三轴漏磁缺陷检测技术

针对轴向裂纹等管道缺陷类型的检测,基于漏磁检测原理,研究了三轴漏磁管道缺陷检测技术.通过对缺陷漏磁矢量场的研究,将漏磁场分为轴向、径向和周向三个分量.利用ANSYS仿真软件,建立励磁系统模型,仿真出三维磁场磁通密度矢量分布图,模拟缺陷漏磁场分布.研制实验平台,采用霍尔传感器制成三轴漏磁检测探头,检测出漏磁场三个方向的漏磁信号.结果表明,三轴漏磁缺陷检测技术可以反映较多缺陷信息,有助于检测特殊类型缺陷.     

基于电磁原理的钢轨裂纹高速在线巡检方法

由于非接触式检测的优势,电磁无损检测技术具有实现铁路钢轨裂纹高速在线巡检的可行性,但检测探头与被测钢轨间的快速相对运动引起的速度效应会对巡检结果带来较大影响。从电磁场基本理论出发,对高速漏磁检测中的速度效应进行了分析;依据速度因素的特点提出了钢轨裂纹高速在线电磁巡检的方法,其特征在于采用直流励磁激励的磁轭分别对钢轨踏面进行纵向和横向磁化,检测探头采用布置在磁轭两磁极中间位置的三维霍尔传感器和三维检测线圈以及缠绕在磁轭臂上的检测线圈。在高速无损检测试验平台上的试验结果表明,提出的巡检方法可以有效实现钢轨裂纹的高速在线巡检,且不同方法对不同类型的钢轨裂纹缺陷识别各有优势,方法互补之后可以实现不同类型钢轨以大于200 km/h速度在线巡检及缺陷的有效识别。     

钢轨表面缺陷漏磁检测的三维磁场分析

漏磁检测技术通常测量垂直和平行于缺陷表面的漏磁场分量,来实现对缺陷的定量分析。然而,对于钢轨表面的复杂裂纹,传统的方法很难准确检测。为了克服这种检测方法存在的不足,采用三维磁场测量方法以及有限元法对缺陷漏磁场的三维分布情况进行了分析。在此基础上设计了一套适合钢轨表面缺陷检测的三维漏磁检测系统,并对人工缺陷样例进行了检测。结果表明,漏磁信号垂直分量包含重要的缺陷信息,特别是对于与钢轨走向不垂直的缺陷。     

高速漏磁检测中钢轨磁i化强度的研究

对钢轨裂纹进行高速漏磁巡检时，钢轨的磁化强度直接影响缺陷漏磁场的产生及检测灵敏度。研究了巡检速度、励磁激励和磁轭磁极距被测钢轧的距离（提离）三个因素对钢轨材料磁化强度的影响。通过分析缺陷漏磁检测信号的幅值、检测磁路空气隙处的磁场强度、钢轨材料的磁导率变化得出：巡检速度在2～55m／s范围内时，巡检速度提高，有利于提高高速漏磁裂纹检测的灵敏度；同时，励磁激励电压增加和提离减小都将有利于钢轨材料的磁化强度，从而有利于提高高速漏磁裂纹检测的灵敏度。．     

基于轨面适应承载机构的钢轨表面缺陷的漏磁检测

根据漏磁检测原理,对服役钢轨表面及亚表面的微小裂纹缺陷进行探伤车车载高速检测。采用钢轨轨面适应承载机构,机构底部安装阵列霍尔传感器探头,该机构使检测探头紧贴轨面,减少了由于传感器提离过大以及列车车体晃动对检测结果的影响,对于轮对摩擦损伤严重的钢轨外侧缺陷具有较好的检测效果。该检测方法提高了现有钢轨表面缺陷检测方法的精度,对列车的行车安全具有重要意义。     

钻杆缺陷的漏磁检测技术

在钻杆缺陷检测中,如何确定最佳磁化强度工作范围是其中的一个关键问题。通过分析钻杆漏磁缺陷信号的特点,合理选择了霍尔元器件作为传感器,并设计了相适应的数据采集系统。通过试验得到钻杆上4种不同缺陷的漏磁场,分析出缺陷类型及大小对漏磁场的影响规律,进一步得到激励出缺陷最佳漏磁场的磁化强度值,从而为钻杆缺陷的漏磁检测以及钻杆检测设备的研制提供了理论依据。     

基于霍尔阵列传感器的钢丝绳缺陷定量检测技术的研究

传统的钢丝绳无损检测装置采用感应线圈作为传感器,但由于线圈传感器的输出与钢丝绳的运动速度相关,使用霍尔传感器可有效地克服钢丝绳运动速度的影响。设计了一种基于霍尔阵列传感器的钢丝绳无损检测系统,系统不仅可实现缺陷在钢丝绳轴向的准确定位,且可实现对不同周向位置的缺陷的检测,提高了钢丝绳缺陷检测的维度,并通过二值化漏磁图像的局部像素和来实现缺陷大小的定量,取得了良好的检测效果。     

