限定型高压扭转变形分析

利用量纲分析研究限定型高压扭转(HPT)变形的相关因素,在此基础上用有限元分析不同侧边摩擦条件和不同径厚比和不同侧面摩擦约束大小对纯铜试样角位移场的特点,讨论理想高压扭转公式适用的范围。量纲分析揭示,试样上变形与几何位置、径厚比、施加压力、材料弹性参数以及模具侧面的摩擦状况相关。有限元分析结果表明,可用幂函数形式的角位移约束来简化侧面摩擦,当幂指数不小于8时,试样上非HPT变形区域大小趋于稳定;当径厚比不小于5时,试样中心存在一个可用纯扭转变形描述的区域,非理想HPT区域大小不超过试样厚度尺寸;当径厚比不大于2时,试样上不存在理想HPT区域。     

摩擦对多轴压缩工艺的影响

采用刚塑性有限元法研究了摩擦对多轴压缩过程中压缩载荷、等效应变以及损伤值的影响.结果表明,随压缩次数的增加,最大压缩载荷不断增大;坯料内部等效应变分布呈环状,中心部位最大,外部最小:坯料破坏易于发生在与压缩后坯料最长轴垂直的侧表面鼓形处.在压缩次数相同的情况下,随摩擦系数的增加,最大压缩载荷不断增加,等效应变分布的不均匀性增加,坯料损伤值增加.以上结果说明摩擦对多轴压缩过程是不利的,应采取适当的润滑措施降低摩擦力的影响.     

铝合金浅筒形件冲挤复合成形模拟与优化

板料冲挤复合成形技术是一种板料成形与体积成形复合的近净成形技术,在汽车、电子和家电等领域具有广阔的应用前景.本文利用冲挤复合成形技术成形铝合金浅筒形件,分析成形过程中的速度场、应力应变场,得出成形特点.利用H-M断裂准则,结合DEFORM-3D软件子程序功能分析成形缺陷.利用正交试验分析凸模与板料间的摩擦系数、反顶力及压边力对裂纹缺陷的影响,再运用BP神经网络和遗传算法对工艺参数进行优化,结果表明优化后工艺参数能够抑制裂纹的产生与发展.     

Fabrication of Fullerene-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites

Fullerene-reinforced A1 matrix nanocomposites were fabricated by high-energy mechanical milling followed by consolidation through hot extrusion or high-pressure torsion(HPT). The results indicate that a relatively homogeneous microstructure consisting of elongated, micrometer-sized A1 grains is formed in the hot-extruded specimens. However, the microstructure is not uniform along the radius of the HPT disks, which includes coarse grains near the center of the disk and ultrafine grains in the middle and along the edge of the specimen. Microstructural evaluations of the HPT disks indicate that A1 grain refinement occurs due to the addition of fullerene, as grain size is reduced to 60 nm from 118 nm. The formation of the harmful aluminum carbide phase is not detected during the fabrication of Al/C_(60) nanocomposites. The hardness, yield stress, and ultimate tensile strength of the Al-2 vol.% C_(60) nanocomposites are about 27-160% higher than those of the monolithic A1 samples, revealing the effective strengthening of fullerene particles in A1 matrix. Moreover,mechanical properties of the Al/fullerene nanocomposites are significantly enhanced(59-272%) by utilizing HPT in comparison to hot-extruded specimens due to their much finer A1 grain structure. The reduction in the number and the size of the dimples, as well as the formation of smooth regions on the tensile fracture surface of Al/C_(60), results in their overall lower ductility compared to monolithic Al.     

