等离子弧焊小孔行为的反翘电压检测

在穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中,小孔稳定性对焊接过程的稳定和优质的焊缝成形是非常关键的。文中采用无源探针对由等离子弧梯度电压和等离子鞘层电压构成的等离子反翘(等离子云)电压进行检测。根据等离子鞘层理论,随等离子反翘长度和角度变化的反翘电压可以反映小孔的状态信息及其形成、坍塌过程。文中讨论了检测信号的特征,以及材料、探针位置、焊接电流,等离子气流等因素对检测信号的影响。试验证明,该方法可以有效的预测小孔信息和焊缝熔透情况。     

小孔等离子弧焊接质量控制的研究概况及发展

介绍了小孔等离子弧焊接质量控制的研究现状及发展情况,提出基于多传感信息融合的小孔等离子弧焊接质量监控及其过程机理研究的方法。     

小孔等离子弧焊接热场瞬时演变过程的数值分析

根据小孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点,考虑等离子弧对熔池的“挖掘”作用,提出了一种新的焊接热源模型（TPAW）,以描述和反映等离子弧作用下“倒喇叭”状焊缝横断面的特点以及等离子弧热流沿工件厚度方向的分布．在此基础上,对小孔等离子弧焊接热场进行了有限元计算,分析了引弧后熔池及周围温度场的瞬时演变过程．计算出的小孔等离子弧焊缝形状与实验结果基本吻合,达到准稳态的时间与实验测试值一致．     

等离子焊接熔池小孔尺寸的电弧信号检测

为了开发可行的实时检测等离子焊接过程中熔池小孔尺寸的传感技术,采集了对应于不同溶池小孔尺寸的电弧电压和电弧电流信号存入计算机,采用快速傅里叶变换（ＦＦＴ）和短时Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换对电弧信号进行了分析,发现位于频率区间ｆ＝２．５～３．５ｋＨｚ的电弧谱峰信号幅值的局部最大值ｐｆ随着熔池小孔尺寸的增大波动速度逐渐减慢,ｐｆ所对应的频率ｐｆｆ单调递减。在此基础上设计了合适的算法,从而得到ｐｆ和ｐｆｆ信号与     

K-PAW准稳态过程小孔与熔池动态行为的数值模拟

基于流体动力学原理,同时考虑电弧压力、表面张力、电磁收缩力、浮力和重力等因素影响,建立了随小孔深度增加热力作用二次变化的三维瞬态计算模型.利用上部双椭球体下部锥体的组合式体积热源描述等离子电弧对焊接工件的热作用,提出了可以维持小孔稳定的"孔内固体搅动式"计算方法.为了提高计算效率,建立了相对焊缝纵截面对称的计算区域;计算过程利用流体体积函数(VOF)法追踪小孔边界,基于FLUENT软件对穿孔型等离子弧准稳态焊接过程进行了数值模拟,得到了准稳态焊接过程中小孔、熔池及流场的动态变化行为,分析了穿孔型等离子弧焊接(K-PAW)准稳态过程的稳定性,探讨了影响小孔稳定的工艺因素,最后进行了计算模型的验证实验.结果表明,在设定的焊接工艺参数下,3.0 s之后焊接过程达到准稳态,准稳态焊接过程中小孔前壁熔池较薄,平均厚度为0.6 mm,且小孔前壁有一定倾斜现象,使得背面小孔中心相对焊接中心向后偏移,焊接不同时刻偏移量在0.46~0.97 mm之间波动.在准稳态焊接过程中熔池内存在稳定的逆时针涡流,计算所得的背面小孔宽度与实验结果吻合良好.     

小孔等离子弧焊接热场的有限元分析

根据小孔等离子弧焊接的工艺特点，建立了相应的热源模型和焊接热场的分析模型。数值模拟结果表明，一般的双椭球体热源和三维锥体热源不能准确描述小孔等离子弧焊接热过程。提出了改进型的三维锥体热源模型，可以较准确地计算焊缝的正面和背面熔宽，但熔合线走向的计算精度仍较低。在此基础上，考虑等离子弧对熔池的热-力作用，建立了符合小孔形态的热源模型，对小孔等离子弧焊接热场进行了有限元分析，计算出的小孔等离子弧焊缝形状与试验结果吻合良好。     

穿孔等离子弧焊的熔深检测

在小孔等离子弧焊接过程中，首次利用鞘层电压获知等离子云喷封角，从而获知熔深情况。从以往研究只停留在实时检测小孔是否穿透的状态信息，前进到通过等离子云喷射角来检测熔池熔深的状态。设计了无源探针检测等离子云装置，该装置简单、可靠，具有较好的工业应用前景。     

受控脉冲PAW过程小孔动态变化的数值模拟

受控脉冲穿孔等离子弧焊接(PAW)过程中,小孔形状随焊接电流动态变化,经历形成—长大—缩小—闭合的变化过程.本文在对受控脉冲PAW瞬态温度场进行数值模拟的基础上,通过分析焊接熔池表面的受力状态,建立了小孔形状的模型,考虑了盲孔(小孔深度小于工件厚度)和穿透小孔2类情况.对焊接熔池内三维小孔在一个脉冲周期内的变化过程进行了数值计算.进行了受控脉冲PAW工艺实验,验证了穿孔持续时间的数值分析结果.     

