等轴组织α-β钛合金热变形微观组织的表征(英文)

研究等轴组织TC11(Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si)合金在两相区980～800℃温度范围和应变速率0.001s-1,0.01s-1,0.1s-1条件下的热变形行为和微观组织演变。分析热力模拟参数对应力—应变曲线和微观组织演变的影响。并采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术测试表征变形组织的晶界特征。研究结果表明:在980℃变形时,β相是主要变形相,发生了不连续动态再结晶;同时,α相经历了变形促进下的聚集粗化(低应变速率)和溶解(高应变速率)的过程,即α相含量和晶粒尺寸随着应变速率的加快而明显减小。在950～900℃,0.001s-1应变速率的条件下发生超塑性变形时,变形主要集中在软的β相,以及相界和晶界处。在850℃时,α相是主变形相,变形微观组织的演变机理是α相的连续动态再结晶,β相起晶界协调变形的作用。     

粉末冶金碳化物强化铌合金组织演变及其力学行为

采用机械球磨与热压烧结相结合的粉末冶金法对不同球磨时间Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的粉末变形行为,微观组织结构和力学行为进行研究。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C复合粉末中的块状金属颗粒首先变形为片状后在碰撞挤压作用下破碎成絮状,TiC粉末均匀的分布于片状金属粉末表面;Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金由Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C两相构成,各合金碳化物体积分数均为11%左右,Ti元素主要分布于Nbss晶界和碳化物内,Al、Cr、V元素主要分布于Nbss晶粒内,Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C相尺寸均随球磨时间增加而尺寸减小;Nbss晶粒细化及强化相碳化物弥散化导致合金的室温压缩力学性能和塑性变形能力显著提高,压缩变形后合金Nbss与碳化物具有良好的界面结合能力,但是碳化物内部存在明显的近似平行分布的裂纹;数据对比表明,粉末冶金法制备Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的力学性能优于电弧熔炼法。     

Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe低成本钛合金的热压缩变形行为

为研究钛合金的热压缩变形过程中流变应力、显微组织等随变形条件的变化,对自行研制的Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe低成本钛合金在Gleeble 1500D热模拟实验机上进行高温压缩变形实验。对d 8 mm×12 mm的试样进行等温压缩变形实验,研究该合金在变形量为30%、50%和70%(对应真应变为1.2)、变形温度为800~950℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s 1条件下的变形行为、流变应力的变化规律以及变形条件对显微组织的影响。结果表明:该合金流变应力受变形温度和应变速率影响显著,流变峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低。采用Arrhenius双曲正弦模型确定该合金在本实验条件下的变形激活能Q=214.22 kJ/mol和应力指数n=3.81,并根据得到的参数建立相应的热变形本构关系为=6.91×108[sinh(0.011σ)]3.81exp[214 220/(RT)]。通过显微组织观察发现,在950℃、变形速率≥0.1 s 1时,发生再结晶现象,且随着变形速率的增加,再结晶现象越明显。     

Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B钛合金的热压缩行为(英文)

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对低成本钛合金Ti-3.0Al-3.7Cr-2.0Fe-0.1B的热压缩行为进行研究。采用的应变速率分别为0.01、0.1、1.0和10s1,选用的温度分别为800、850、900和950°C,试样的变形量最大为70%。结果表明:峰值流变应力随着温度的增加和应变速率的降低而降低;根据Arrhenius公式获得该合金在本实验条件下的本构方程为ε=6.1×1012[sinh(0.0113044σ)]3.35×exp(-261719.8/RT),并得到了该合金的加工图。当应变速率大于等于1.0s1时,合金内发生动态再结晶现象,且应变速率越大动态再结晶现象越明显。     

Formation of Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni Nanocrystalline Alloy with Excellent Corrosion Resistance: Phase Transition and Microstructure

In this paper, microstructure characteristics and phase transitions of Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni nanocrystalline alloy are comprehensively studied during the mechanical alloying and hot pressing sintering processes. Corrosion resistance of the sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni nanocrystalline alloy samples is further analyzed. During the mechanical alloying process, Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni nanocrystalline alloy powders mainly composed of metastable ferrite phase are obtained after mechanical alloying for 8, 16 and 24 h, respectively. In the subsequent hot pressing sintering process, the phase transitions(from ferrite to austenite) occur from 650 to 750 °C for Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy powders milled for 24 h. When the sintering temperature is raised to 1050 °C for 1 h, the ferrite phase has transformed into austenite phase completely, and the obtained grain size of sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy is around 40 nm. Electrochemistry test of the sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy has been operated in 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4 solution to show the corrosion resistance properties. Results show that the sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, which is proved by higher self-corrosion potential, lower self-corrosion current density and larger capacitive reactance, compared with that of commercial 304 stainless steel.     

