激光冲击强化对镍基高温合金疲劳寿命的影响

对镍基高温合金(GH742)试件进行激光冲击强化处理,测量了合金在处理前后试样表面的残余应力、疲劳寿命,观察了表面金相组织。结果表明,激光冲击凹坑处的残余应力高达-910～-1160MPa;金相分析显示激光冲击强化使材料内部晶粒细化;激光冲击强化能提高GH742材料试件的疲劳寿命1.5～4倍。     

GH4169 高温合金激光冲击强化层微观结构和微动疲劳行为研究

目的 提高GH4169镍基高温合金的微动疲劳寿命。方法 利用激光冲击强化（LSP）技术对GH4169高温合金榫试样进行表面强化处理并研究其微动疲劳性能。借助激光共聚焦显微镜（LCSM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）、显微硬度计、X射线应力分析仪、光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及高频疲劳试验机,对激光冲击强化前后的GH4169高温合金的微观组织、硬度、残余应力、微动疲劳寿命、断口形貌和裂纹扩展情况进行分析。结果 激光冲击强化后表面硬度提高了17.3%,硬化层深度约为0.63 mm,表面残余压应力为331.5 MPa。经激光冲击强化后变形层中晶粒未发生明显细化,表明激光诱导冲击波主要引起GH4169高温合金中位错的形成而不是位错的运动。在20 kN峰值载荷下,尽管强化后的断裂机制没有发生明显的变化,但是强化后榫试样的微动疲劳寿命比未处理的试样提高了827%,裂纹从多疲劳源转变为单疲劳源,裂纹萌生位置从表面转移到距表面234 μm的次表面,激光冲击强化显著提升了GH4169的萌生抗力和扩展速率,扩展区域的疲劳条带间距从未处理的0.50 μm增加到了强化后的1.01 μm,这可能与残余应力的突变与松弛有关。结论 在激光冲击强化后获得硬化层和残余应力场共同影响下,GH4169高温合金榫试样的微动疲劳寿命得到了显著提升。     

GH4133镍基高温合金激光冲击强化研究

为了研究激光冲击强化技术在高温部件上应用的可行性,研究了GH4133镍基高温合金激光冲击后强化效果的热稳定性。分别采用激光冲击强化、激光冲击强化加保温的方法进行处理,并利用SEM、显微硬度和残余应力的测试方法分析了温度对激光冲击处理后GH4133材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。通过冲击强化后涡轮叶片的高温疲劳试验验证强化效果的热稳定性,并分析其高温下的强化机制。结果表明,激光冲击强化可以在GH4133镍基高温合金表层产生较大残余压应力,细化晶粒;并且在温度作用下,激光冲击GH4133合金形成的细化晶粒在析出相的钉扎作用下具有较好的热稳定性。另一方面残余压应力的应力集中减小,分布均匀。两者的共同作用提高了强化效果的热稳定性,有利于疲劳性能的提高。     

超声滚压工艺对镍基单晶高温合金DD6表面完整性和疲劳寿命的影响

目的 改善长期服役于高温高压环境的镍基单晶高温合金DD6材料的表面完整性,提高其使用寿命。方法 采用超声滚压表面强化工艺(Ultrasonic Rolling Process,USRP)对镍基单晶高温合金DD6试样进行表面强化,用正交试验法对三因素三水平的试样组进行试验,使用三维形貌仪、显微硬度仪、XRD射线衍射仪和MTS万能疲劳试验机探究静压力、进给速度和加工遍数等超声滚压参数对镍基单晶合金表面完整性和疲劳寿命的影响规律。结果 对于镍基单晶材料,超声滚压强化工艺能有效降低其表面粗糙度,提高表面显微硬度,并在材料内部引入一定的残余应力,并提升疲劳寿命。经USRP处理后,不同晶体取向的材料能够取得的最佳表面增益效果为,表面硬度从465HV提高到679.2HV,表面粗糙度从0.703 μm降低至0.253 μm,表面引入了约为782 MPa的残余压应力。不同晶向材料的疲劳寿命提升表现为,应力水平为742.4 MPa时,疲劳寿命提升1.3倍;应力水平为649.6 MPa时,疲劳寿命提升1.5倍。结论 超声滚压工艺能够有效降低DD6材料的表面粗糙度、提高表面显微硬度,并在表面引入一定的残余应力,疲劳断裂模式主要为沿{110}面的滑移断裂。在低于742.4 MPa的应力加载时,超声滚压强化可以明显提高DD6材料在高温下的疲劳寿命。     

