温度对热浸铝及后续扩散中镀层的影响

采用热浸镀铝法在不锈钢表面制备铁铝镀层并分析了镀层的组织结构及其影响因素。结果表明：热浸镀纯铝后,镀层由表面铝层和合金层组成,层间结合紧密,镀层较厚。随浸铝温度的升高,外层铝层减薄,而内层合金层明显增厚,镀层总厚度并没有太大差异,在800℃时镀层质量最为优异。在热扩散实验时,900℃时形成的扩散层质量最佳,为韧性相FeAl固溶体和a-Fe（Al）固溶体,镀层中没有孔洞及裂纹生成,为理想的过渡层材料。     

不锈钢表面热镀铝试验研究

通过对铁素体不锈钢表面进行热浸镀铝及高温氧化扩散,研究浸镀温度、浸镀时间对镀层厚度的影响,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱等研究手段,检测分析了镀层的厚度、显微形貌以及成分。结果表明,镀层中主要包含富铝层和铁铝合金层两部分,铝铁合金层的厚度随浸镀温度和浸镀时间的增加而增加。通过高温氧化扩散,富铝层消失,合金层厚度进一步增加,合金层中各元素的浓度梯度变缓,镀层表面的显微硬度提高。     

热浸铝镀层在氯化铵环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究改进工艺热浸铝后的炼化加氢换热器管束在不同氯化铵环境下的耐腐蚀性能,并对其耐蚀机理进行分析。方法采用改进的热浸铝工艺对20#钢、15CrMo钢和321不锈钢进行表面处理,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪对镀层厚度、组织和成分进行分析,采用氯化铵垢下腐蚀实验和高温高压釜模拟工况实验评价热浸铝镀层的耐氯化铵腐蚀性能。结果 20#钢、15CrMo钢和321不锈钢热浸铝层无表面缺陷,热浸镀铝层厚度均≥0.080 mm,镀层结构主要由纯Al层、Fe-Al合金层以及少量的Al_2O_3组成。在潮湿氯化铵条件下,20#钢和15CrMo钢的腐蚀速率均随着温度的升高而明显增大,80℃时的腐蚀速率分别达到21.6mm/a和19.9mm/a;321不锈钢有明显点蚀现象。热浸镀铝后,在相同介质中放置一个月,发现三种试样没有腐蚀现象出现。高温高压釜模拟工况实验后,热浸铝镀层表面同样也没有腐蚀现象发生。结论采用改进工艺获得的20#钢、15CrMo钢和321不锈钢换热器管束热浸铝镀层质量符合国家标准要求,潮湿氯化铵垢下腐蚀实验和高温高压釜模拟工况实验结果证实,热浸铝镀层在氯化铵服役环境下具有良好的防腐性能。     

微量合金元素对热浸镀锌的影响

介绍了微量合金元素(铝、镍、钛、镁、硅、铅、稀土)对热浸镀锌的影响。微量元素的加入可以使镀层表面光亮且厚度减薄,同时合金晶粒得到细化,组织得以改善,从而提高了热浸镀锌层的防腐蚀性能。     

304不锈钢热浸镀Al-3%Si-0.5%RE工艺及镀层组织研究

采用Al-3%Si-0.5%RE浸镀液,通过改变热浸镀温度与时间、扩渗温度与时间,对304不锈钢进行热浸镀铝工艺研究。借助扫描电镜对镀层组织进行观察,采用EDS及XRD对镀层不同区域进行成分及相分析。结果表明:当浸镀温度740℃,浸镀15 min时,获得铝镀层平均厚度约为100μm;再经820℃扩渗4 h,获得较好的扩渗层,其平均厚度约为115μm。镀层经扩散退火后由表面铝层和扩渗层组成,表面铝层组织主要为Al和少量Al_2O_3相,扩散层组织主要为FeAl、FeAl_3和Fe_2Al_5相。     

15-5PH型不锈钢热浸镀铝工艺研究

研究了15-5PH型不锈钢热浸镀铝过程中浸镀温度、时间及铝液成分等对浸镀层厚度、镀层表面粗糙度等的影响.结果表明:适宜的浸镀温度为740℃,浸镀时间为4 min.向熔融铝液表面加覆盖剂或在铝液中加入微量稀土Ce、Ga等能有效阻止铝液被氧化,从而形成粗糙度很低且呈银白色光泽的镀铝层.     