脉冲漏磁传感器的优化设计与试验验证

在铁磁性板材、管道腐蚀、裂纹等缺陷检测方面,脉冲漏磁技术显示了潜在的优势。在对多种不同结构的传感器进行仿真分析的基础上,提出了一种新型励磁结构的脉冲漏磁传感器,减少了背景噪声磁场对缺陷漏磁信号的磁场压缩作用,提高了传感器对缺陷信息获取的准确性,适合于绝缘层或涂覆层下缺陷的检测。研制了新型传感器,并对标准试件进行了测试。试验证明了传感器设计的正确性及有效性。     

周向励磁漏磁检测技术的研究

在管道漏磁（MFL）检测中,缺陷的识别和评价一直是难以解决的问题。有两种不同的漏磁检测技术,轴向励磁和周向励磁,本文介绍了周向励磁漏磁检测技术,它对于检测和评价轴向导向缺陷具有潜在优势。利用ANSYS仿真软件,建立了周向磁化器的二维有限元模型,对此时的管壁缺陷进行仿真,仿真结果表明,周向励磁方式下产生的漏磁信号与缺陷深度、缺陷周向宽度的大小有关。     

复合励磁漏磁检测的ANSYS仿真分析

复合励磁是一种有效的局部磁化方法,其能够根据储罐底板厚度的不同改变电磁线圈电流大小从而改变励磁强度,以满足不同厚度工件检测的需要,扩大检测范围。笔者所述复合励磁法是将直流线圈和永久磁铁作为励磁源,并应用ANSYS软件对复合励磁漏磁检测进行仿真分析,分析了缺陷深度尺寸、安匝数等影响缺陷漏磁信号的因素。仿真结果表明:随着缺陷深度或安匝数的增加,缺陷上方漏磁场强度有所增强。     

Experiment and simulation study of 3D magnetic field sensing for magnetic flux leakage defect characterisation

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing is widely used to detect and characterise defects in pipelines, rail tracks and other structures. The measurement of the two field components perpendicular to the test surface and parallel to the applied field in MFL systems is well established. However, it is rarely effective when the shapes of the specimens and defects with respect to the applied field are arbitrary. In order to overcome the pitfalls of traditional MFL measurement, measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field is proposed. The study is undertaken using extensive finite element analysis (FEA) focussing on the 3D distribution of magnetic fields for defect characterisation and employing a high sensitivity 3-axis magnetic field sensor in experimental study. Several MFL tests were undertaken on steel samples, including a section of rail track. The experimental and FEA test results show that data from not only the x- and z-axes but also y-axis can give comprehensive positional information about defects in terms of shape and orientation, being especially advantageous where the defect is aligned close to parallel to the applied field. The work concludes that 3D magnetic field sensing could be used to improve the defect characterisation capabilities of existing MFL systems, especially where defects have irregular geometries.     

3D FEM analysis in magnetic flux leakage method

The magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method is currently the most commonly used pipeline inspection technique. In this paper, 3D FEM is used to analyze the MFL signals, a generalized potential formulation to the magnetostatic field MFL problem is discussed, typical 3D defects are accurately modeled and detail MFL signal in test surface are calculated by the method. The relation between defect parameters and MFL signals are also analyzed.     

Experimental study to differentiate between top and bottom defects for MFL tank floor inspections

Defects due to corrosion can occur on top and bottom surfaces of a tank floor. The current magnetic flux leakage (MFL) tank inspection machines can detect and locate defects on both the top and bottom of a plate, but generally they are unable to differentiate between top and bottom. Further cleaning for visual inspections is needed to identify those defect that are on the top side and are thus more readily repaired. To avoid this additional inspection ideally the machine should be able to distinguish automatically between top and bottom surface corrosion. This paper presents experimental work specifically designed to asses the capability of current MFL based machines to distinguish defects located on the top and those on the bottom of the tank floor. Although some open literature suggests that such top or bottom classification might be possible, purpose designed experimental results presented here show that there is a very high similarity between signals belonging to top and bottom defects which suggests such discrimination is not viable using standard MFL based techniques.     

Variation of the stress dependent magnetic flux leakage signal with defect depth and flux density

The effects of uniaxial stress on the normal (radial) component of the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) signal induced by blind-hole defects for depths of 25%, 50% and 75% of the thickness of the pipe wall were investigated with a pipe wall flux density of 1.24 T. These three defects were on the same surface as the magnetizer and sensor for the MFL signal (near side). A fourth 50% defect was on the pipe wall surface opposite the sensor (far side). Changes of as much as 47% in the MFL signal due to stresses of up to 300 MPa were observed. Increased changes in the stress dependent MFL signal were observed with increasing defect depth. Comparison of the near side and far side 50% defects indicated similar changes in the MFL_pp signal as a function of stress, although the shape of the MFL signals was qualitatively different. The stress dependent MFL signal was also investigated for the near side 50% defect for pipe wall flux densities between 0.65 T and 1.24 T. A linear increase in the effects of stress on the MFL signal with increasing flux density was observed. Results demonstrated that the variation of the MFL signal with stress is primarily a bulk stress effect, although the effect of defect-induced stress concentrations upon the various MFL signals investigated could also be observed.     