不锈钢基板表面粗糙度对水膜吸附夹持的影响

目的从水膜吸附的功能研究出发,对不锈钢基板表面进行不同粗糙度处理,并测量不同基板对蓝宝石晶片的吸附力以及切向摩擦力的影响,从而得出粗糙度对水膜吸附效果的影响规律。方法通过砂纸打磨、研磨、抛光等方法,得到不同平均粗糙度(Sa=633.4、332.6、116.2、64.5、41.4nm)的不锈钢基板。利用接触角计对液滴在基板表面形成的静态接触角进行拍摄,得出不同粗糙度不锈钢表面的润湿性能。开发设计高精度的多维力测量平台,测量蓝宝石晶片在不同粗糙度不锈钢基板上润湿后的吸附力和切向摩擦力,并与未润湿的基板得到的测量结果进行对比研究,得出粗糙度对吸附力和摩擦系数的影响规律。结果5种粗糙度的不锈钢基板的静态接触角均小于90°,属于亲水性材料。水膜吸附条件下,吸附力大小随粗糙度的增加而减小;接触角大小随粗糙度的增加而增大,且吸附力的减小率和接触角的增大率趋势相似;摩擦系数随粗糙度的增大而增大。基板表面粗糙度较大时,水膜提供一定的粘滞力,使水膜吸附条件下比无水膜时的切向摩擦力更大;当粗糙度较小时,水膜更多的是润滑作用,此时比无水膜时的切向摩擦力要小得多。结论基板表面粗糙度较小时,基板能提供较大的吸附力,而摩擦力不如无水膜时的大;基板粗糙度较大时,吸附力相对较弱,但是摩擦力比无水膜的更大。在选择不锈钢基板作为水膜吸附夹持基板时,在保证足够吸附力的条件下,可以适当提高基板的表面粗糙度,抵抗晶片抛光过程中受到抛光垫的摩擦力。     

Energy absorption capacity of thermally sprayed aluminum friction dampers

When buildings are subjected to earthquakes, dampers are effective in decreasing their failure by absorbing the input energy. An objective of this study is to develop a new type of friction damper, on whose faying surface aluminum is sprayed, and the double friction joint is tightened with a high-strength bolt. When slip occurs on this friction damper, the slip coefficient is high and comparatively stable. Specimens of the friction damper were tested under static and dynamic cyclic loading conditions to investigate the effect of the condition of the faying surface on the hysteresis characteristics. The parameters of the test are thickness of sprayed aluminum, initial clamping force (contact pressure), loading program, type of sprayed metal, and sprayed side of the plate. Results indicate that relationships exist between the thickness of sprayed aluminum and the clamping force to obtain stable slip load.     

Effect of cold work on erosion–corrosion of 304 stainless steel

Slurry and single particle impingement experiments were performed to study the effects of cold work on erosion–corrosion properties of 304 stainless steel. The specific energies of crater formation on samples were calculated and it was shown that these energies are constant for samples with specific amount of cold work at various impact velocities. The role of frictional force and its effective path of action were investigated during the depassivation process. It was found that the coefficient of friction between the particle and the surface remains invariant regardless of the amount of cold work that is applied to the sample.     

圆凹坑织构对线接触摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响

根据摩擦试验中圆盘试样的旋转方向,用YLP-20型激光加工系统在圆柱销试样回转面不同区域(前端、后端、中间)加工规则分布的表面织构,利用UMT-3摩擦磨损仪进行单向旋转摩擦试验,研究表面织构分布区域对摩擦副摩擦学行为的影响。结果表明:在载荷10N、滑动速度0.003~0.628m/s时,不同分布区域的织构对摩擦副的摩擦学行为影响不同,相比无织构试样,分布于试样回转面中间部分的织构对摩擦副起到了减摩作用。这是由于中间织构通过形成局部流体动压润滑作用提高了摩擦副的承载能力,降低了接触表面的摩擦因数,同时通过储存磨屑,减少了表面磨损。前后端织构产生的流体动压润滑效应很小,磨损严重,导致其摩擦因数高于中间织构和无织构试样的摩擦因数。     

A computational study of strain inhomogeneity in wire drawing

Inhomogeneous plastic deformation that develops during wire-drawing, and its impact on the drawing force, are investigated with a computational method. The effects of critical parameters, including die angle, area reduction, friction coefficient, and material hardening are sorted out, and the accuracy of certain simple formulas presented in the literature is assessed. The results suggest that the redundant strains (strains beyond those necessary for area reduction) are dependent principally on the die angle and area reduction; the interfacial friction and the strain hardening tend to have little influence on the strains. In addition, the impact of spatial inhomogeneity in hardness induced by strain hardening from prior passes is investigated.     