等离子弧焊接小孔行为检测方法概述

阐述了小孔型等离子弧焊接的工艺特点,解释了检测小孔行为的原因;详细介绍了目前小孔型等离子弧焊接过程中检测小孔行为的主要方法,并分析了各种方法的利弊;最后对这种先进的材料加工技术作出了展望。     

基于小孔特征图像处理的变极性等离子弧焊接工艺研究

铝合金变极性等离子弧焊是一种新型高效的焊接方法。针对等离子弧对焊接工艺参数的变化比较敏感的问题,建立了视觉传感系统用于实时采集和处理小孔图像,通过大量的焊接工艺试验探讨了等离子弧焊工艺参数对小孔特征及焊缝成型的影响。结果表明,采用合理的焊接参数并结合背面小孔视觉特征,可以实现铝合金的穿孔型变极性等离子焊接,并能够稳定地控制焊接过程。     

Sensing controlled pulse key-holing condition in plasma arc welding

According to the strategy of controlled pulse key-holing, a new sensing and control system was developed for monitoring and controlling the keyhole condition during plasma arc welding (PAW). Through sensing and processing the efflux plasma voltage signals, the quantitative relationship among the welding current, efflux plasma voltage and backside weld width of the weld was established. PAW experiments show that the efflux plasma voltage can reflect the state of keyhole and backside weld width accurately. The closed-loop control tests validate the stability and reliability of the developed keyhole PAW system.     

脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的等离子云传感

在探针法检测等离子云理论基础上,研制了实用化的多探针等离子云传感器,并利用尾焰传感器对比检验了所设计传感器的可靠性和检测精度.将等离子云传感器应用于脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池小孔状态检测,并对检测信号的波形特征做了深入研究.分析表明,等离子云检测信号中负脉冲信号可以作为脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的状态变化的特征判据,负脉冲信号的频率则可以作为脉冲焊接是否保持"一脉一孔"焊接的特征判据.等离子云电压信号可以很好的反映穿孔熔池的状态.     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.     

激光-电弧复合焊接过程中等离子体的耦合行为

激光-电弧复合热源可以形成3种焊缝横截面的形貌,根据焊接参数对焊缝横截面形貌的影响建立了激光和电弧等离子体相互作用的物理机制.通过考察复合焊接过程中电弧等离子体中原子分布状态、电弧辐射光谱信息以及激光"匙孔"的行为对机制进行了验证.结果表明,激光对电弧等离子体的作用是通过激光形成的"匙孔"及其内部等离子体实现的,在适当参数下,电弧等离子体弧柱会进入激光"匙孔"内部,并与"匙孔"等离子体发生耦合放电,最终形成复合等离子体.电弧等离子体和"匙孔"等离子体的耦合作用有利于提高热源的能量密度.     

Novel soft variable polarity plasma arc and its influence on keyhole in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys

A novel soft variable polarity plasma arc has been proposed to solve the problems in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys (in 2G position). It is defined as an arc with reduced arc pressure while retaining the ability to maintain a stable keyhole. In this paper, its characteristics were studied and its influence on the stability of keyhole was investigated. The results indicate that it has been changed in the energy and pressure distribution compared with ordinary variable polarity plasma arc. It is beneficial for the stability of keyhole especially for the stability of keyhole shrinking process. The keyhole can be established easily. It can also improve the wetting and spreading of molten metal in weld pool. The reason for a stable keyhole is that the soft variable polarity plasma can provide a suitable heat input and a suitable arc pressure.     

PAW受控脉冲穿孔状态的检测与控制

根据受控脉冲穿孔的控制策略,研制出等离子弧焊接(PAW)小孔状态的检测与控制系统,采用等离子弧尾焰电压作为表征小孔状态的传感检测信号,对不同焊接电流作用下的焊接过程进行实时监测,系统可以同时采集焊接电流和尾焰电压信号,并对信号进行分析、处理,建立了焊接电流、尾焰电压和背面熔宽三者之间的定量关系曲线.结果表明,尾焰电压信号能够迅速准确地反映出小孔状态和焊缝背面熔宽.根据检测试验得到的数据,建立穿孔型PAW焊接闭环控制系统,通过对普通平板和改变散热条件工件进行闭环控制焊接试验,获得了适当的焊缝背面熔宽及良好的焊缝质量,证明了该系统运行稳定、可靠.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊过程控制

分析了铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺特点,提出了通过对焊接参数的精确控制,实现变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺的方法,并将焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度确定为变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊过程的被调节参数.保持穿孔熔池上"热"和"力"的动态平衡是调节焊接参数的根本依据,是实现变断面试件自动焊接的关键所在.采用单片机为核心的控制器对焊接参数进行实时调节,动态保持穿孔熔池上热和力平衡,实现了变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺.     

Effect of laser parameters on arc behavior of laser-TIG double-side welding for aluminum alloy

The influence of laser parameters on arc behavior of laser-TIG double-side welding was investigated by utilizing CCD sensor and image processing methods. It was found that arc images had an obvious transformation from laser preheating to laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom, resulting in the phenomena of arc column convergence and arc root constriction. The attraction phenomenon of the laser and the arc is also found in laser-TIG double-side welding. More noteworthy is that the behavior of arc attraction or constriction became much obvious at a lower current or laser plasma ejected from the keyhole bottom. The decrease in arc voltage had a certain relation with the improvement of arc stability.     

Experimental determination of the weld penetration evolution in keyhole plasma arc welding

Keyhole plasma arc welding experiments are conducted to measure the weld geometry and penetration at different moments during the initial phase from igniting arc to quasi-steady state. Indirect information on keyhole formation and evolution in plasma arc welding can be extracted based on the weld macrophotograph at cross section. It has laid foundation to verify the mathematical models of keyhole plasma arc welding.