳钢的组织与氢致断裂研究

本文研究了15Mn,15MnVB及20MnVB三种钢在0.1NHCI水溶液中氢致断裂.三种钢、热处理后获得贝氏体、回火马氏体及F/M双相组织。用延迟断裂及断裂力学实验方法测定出σn—t_f及dα/dt-K曲线,结果表明:等温贝氏体抗氢脆敏感性最好,回火马氏体最差,F/M双相组织显著降低了氢致断裂倾向。     

超高强度低合金TRIP钢的氢脆

研究了三种不同基体组织的超高强度低合金相变诱发塑性（TRTP）钢中充入的氢量及其对韧性的影响。这些TRIP钢．特别是具有贝氏体铁素体基体组织的TPIP钢，充入的氢量比常规回火马氏体钢要多。这主要与残余奥氏体吸收多量氢溶质有关。TRIP钢、特别是退火马氏体基体组织TRIP钢的氢脆被大大地抑制。可以认为，导致钢中氢脆性低的原因是大量的氢进入了残余奥氏体，均匀细小的组织，残余奥氏体的TRIP效应和出现准韧窝断口。     

新型含Cu管线钢的抗氢致开裂性能

对比研究了传统X80管线钢和新型含Cu管线钢的氢致开裂敏感性。结果表明,传统X80管线钢抗氢致开裂性能不佳,氢致裂纹主要沿着马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)岛与基体界面扩展;而不同Cu含量的新型管线钢具有优异的抗氢致开裂性能,表现为氢致开裂实验后无裂纹出现。分析认为,含Cu管线钢中的纳米尺寸富Cu相提供了捕获H的有利陷阱,这种均匀弥散析出的细小富Cu相为H的分布提供了众多位置,有助于避免在局部区域产生很高的H富集而发生微观区域氢脆。纳米尺寸富Cu相作为有利氢陷阱为研发高强度兼具优异抗氢致开裂性能的新型管线钢提供了新思路。     

钙对空冷无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体钢25Mn2SiCrCa组织性能的影响

研究了添加微量钙0.006%对新型高强高韧空冷无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体钢25Mn2SiCrCa组织和性能的影响。结果表明,微量钙的加入不会改变实验钢的无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体组织,且对钢的强度、硬度和冲击韧性影响不大。但是,经340℃以下中低温回火后0.006%钙的加入显著降低钢的氢脆敏感性,提高钢的抗延迟断裂性能。微钙钢25Mn2SiCrCa经280℃回火后,氢脆敏感性指数由不含钙钢25Mn2SiCr的53%降至27%,经340℃回火后,氢脆敏感性指数从25Mn2SiCr的48%降至17%。     

电化学充氢对Cr15铁素体不锈钢和304奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响

研究了充氢时间、充氢电流密度、晶体结构对不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明:对于铁素体不锈钢,随着充氢时间的延长、电流密度的增大,塑性显著降低,氢脆敏感性大幅度增加;通过SEM观察实验钢断口形貌,断裂类型由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。而相同条件下,奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性较低,抗氢脆性能较好。充氢后实验钢表面存在大量H,且氢含量随试样深度逐渐降低,晶界可能作为氢陷阱影响实验钢的氢脆敏感性。     

Stress corrosion cracking of bainite 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel in acid rain simulated solution

The effect of carbon content, heat treatment and surface treatment of high strength aircraft 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel on susceptibility to pitting corrosion, on hydrogen transport and on hydrogen embrittlement has been studied in acid rain simulated solution. Under open circuit conditions, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is associated with susceptibility to pitting corrosion and decreases with decreasing carbon content and at application of shot peening. Susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement governed by hydrogen trapping is promoted by carbon segregation at boundaries of bainite laths and parent austenite grains. Decrease in the carbon content caused the decrease in hydrogen trapping resulting in increasing resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Shot peening increased the trapping efficiency within the deformed layer, but the presence of the shot peened layer decreased the hydrogen flux entering the core and thus decreased the susceptibility of the core to hydrogen embrittlement. The shot peened low carbon steel, exhibiting mechanical properties required by the appropriate Standard and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be considered to replace the standard 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni steel for the aircraft parts.     