激光表面织构化对45钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的研究表面织构对45钢干摩擦和乏油状态下摩擦磨损性能的影响。方法用激光加工的方法在45钢表面加工出不同面密度的凹坑织构,在UMT-2型多功能摩擦磨损试验机上以球-盘副考察凹坑密度在干摩擦和乏油条件下对45钢摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果在干摩擦条件下,织构密度在4%时,摩擦配副的摩擦系数最小,稳定摩擦系数为0.56。随着织构密度的增大,摩擦系数也逐渐增大,当织构密度增大至16.2%时,配副摩擦系数最大,稳定摩擦系数为0.72。在乏油条件下,织构密度在4%时,摩擦系数为0.39,小于未织构试样摩擦配副。凹坑密度增大后,其摩擦系数大于未织构试样,但是均在0.43左右。在干摩擦和乏油条件下,织构化试样的磨损率都小于未织构试样,并且随着织构密度的增大,磨损率先减小后增加,织构密度在8.1%时,抗磨效果最好。结论表面织构能收集磨粒,储存润滑油,从而起到良好的减磨作用。     

类金刚石膜对CoCrMo合金摩擦性能的影响

目的研究类金刚石膜(DLC)在不同工况条件下的摩擦性能。方法使用磁控溅射技术,在CoCrMo合金表面沉积掺杂Cr元素的DLC薄膜。通过X射线衍射能谱和拉曼光谱对DLC膜表面的化学成分进行分析,采用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)观察DLC膜的表面形貌,借助摩擦试验仪测试DLC膜在不同工况条件下的摩擦性能。结果薄膜表面呈现颗粒状结构,且薄膜表面粗糙度在10 nm左右,物相分析表明,DLC薄膜为非晶化结构。在牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和NaCl溶液润滑条件下,DLC/CoCrMo摩擦副的平均摩擦系数(COF)分别趋于0.08,磨损区域存在少量的刮痕;而在干摩擦条件下,摩擦系数曲线表现出由高到低的变化趋势,平均摩擦系数约为0.21,同时在销磨损表面能观察到石墨化转移层。当接触压力为1 MPa时,平均摩擦系数约为0.10;接触压力增加至8 MPa时,平均摩擦系数约为0.08。结论润滑条件下,DLC膜表面悬键被钝化,减小其与配副表面之间的相互作用力,因此摩擦系数较低;干摩擦条件下,石墨化转移层充当固体润滑层,最终导致摩擦系数呈现下降趋势。DLC薄膜对摩擦配副具有明显的减摩效果。     

Severe plastic deformation driven nanostructure and phase evolution in a Al0.5CoCrFeMnNi dual phase high entropy alloy

The effect of severe plastic deformation on microstructure and phase evolution was investigated in a dual phase Al_0.5CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA). For this purpose, the as-cast HEA was subjected to initial thermo-mechanical processing by warm-rolling and annealing. The annealed dual phase alloy showed FCC and B2 phases. The B2 phase was enriched with Ni and Al, while the converse held good for the FCC phase. These annealed HEA specimens were severely deformed by high pressure torsion (HPT) up to five complete rotations (R). The severely deformed HEA revealed nanostructured FCC grains containing nano-twinned regions and coarser B2 phase. The nanostructure formation in the softer FCC phase was attributed to greater strain partitioning and propensity for the formation of nano-twins. Although with increasing rotations, the hardness difference between the edge and centre region was reduced, the 5R HPT processed specimens showed inhomogeneity featured by intermittent hardness spikes. Upon annealing, recrystallized dual phase microstructure was confirmed in the 5R HPT processed specimen. Microstructural differences between centre and edge regions were revealed by way of large B2 clusters (5 μm-10 μm) at the centre region. Remarkably, annealing resulted in the formation of a (Fe,Cr) rich σ-phase. The formation of σ-phase resulted in much greater hardness inhomogeneity in the annealed material as compared to the 5R HPT processed material.     