TiAl基合金的高温塑性变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机在变形温度为1 000～1 150 ℃、应变速率为10~(-3)～10~0 s~(-1)的变形条件下,研究Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo(摩尔分数,%)合金的热变形行为.利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析合金在不同变形条件下的组织演化规律.结果表明:流变应力随着应变速率提高和变形温度降低而增大;在变形过程中,流变应力随着变形量增大而增大,当流变应力达到峰值后趋于平稳,表明合金在变形过程中发生了动态再结晶;热变形过程的流变应力可采用双曲正弦本构关系来描述,平均激活能为337.75 kJ/mol;从合金的组织演化过程中可以看出,合金中不均匀的原始组织得到明显均匀化,变形后的组织是由α_2/γ层片晶团和γ晶粒组成的双态组织,在α_2/γ层片晶团和γ晶粒的晶界交界处发现分布均匀的B_2相,并且随着变形温度升高B_2相数量逐渐减少.     

Effect of Grain Size on the Precipitation Behaviour in Super-Ferritic Stainless Steels During a Long-Term Ageing

A 27.6Cr-3.6Mo-2Ni alloy was solution treated and then aged for a long time to study the effect of grain size on precipitation behaviour by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that the average grain size increased from 46.3 ± 6.2 to 101.8 ± 13.5 μm and the grain boundary length per unit area decreased from 3.3 × 10~4 to 1.7 × 10~4 m/m~2 with an increasing annealing temperature from 1100 to 1200 ℃. After ageing at 800 ℃, the σ-phase,χ-phase and Laves phase were observed. As the ageing time increased, the σ-phase notably increased, while the χ-phase and Laves phase gradually decreased before finally vanishing after ageing for 400 h. The σ-phase precipitation kinetics curves consisted of two parts, and the grain size had a significant effect on the first stage of the precipitation curves due to the abundance of nucleation sites in the specimens with finer grains. The Laves phase was transformed from Nb(C,N) particles by Nb diffusion. As the ageing time increased, the ferrite phase decreased due to the transformation of the ferrite phase to the σ-phase, and then C was expelled into the untransformed ferrite grains. Moreover, new Nb(C,N) particles were formed by Nb diffusion from the Laves phase, resulting in the absence of the Laves phase.     

粉末冶金Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金组织演变及其力学行为

采用粉末冶金法对不同球磨时间的Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金机械合金化粉末塑变行为,热压烧结材料的微观组织结构和力学行为进行了研究。研究结果表明：塑性良好的Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V粉末随着球磨时间增加首先变形为大尺寸的片状、后经持续的加工硬化破碎成絮状;热压烧结能够制备微观组织可控晶粒细化的Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金,合金由单一的Nbss相构成,Ti、Al、Cr、V元素固溶引起Nb晶格尺寸减小0.0685 ?;随着球磨时间增加合金晶粒明显细化进而显著提高了合金的维氏硬度和室温压缩强度,其变化符合材料硬度和强度的Hall-Petch规律。粉末冶金制备Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V合金的各项力学性能明显优于熔铸法制备合金。     

The use of β titanium alloys in the aerospace industry

Beta titanium alloys have been available since the 1950s (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Mo or B120VCA), but significant applications of these alloys, beyond the SR-71 Blackbird, have been slow in coming. The next significant usage of a β alloy did not occur until the mid-1980s on the B-1B bomber. This aircraft used Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn sheet due to its capability for strip rolling, improved formability, and higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V. The next major usage was on a commercial aircraft, the Boeing 777, which made extensive use of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al high-strength forgings. Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn environmental control system ducting, castings, and springs were also used, along with Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (β-C) springs. Beta-21S was also introduced for high-temperature usage. More recent work at Boeing has focused on the development of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr, a high-strength alloy that can be used at higher strength than Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and is much more robust; it has a much wider, or friendlier, processing window. This, along with additional studies at Boeing, and from within the aerospace industry in general will be discussed in detail, summarizing applications and the rationale for the selection of this alloy system for aerospace applications. This paper was presented at the Beta Titanium Alloys of the 00’s Symposium sponsored by the Titanium Committee of TMS, held during the 2005 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 13–16, 2005 in San Francisco, CA.     