Online nondestructive testing for fine steel wire rope in electromagnetic interference environment

The diameter of fine steel wire rope (FSWR) is generally a few millimeters. Its magnetic flux leakage (MFL) signal is weak, and the number of magnetic sensors installed for defect detection is limited because of the small diameter. In FSWR production workshops, different kinds of machinery work together, deteriorating the power quality and making the spatial electromagnetic environment complex; the weak MFL is thus interfered with further. It is difficult to carry out online nondestructive testing (NDT) of FSWR in the process of manufacturing. In this paper we present a novel MFL method for FSWR NDT in a strong electromagnetic interference environment. We use a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) to analyze the MFL signals. A simplified magnetic circuit is presented to excite the FSWR; the circuit comprises two half-sized radial magnetizing ring NdFeB magnets, and because there is no need for a magnetic yoke, the device is simple and light. A single Hall sensor is used to measure the flux leakage field. A stable performance power system is designed for the NDT power supply, which is not only resistant to voltage sags, but also has very low output noise. To enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the MFL defects signal, a signal conditioning and processing circuit are designed to enhance the detectability of signals in MFL data. The novel and small FSWR NDT system realizes on-line testing in an environment of strong electromagnetic interference, and for the experiment with a 1.5-mm-diameter wire rope twisted by 19 wires, the minimum damage of a pit on half of a wire can be identified.     

Composite magnetic flux leakage detection method for pipelines using alternating magnetic field excitation

Pipelines are an important transportation medium for petroleum and chemical products, but defects in the pipelines can present hidden dangers and affect the safe operation of the pipeline. The traditional pipeline magnetic flux leakage (MFL) scanning technique generally adopts the axial magnetization mode, which has increased the difficulty in detection and the possibility of missed detection of axial cracks. In this paper, a new composite MFL method using alternating magnetic field excitation is proposed for the detection of cracks in pipelines. The alternating magnetic field is first superimposed on the MFL magnetization field, which will form a parallel eddy current field perpendicular to the magnetization direction in the pipeline wall. The defects in the pipeline not only cause the flux leakage of the magnetization field, but also lead to the disturbance of the circumferential eddy current field. The disturbance signals can be picked up through a secondary induced magnetic field. Because the magnetic field and the eddy current field are orthogonal, the presented method can implement synchronous detection in two orthogonal directions to avoid missed detection caused by the crack orientation. A series of physical experiments are carried out in this paper. The results show that two orthogonal detection signals can be separated by a simple low pass filter. Therefore, with only one scan, the new detector can obtain the defect characteristics in the axial and circumferential directions to overcome the blind spot problem seen in traditional MFL detectors.     

裂纹漏磁场的数值模拟

漏磁检测技术广泛应用于储罐底板扫查、管道内壁缺陷检测中。文章以裂纹漏磁场为研究对象,以麦克斯韦方程组为理论基础,以数值模拟为手段,建立裂纹漏磁场三维静态数值模拟模型,用数值模拟和试验方法研究裂纹深度、宽度、裂纹倾斜角度以及裂纹间距等参数对裂纹漏磁场的影响,得到裂纹参数与裂纹漏磁场幅值之间的关系。结果表明：裂纹倾斜角度对裂纹漏磁场幅值影响显著,因此在工程实际检测中,要从不同方向进行漏磁扫描,以防止漏检;当两条裂纹间距〈5mm时,裂纹漏磁场将产生叠加。数值模拟结果与试验数据较为一致,表明所用数值方法的有效性。文章所得结论对裂纹漏磁检测工程实践有重要的拳者意义。     

漏磁检测技术在大型原油储罐底板上的应用

讨论了漏磁检测技术在大型原油储罐底板检测中的应用,分析了影响漏磁检测信号的主要因素。利用FloormapVS2i漏磁检测仪对某10万m~3原油储罐进行检测,给出了储罐底板的整体状况图。对整体状况图进行分析与缺陷识别,并通过超声波测厚仪对检测结果进行复验,证实了漏磁检测方法的可靠性。以漏磁检测方法为主,配合其他检测方式,可准确有效地评定储罐底板安全状况,为储罐的安全运行提供保障。     

A magnetic flux leakage method using a magnetoresistive sensor for nondestructive evaluation of spot welds

Spot welding is widely used for joining metal plates. However, a highly reliable monitoring method is needed to weld a robust structure. For this purpose, we developed a magnetic flux leakage (MFL) system using a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor for nondestructive spot-weld inspection. The magnetic flux is induced between two joined plates, and the magnetic flux leakage with a tangential component parallel to the plate surface is measured. A magnetic image at the spot-welding part is obtained by two-dimensional scanning. The connected diameter of the nugget and the maximum shear load are measured after the magnetic measurement to investigate their interrelationship. The results show that the nondestructive magnetic flux leakage test shows a good correlation with the destructive shear test.