钛合金表面大气压等离子体枪制备类金刚石薄膜

在大气下,采用大气压介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体枪在低温下(350℃),以甲烷为单体,氩气为工作气体,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备一层类金刚石薄膜(DLC),以期改善钛合金表面摩擦学性能。利用激光拉曼(Raman)光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了所制备DLC薄膜的结构;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察DLC薄膜的表面形貌;利用划痕仪测量了DLC薄膜与基体的结合力;利用球-盘摩擦磨损实验仪对DLC薄膜的耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明:在本实验工艺条件下沉积的类金刚石薄膜厚度约为1.0μm,薄膜均匀且致密,表面粗糙度Ra为13.23nm。类金刚石薄膜与基体结合力的临界载荷达到31.0N。DLC薄膜具有优良的减摩性,Ti6Al4V表面沉积DLC薄膜后摩擦系数为0.15,较Ti6Al4V基体的摩擦系数0.50明显减小,耐磨性能得到提高。     

The effect of vibration cutting on minimum cutting thickness

In the ultra-precision diamond cutting process, the rake angle of the tool becomes negative because the edge radius of a tool is considerably larger compared to the sub-micrometer depth of the cut. The effects of plowing due to the large negative rake angle result in an unstable cutting process without continuous chip. For this reason, it is important to determine minimum cutting thickness in order to enable greater machining accuracy to be obtained by fine and stable machining. It was previously reported that the critical depth of cut with a continuous chip was determined by the tool sharpness and the friction coefficient between a workpiece and a tool [S.M. Son, et al., Effects of the friction coefficient on the minimum cutting thickness in micro cutting, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 45 (2005) 529–535]. For the same edge radius of a tool, the higher the friction coefficient of the tool–workpiece, the thinner the minimum cutting thickness becomes. Therefore, it is believed that increasing the friction coefficient by a physical method would be effective to achieve thinner stable cutting. In this study, the possibility of reducing the minimum cutting thickness was investigated through changing the friction coefficient of a tool–workpiece. The vibration cutting method is applied to increase the friction coefficient. Experimental results show that the cutting technology is efficient for increasing the friction coefficient and decreasing the minimum cutting thickness. The minimum cutting thickness was reduced by about 0.02–0.04 μm depending on materials and vibration conditions.     

表面形貌对冷作模具钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的 为了研究表面形貌对冷作模具钢表面摩擦系数及磨损性能的影响。方法 用打磨和化学腐蚀法分别获得了光滑表面形貌和带有腐蚀坑的表面形貌,通过采用扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观察和测量表面形貌的分布和大小,研究了腐蚀时间对表面形貌的影响。通过对腐蚀前后的试样进行摩擦磨损试验,研究分析了表面形貌对冷作模具钢表面摩擦系数及磨损性能的影响。结果 试样NO.1、NO.3表面的腐蚀坑比NO.2、NO.4明显。试样NO.0的摩擦系数随着摩擦时间的增加不断增大,而试样NO.1、NO.2、NO.4的摩擦系数相对稳定,无明显增大趋势,摩擦系数最小的试样为NO.4,其摩擦系数相对NO.0降低了52.26%。试样NO.0的磨痕相对其他试样较规则,且磨痕上有鳞状物,而其他试样则没有,试样NO.0的磨痕两侧峰值较大,其他试样的磨痕曲线不是很明显。结论 采用浸泡腐蚀可以得到具有一定腐蚀坑的表面形貌,腐蚀坑的大小、深度与腐蚀时间有关,腐蚀坑的深度对摩擦系数有非常大的影响,腐蚀坑可以减少磨屑导致的二次磨损。合理的表面形貌可以有效地改善模具的磨损情况。     