回火温度对含Nb低合金高强度钢氢行为的影响

采用X射线衍射、电化学氢渗透和动态充氢拉伸试验研究了含Nb低合金高强度钢560、600和640℃回火的氢行为,建立了氢扩散系数、氢浓度、氢扩散激活能与氢陷阱密度之间的定量关系。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,试验钢的位错密度降低,氢陷阱密度降低,氢扩散系数增大,氢扩散激活能和氢浓度降低,氢脆敏感性下降。     

20g纯净钢中氢陷阱对氢扩散系数的作用

对理想晶体中的H扩散通量与充H时间的关系式进行修正,并用修正后的公式直接从实验数据中拟合H在材料中的扩散系数和穿透时间,结果表明,用理想晶体中H扩散通量随充H时间变化的修正关系式可以表征实际材料在电化学充H过程中的H原子扩散通量随充H时间变化的关系曲线,也可以用以研究实际材料中H陷阱对H原子扩散系数的作用.用修正后的公式对20g纯净钢电化学充H实验数据进行最小二乘法拟合,直接得到H原子在不同H陷阱状态20g纯净钢中的扩散系数和穿透时间.拟合结果显示:20g纯净钢中的不可逆H陷阱对H原子的扩散系数没有影响,只是延长了H原子的穿透时间,而可逆H陷阱则降低了H原子的扩散系数.     

The effect of microstructure on hydrogen permeability of high strength steels

Hydrogen diffusivity and trapping have been studied in two advanced high strength steel grades and model samples using electrochemical permeation test. Microstructures of CP1000 and DP1000 steels consist of ferrite, martensite and a small fraction of retained austenite. In addition, bainite is present in CP1000. Model phases with predominance of a particular phase have been prepared by specific heat treatment. DP1000 has shown the lowest diffusivity among all materials, while ferritic model sample has shown the highest. Differences in hydrogen diffusion coefficient values are linked to trapping microstructural characteristics and grain size.     

Role of microstructure, composition and hardness in resisting hydrogen embrittlement of fastener grade steels

The degree of hydrogen embrittlement for several fastener grade steels has been determined. While microstructural alteration resulted in some improvement in resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, the overriding factor contributing to susceptibility of the steel was strength. The degree of susceptibility of the microstructures to hydrogen embrittlement, ranked in increasing order, is as follows: fine pearlite, bainite, tempered martensite. The effects of alloying were also assessed by comparing results from different fastener grade steels with similar microstructures. In most cases, the alloy chemistry had little effect, presumably due to trap saturation associated with this testing technique.     

回火温度对含V、Nb高强度低合金钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用氢渗透试验和动态充氢拉伸试验研究了920℃冰水淬火后回火温度(560、600和640℃)对某含0.15%V和0.05%Nb(质量分数)高强度低合金钢的氢扩散系数和氢脆敏感性的影响,并利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电镜(TEM)观察分析回火试样的微观组织。结果表明,随回火温度升高,氢扩散系数增加,氢扩散激活能降低,同时钢的氢脆敏感性也降低,这是因为随回火温度升高,钢中作为氢陷阱的位错密度减少,从而使得氢陷阱密度减小,在相同的充氢条件下可扩散氢含量减小。     

Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility and permeability of two ultra-high strength steels

Slow displacement rate tensile tests were carried out in a saturated H₂S solution to investigate the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on notched tensile strength (NTS) and fracture characteristics of two ultra-high strength steels (PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel and T-200 maraging steel). Hydrogen permeation properties were determined by an electrochemical permeation method. The results of permeation tests indicated that over-aged specimens showed a lower diffusivity/hydrogen flux and higher solubility than those solution-annealed. The great increase in reverted austenite (irreversible hydrogen traps) together with numerous precipitates at the expense of dislocations (reversible) in the over-aged specimen led to such a change in permeability. Ordinary tensile tests indicated that four tested specimens had roughly the same yield strength level. Hence, the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the material could be related to their permeation properties. The uniform distribution of strong hydrogen traps in over-aged specimens instead of weak traps in the solution-annealed impeded the hydrogen transport toward the strained region, thus, the resistance to sulfide stress corrosion cracking was improved in over-aged specimens.