35CrMo钢热浸镀铝工艺研究

目的通过研究热浸镀铝温度和时间对35Cr Mo钢镀层的影响,从而优化工艺,获得优良的铝合金镀层。方法设置5组温度梯度(700~780℃)和5个时间节点(90~450 s),对35Cr Mo钢进行热浸镀铝工艺研究,制备35Cr Mo钢热浸镀铝镀层。利用SEM观察镀层的组织形貌及其合金元素组成等,并通过显微硬度计测定镀层的厚度。结果热浸镀铝时,钢基体和铝液发生一系列冶金反应,钢镀层明显分为合金层和纯铝层。在720~760℃条件下,浸镀180~360 s时,镀层质量良好,分布均匀,厚度适宜,且没有孔洞、裂纹和漏镀现象。SEM线扫数据表明,铝层和合金层的元素构成和相对比值并不会随工艺参数的变化而改变。在180~450 s之间浸镀时,合金层的显微硬度值均能达到750 HV以上。结论在热浸镀过程中,温度和时间对镀层的厚度、组织和力学性能的影响显著,通过优化热浸镀铝工艺参数,可以改善镀层的质量。     

镀液合金元素对钢镀铝界面组织的影响

研究了钢铁热浸镀镀液中添加不同元素对合金层生长的影响,检测了镀层的形貌和结构并分析了合金层形成和生长的机理.结果表明,镀层由表面的浸铝层和内层的合金层构成;合金层由Fe2Al5和FeAl3等Fe-Al金属间化合物组成;Si的添加能有效抑制合金层的生长,Mn与Mg的作用不明显,Zn则加剧了合金层的生长;合金层的生长随时间近似遵循抛物线关系.     

低温等离子复合技术制备氧化铝阻氚涂层（英文）

采用低温等离子复合技术,先后经过磁控溅射镀铝,热处理及氧离子注入,在不锈钢基体上制备了氧化铝阻氚涂层。利用XRD、SEM、EDS、AES对涂层进行了相结构、表面形貌、成分、氧元素分布等分析,并进行了划痕试验、抗热震及阻氚性能测试。结果表明:磁控溅射获得了高质量的铝涂层,热处理后形成了Fe Al合金过渡层。在氧离子注入中,当注入剂量不变电压增加时,离子注入深度增加,而氧元素分布梯度降低;当注入剂量达到8×10~(17) ions/cm~2以上时,氧元素分布变得均匀。所获得的氧化铝涂层具有较好膜/基结合力、抗热震性能及阻氚性能。经过叠加电压注入且剂量达到8×10~(17) ions/cm~2的膜层具有最好的阻氚性能,在600℃能使不锈钢的氚渗透率降低3个数量级。     

FeAl/Al2O3阻氚层的制备新方法与性能

采用室温熔盐电镀-热处理-氧化复合新技术在HR-2不锈钢上制备FeAl/Al2O3涂层,研究热处理温度与时间的影响,并表征涂层的形貌和性能。结果表明：25 ℃下,采用AlCl3-MEIC（氯化1-甲基3-乙基咪唑）室温熔盐在HR-2钢表面获得结合良好的纯铝镀层,电沉积速率为15 μm/h。650~750 ℃热处理1~30 h, 在HR-2钢表面制得成分渐变、冶金结合、无缝隙与裂纹的3~27 μm铝化物涂层,涂层截面为3层或2层结构;涂层生长速率与热处理温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式,活化能为116.9 kJ/mol;涂层的形成过程受原子扩散过程控制,其厚度随热处理时间变化呈抛物线关系。700 ℃,4 h热处理涂层在10-2 Pa O2中继续氧化80 h后,最终涂层由约30 μm厚的FeAl扩散层及约110 nm的γ-A12O3膜组成,600 ℃下该涂层使HR-2不锈钢的氘渗透率降低3个数量级;涂层可抗750 ℃~室温冷热循环20次以上。该方法有望成为ITER中氚包容容器表面阻氚层的候选制备新方法。     