A finite element analysis for the characteristics of temperature and stress in micro-machining considering the size effect

In this paper, a finite element method for predicting the temperature and the stress distributions in micro-machining is presented. The work material is oxygen-free-high-conductivity copper (OFHC copper) and its flow stress is taken as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature in order to reflect realistic behavior in machining process. From the simulation, a lot of information on the micro-machining process can be obtained; cutting force, cutting temperature, chip shape, distributions of temperature and stress, etc. The calculated cutting force is found to agree with the experiment result with the consideration of friction characteristics on the chip–tool contact surface. Because of considering the tool edge radius, this cutting model using the finite element method can analyze micro-machining with a very small depth of cut, almost the same size of tool edge radius, and can observe the ‘size effect' characteristic. Also, the effects of temperature and friction on micro-machining are investigated.     

带锯条临界进给力研究

文章分析了细木工带锯机在锯解过程中的受力情况，提出临界进给力是引起带锯机在锯解过程中出现偏移的主要原因，实验测试了不同锯条厚度和张紧力作用下的带锯条静态和动态临界进给力大小，提出了提高锯条锯割稳定性的工艺措施。     

Deformation and interface contact friction in metal shearing using inclined knife profiles

In industrial metal shearing operations, the profile geometry of knives has an important effect on the quality of the parting edge and the amount of shearing force involved. Compared to matching profiles (closed or open), inclined knife profile offers a lower shearing force and improves greatly the distortion at the parting edge. The degree of inclination cannot be chosen arbitrarily. Limited to certain optimum size, profile inclination is beneficial. The optimum size of inclination is dependent on the coefficient of knife-metal interface friction. In order to calculate coefficient of friction and also to facilitate the selection of other shearing parameters, evaluation of hydrostatic pressure at shear plane and interface contact pressure is of extreme importance. The evaluation of hydrostatic pressure and contact pressure necessitates a critical study of preshear deformation. In this paper, preshear deformation in an ideal shearing model has been briefly studied, using the slip line field concept, and corresponding hydrostatic pressure, contact pressure, and coefficient of friction have been evaluated. Formulae to obtain optimum size of inclination have been derived for shearing different shapes. Also, effects of section size and cutting speed are discussed.     

不锈钢光纤激光毛化及其摩擦性能

目的研究光纤激光毛化应用于模具表面,改善其摩擦特性的可行性。方法采用单因素变化法,研究激光功率、脉宽、频率、离焦量对毛化形貌的影响规律,分析毛化区域的显微硬度,并对不同形貌的毛化试样和光滑试样的摩擦性能进行对比。结果匹配特定的参数,可获得火山口形貌或球冠状形貌。毛化区域的硬度相对基材提高显著,最大提高了近4倍。同时,在模拟冷冲压拉深模具低速重载工况的摩擦实验中,毛化试样的摩擦系数比光滑试样大,同时随着毛化点直径、间距的增大,摩擦系数相应减小。结论激光毛化技术可对材料表面进行改形改性,能够用于优化模具表面摩擦特性。     

镁合金复合挤压工艺的有限元模拟

研究将普通挤压和等通道角挤压工艺结合而开发出的新型复合挤压工艺。采用有限元技术建立具有不同摩擦系数和不同转角的模型,模拟镁合金复合挤压过程,分析复合挤压力变化特征,以及挤压过程的应变累积情况。结果表明,摩擦系数增大或者通道角减小,复合挤压的挤压力和等效应变增加。摩擦和转角均会引起变形的不均匀性,摩擦因数越大,通道转角越小,其不均匀性越大。在摩擦因数为0.3,通道转角为120°时可以获得较大且均匀的等效应变。