P92钢高温蠕变损伤分析

对650℃,100 MPa条件下蠕变1546.5 h的P92钢试样进行了组织热损伤及应变损伤观察,分析了蠕变孔洞形成机理。结果表明,分布于板条间的M23C6相的粗化不明显,保持较高的数量密度,晶界上粗大的M23C6相大部分消失,导致其体积分数明显减少。在晶界上析出密集分布的的Laves相,平均等效直径为320 nm,体积分数约为2.6%。在晶界上形成了单个分布的蠕变孔洞,蠕变孔洞的形成与晶界上析出Laves相密切相关。由于Laves相分布于晶界,其沉淀强化作用不大,使基体合金元素贫化,促进蠕变孔洞的形成而降低P92的蠕变断裂强度。要进一步提高新型马氏体热强钢蠕变性能的关键是抑制Laves相在晶界的析出。     

基于d电子理论的轻质Nb-Ti高温合金设计

分析了d电子理论在铌基合金中的适用性,改进了Md参数并进行了验证,对轻质铌钛合金系统进行了设计计算。结果表明:固溶强化铌基合金最为有效的元素主要包括W、Mo、Zr、Hf、Ta,铌基合金中加入相同原子分数的W元素的强化效果优于Mo元素;铌基合金中Ti元素的含量增多,会降低合金的高温强度;综合考虑合金密度、高温强度、抗氧化性等因素,通过d电子理论设计出轻质铌钛合金的最优参考组分为(质量分数,%):65.95Nb-17Ti-3Al-4Cr-5V-2W-1.5Mo-1.5Hf-0.05C。     

EFFECT OF Nb ON STRENGTHENING OF Fe-BASE SUPERALLOY AT INTERMEDIATE HIGH TEMPERATURES

Because Nb accelerates the uniform distribution of MC phase and the grain refinement,aswell as,increases the amount and stability of γ-phase,the tensile strength,ductility,stressrupture life and fatigue limit of Fe-30Ni-13Cr-1.2W-1.5Mo-2.5Ti-0.4AI superalloy at650℃ can be improved with increase of Nb content up to 1.22 wt-%.The precipitation ofsmall Laves phase particles dispersed along grain boundaries may be favourable to combinedproperties of the superalloy containing 1.22 wt-% Nb.It will be worsened only that the pre-cipitation of Laves phase particles'dispersed along grain boundaries may be favourable forcombined properties of the superalloy containing 1.22 wt-% Nb.It will be worsened onlythat the precipitation of Laves phase is too more because of too high Nb content existhing.     

变形态Mg-Nd合金的组织转变和拉伸性能特征

研究不同变形条件对Mg-2.2Nd-0.5Zn-0.5Zr合金室温拉伸性能和组织的影响.经过不同条件的热挤压变形后,该合金的强度和延性都有不同程度的增加,屈强比从0.58提高到0.87左右.固定变形温度时,强度随变形速率增大而降低,延性反之.固定变形速率时,升高变形温度则强度降低,延性增加.弥散于晶界的Mg9Nd化合物细化了晶粒.变形态Mg-Nd合金的高温超塑拉伸研究发现,375℃是该合金的最佳超塑变形温度,应变速率在1×10-2s-1时,延伸率达到329%;当变形速率提高到2×10-2s-1时,该合金的延伸率仍可达到213%.分析不同真应变下的组织发现,在变形初期发生动态再结晶,晶粒得到破碎而变得细小,随着变形程度的增加,晶粒长大程度较小.在变形后的断口形貌中发现,Mg-Nd合金的超塑变形机制为晶界滑移控制下的孔洞连接协调机制.     

基于Murty判据的Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si钛合金α β相区热变形机制及工艺优化

根据Murty失稳判据,利用原始等轴组织的TC11钛合金在780～990℃和0.001～70s-1范围内的等温恒应变速率压缩实验数据,建立了该合金的加工图.依据加工图研究了TC11钛合金的变形机制和变形缺陷与变形热力参数之间的关系.结果表明,在780～990℃和0.001～0.01 s-1范围是超塑性变形区;在780～990℃和高于0.01 s-1范围,易出现β相裂纹和空洞、局部流动以及绝热剪切等流变失稳现象.根据加工图分析,结合微观组织观察结果,并考虑变形抗力的大小,确定出了较佳的变形热力参数范围为850～940℃和0.001～0.01 s-1,最佳的变形热力参数在900℃和0.001 s-1附近.     