Al2O3/Au Composite Coating on Stainless Steel Prepared by Electro-deposition

Tritium permeation barriers on stainless steels are required in fusion technology in order to reduce the tritium permeation rate through the structural material into the cooling water system.Preparation of tritium permeation barrier Al2O3 is an important way to solve the problem of leakage of tritium permeation.It is worth to note that the noble Au is an excellent barrier of hydrogen dissolution.Al2O3/Au composite coating was designed for potential tritium permeation barrier on stainless steel.The alternation coatings have been prepared by electrochemical deposition method.The processing parameters and subsequent sinter temperature for composite coatings were optimized.The oxidation resistance of the coating has been tested.A hydrogen diffusion test simulating tritium permeation has been conducted to compare the sample with and without coating.Microstructure was examined by scanning electron microcopy(SEM).The results showed Al2O3/Au multi-alternation coatings can be prepared on the surface of stainless steel at the case of controlling processing well.The coatings have the characteristic of high temperature oxidation resistance and good hydrogen permeability barrier.The tritium permeation should be study further.     

氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层的研究进展

利用阻氚涂层(TPB)降低结构材料中的氚损失,是聚变堆发展中的热点研究之一。陶瓷具有低氚渗透性、耐腐蚀性、高硬度和高热稳定性等特性,是目前聚变堆阻氚涂层首选材料。相对于硅化物、钛基等非氧化物陶瓷材料,氧化物陶瓷涂层具有熔点高、化学性质稳定、耐腐蚀性和阻氚渗透因子(PRF)高等优势,因此针对氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层的研究较多。主要综述了单一氧化物陶瓷、复合氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层近年来的研究现状与发展,如Y2O3、Er2O3、Al2O3等及其复合氧化物陶瓷材料,其中,因Al2O3及其复合物涂层具有优异的阻氚性能,得到了广泛的关注和研究。重点阐述了制备工艺、基体效应和辐照等影响氧化物陶瓷涂层阻氚性能的因素及氚在材料中的渗透机制,并分析了当前阻氚涂层在材料制备以及模拟服役环境等方面存在的不足与今后的研究重点,指出了未来可能的氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层,以期为阻氚涂层的研究与后续实验提供一定的方向。     

Deposits formed on iron during cathodic polarization in the presence of arsenic and their effect on hydrogen permeation

Deposits produced on iron and steel during cathodic polarization in the presence and absence of arsenic in acid and alkaline solutions have been studied microscopically, by electron microprobe analysis, and by double layer capacity measurements. The results of these studies are compared with permeation rates of hydrogen through rotating membranes. It is shown that the compactness of the deposits and their effect on the permeation depend on following major factors: surface condition and pre-treatment of the cathode, pH of the electrolyte, As concentration, electrode potential. Elemental arsenic deposited on the cathode does not promote the permeation of hydrogen. On the contrary, adherent and compact films impede the entry of hydrogen into the metal phase. Arsine adsorbed on the metal surface is the main promoting species.     

MECHANISM OF Re-B-V CO-PERMEATION

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20钢氢致开裂临界浓度与应力的关系

本文介绍了利用Devanathan氢渗透法计算临界氢浓度的理论模型,结合调质20钢,测定了在不同应力作用下,试件沿氢渗透方向上的氢浓度分布和氢致断裂造成的裂纹萌生(主要沿MnS夹杂界面)时的临界氢浓度值,并对相关问题进行了简单的讨论。     

Hydrogen trapping in Ferrovac E-iron,mild steel and 4340 steel

Hydrogen diffusion rates through Ferrovac E-iron, mild steel and 4340 steel have been studied using an electrochemical permeation cell. Thermal-mechanical processing included cold rolling and annealing and, in case of 4340 steel, quench and tempering. Apparent diffusion coefficients were determined from the slope of plots of log [(P-P₀)√t] versus 1/t where P, P₀ and t are the permeation rate at time t, the initial permeation rate and the time, respectively. Apparent diffusion coefficients are dependent on processing. Cold rolling and quenching produce trap sites that are annihilated during annealing and tempering, respectively. These traps are associated with lattice imperfections. In addition, the steels have trap sites at the interface between different phases. Both types of traps behave reversibly.     

CO2对Pd8Y0.23Ru合金膜氢渗透性能的影响

在300~450℃范围内,研究氢中加入CO2对Pd8Y0.23Ru合金膜氢渗透性能的影响。结果表明,CO2的加入会大大降低膜的氢渗透率,CO2浓度越高,氢渗透率降低越多;CO2对Pd8Y0.23Ru合金膜存在一定的毒化作用,使氢渗透率下降,450℃下的毒化作用明显强于300℃,但随着时间的延长,渗透率降低速率趋缓。CO2降低氢渗透率还有另外2个因素:当CO2浓度较高(>3%,摩尔分数)时,聚集在膜表面附近的CO2对氢气传质的阻塞作用是氢渗透率降低的主要因素;当CO2浓度较低(<1%)时,CO2在膜表面吸附,占据氢的活性点位,是氢渗透率降低的主要因素。     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and hydrogen permeation of 13CrNiMo steels

The hydrogen trapping characteristics of 13CrNiMo martensitic steel weld metals, with different austenite contents resulting from different post-weld heat treatments, have been analysed. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have been used to study stable austenite resulting from intercritical tempering of these soft martensitic stainless steels weld metals. Austenite contents up to 25 vol.% have been obtained. Hydrogen diffusion and permeation coefficients have been obtained from an analysis of the permeation rate of hydrogen through these materials. A decrease of the hydrogen apparent diffusion coefficient is observed when the tempering temperature is increased in the range ; this decrease is attributed to changes in the martensitic matrix as well as to the increase of austenite content. The role of the austenite phase on trapping is discussed.     

Einflüsse von Legierungselementen auf die Korrosion und Wasserstoffaufnahme von Eisen in Schwefelsäure – Teil I: Permeation,Diffusion und Löslichkeit von Wasserstoff in binären Eisenlegierungen

Effects of Alloying Elements on Corrosion and Hydrogen Uptake of Iron in Sulfuric Acid Part I: Permeation, Diffusion and Solubility of Hydrogen in Binary Iron Alloys The influence of elements in common steels like C, S, P, Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, Sn, and Cu on hydrogen uptake and permeation through iron was studied for various binary iron alloys using the electrochemical permeation method. In order to characterize the effects of the alloying additions on the hydrogen activity at the metal surface as well as on the hydrogen transport in the bulk, the hydrogen permeation coefficients, diffusion coefficients and solubilities have been determined in the temperature range of 10 to 80° C. Steady state hydrogen permeation is significantly decreased only by Si and Cr. Si reduces mainly the solubility of hydrogen in iron and decreases only slightly hydrogen diffusion. Cr additions produce strong traps for hydrogen in iron, with an average binding energy of ? 58 kJ/mol. Thus, hydrogen diffusion is retarded. The total hydrogen content is increased by Cr. Permeation measurements of commercial steels showed mainly the Si-effect.     

Simulated heat affected zone hardness limits of C‐Mn steels used in offshore structures

The detrimental effect which hydrogen produces in metals, generally known as hydrogen embrittlement (HE), has always been one of the central problems of practical material technology of corrosion and protection of metals. In the present research, the influence of simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) hardness on susceptibility of a structural steel to hydrogen embrittlement was investigated mainly under slow strain rate testing (SSRT), although limited tests were carried out by means of small amplitude, cyclic (ripple) loading. These tests have been supported by detailed scanning electron fractography and hydrogen permeation measurements. A good correlation is observed between the degree of embrittlement in slow strain rate tests and the steady state hydrogen permeation current density.