Ta含量对Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-xTa合金力学性能和腐蚀性能的影响

系统研究了Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta(x=0,0.2,0.5,1.0,3.0,5.0)合金的微观组织、拉伸性能、夏比冲击韧性和耐海水腐蚀性。结果表明,经α+β两相区锻造后,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-5Ta合金获得片层组织,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta(x=0,0.2,0.5,1.0,3.0)均获得双态组织。XRD、TEM和选区电子衍射表明,在添加Ta元素后,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta合金没有新相产生。对于双态组织Ti-6Al-3Nb-Zr-1M0-x Ta合金,随着Ta含量的增加,其Mo当量逐渐增加,导致其屈服强度、抗拉强度和显微硬度均有所提高。而Ta含量对冲击吸收功的影响规律与屈服强度和抗拉强度的影响规律相反,其大小与冲击断口剪切唇区面积一致。当Ta含量超过1.0%(质量分数)时,由于α和β相之间的标准平衡电位差逐渐增大,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-x Ta合金的耐海水腐蚀逐渐降低。综合考虑强度、冲击韧性和耐海水腐蚀性能,Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo-1Ta合金综合匹配性最好,具有良好的海洋工程应用潜力。     

Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si钛合金绝热剪切带的微观结构演化

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆技术对Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si钛合金的帽形试样进行了强迫剪切试验,通过扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)研究了Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si钛合金在动态加载下绝热剪切带的微观结构演化.结果表明:Ti-15Mo-3Al-2.7Nb-0.2Si钛合金由于其组织以bee晶格的a相为主,具有较好的变形能力,因此其绝热剪切带的形成是位错运动的结果;剪切带的微观结构演化过程为:晶粒在外加切应力作用下拉长变形一拉长晶粒的破碎-形成呈一定方向排列的细小等轴晶:带内形成的细小等轴晶尺寸为O.2～0.4ìm.     

Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金热变形行为及本构关系研究

采用Gleeble-1500热力模拟机对铸态Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金进行高温变形热压缩试验,变形温度范围为1050~1200℃,应变速率范围为0.001~0.1s^-1,压缩变形量为60%。研究该合金高温变形温度和应变速率与流变应力之间的关系,计算了合金激活能,并建立了Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金的Arrhenius本构模型和多元线性回归的本构模型。结果表明,该合金的激活能随温度升高和应变速率增大而增大;Arrhenius本构模型的相关系数为0.98228,平均相对误差为9.97%,相对误差在10%以内的点只占62.0%;而采用多元线性回归本构模型的相关系数为0.99566,平均相对误差为4.76%,相对误差在10%以内的点占92.6%,本构精度较高。     

不同钒,碳含量高速钢的凝固组织及相组成

利用热分析，Ｘ射线衍射和着色金相法详细研究了Ｆｅ－５Ｃｒ－５Ｍｏ－Ｔ２－Ｖ－Ｃ系合金中Ｖ和以Ｃ量对凝固过程中结晶相的种类和结晶温度的影响，得到了合金万分与凝固组织的关系，建立了（Ｆｅ－５Ｃｒ－５Ｍｏ－５Ｗ－２Ｃ）－Ｖ和（Ｆｅ－５Ｃｒ－５Ｍｏ－５Ｗ－３Ｖ）－Ｃ的准二元相图，以及（Ｆｅ－５Ｃｒ－５Ｍｏ－５Ｗ）－Ｖ－Ｃ合金的液相面投影图。     

Influence of Cold-Rolling Reduction on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Nuclear FeCrAl Alloy with Low Cr and Nb Contents

FeCrAl alloy is one of the most promising candidates as an accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding material. Herein, the influence of cold-rolling (CR) reduction on microstructure and tensile properties of the as-annealed FeCrAl alloys, with low Cr and Nb contents, is systematically examined. With the increase in CR reduction, the grain size of FeCrAl alloy is obviously refined after annealing because the increase in stored deformation energy leads to enhanced recrystallization. However, the large CR reductions result in a severe mixed-grain microstructure, significantly reducing the uniform deformability of the FeCrAl alloy. The dislocation density of the as-annealed FeCrAl alloy decreases with the increase in CR reduction, except for the excessive CR reduction of 50%. Moreover, the Laves phases are crushed and dissolved during CR and annealing, as well as large amounts of refined Laves phases are found after large CR reductions. The pinning effect of the Laves phases can significantly improve the strength of FeCrAl alloy. Accordingly, the strengthening mechanisms of FeCrAl alloy consist of fine-grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening. Finally, the FeCrAl alloy, with a CR reduction of 30%, achieves optimal tensile properties. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the industrial production of the FeCrAl alloy.     

亚微米晶Al-3%Mn合金的超塑延展性变形行为(英文)

采用球磨法制备晶粒尺寸为0.3μm的亚微米晶Al-3%Mn(质量分数)合金。Al-3%Mn合金在室温下轧制时,表现为极高的延展性(超过2500%)。采用透射电镜(TEM)观察球磨态和冷轧态的纯铝和Al-3%Mn合金组织;采用X射线衍射对比分析组成,发现连续塑性变形机制包括位错滑移和晶界滑动,同时还有动态回复和再结晶,而动态再结晶是大塑性变形的主要控制机制。