双面激光喷丸冲击顺序对TC4钛合金激光焊接薄板强化效果的影响

对TC4钛合金激光焊接薄板进行双面激光喷丸处理,对比先强化焊缝背面和先强化焊缝正面这两种冲击顺序下试样的显微硬度和残余应力的变化,并通过拉-拉疲劳试验和疲劳断口观察分析冲击顺序对试样强化效果的影响。结果表明:双面激光喷丸冲击后,与先冲击焊缝正面的试样相比,先冲击焊缝背面的试样其焊缝背面的显微硬度提高更为显著,残余压应力峰值更高,在相同疲劳试验条件下其中值疲劳寿命提升更为显著,其疲劳裂纹扩展路径更为曲折,瞬断区韧窝尺寸更大。     

激光冲击强化对Ti6Al4V合金表面完整性和四点弯曲疲劳性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、显微硬度仪、X射线应力测量仪及透射电镜等对激光冲击强化Ti6Al4V合金的表面完整性进行了分析,采用MTS疲劳试验机测试了疲劳性能,并采用扫描电镜分析了疲劳断口,探讨了激光冲击强化机制。结果表明:经功率密度为15. 9 GW/cm~2的激光处理后,其四点弯曲中值疲劳寿命较未处理试样提高了4. 2～23. 5倍;激光功率密度越大,试样的中值疲劳寿命越长。激光冲击强化表现出比喷丸强化更优的疲劳寿命增益效果。经激光冲击强化后,Ti6Al4V合金表面形成了深度为600～1 400μm的残余压应力场,表面硬度比未强化区域提高了约10%,且亚表层内部的位错密度也有显著提高。     

超声波与电火花表面复合强化Ti17合金的疲劳性能

将Ti17合金经过电火花处理(EST)后再进行超声波表面处理以期提高疲劳寿命。通过扫描电子显微镜观察表面形貌及强化层结构，经X射线衍射分析表面残余应力，采用HT-100高温疲劳试验机测试350 ℃拉-拉疲劳寿命。结果表明，经过超声波表面处理后，试样表面粗糙度及表面残余应力降低，复合强化后试样的疲劳寿命是仅经过EST处理的两倍。经过硬质合金YG8电极EST以及超声波复合处理的试样疲劳寿命最长     

铝合金焊接接头冲击强化的性能

为了提高铝合金焊接接头的力学性能,试验分别采用超声波和调Q脉冲YAG激光对A6061-T6铝合金焊接接头焊趾附近处进行冲击强化,研究了超声波和激光冲击强化下铝合金焊接接头的性能.两种冲击强化模式下,铝合金焊接接头焊趾处近表面均发生了冲击强化效果,并产生了较大的残余压应力,超声波和激光冲击强化后产生的最大残余压应力分别为-158 MPa和-145 MPa左右.超声波与激光冲击强化铝合金焊接接头的疲劳寿命差别不大,均比焊态下试样的疲劳寿命提高1倍以上.两种冲击强化方法的疲劳试验样件断裂位置均发生在基体金属上,而焊趾处没有疲劳裂纹产生.     

LSPwC对时效后GH3044合金疲劳性能的影响

目的 修复发生时效退化现象的GH3044合金,从而提高其使用寿命。方法 采用无保护层激光冲击强化（LSPwC）工艺处理GH3044合金时效试样,分析了该工艺处理前后试样表面的物相变化情况,研究了时效以及激光强化工艺对合金表层微观组织的影响,对比了激光强化前后合金试样高温应力松弛和疲劳寿命变化情况。结果 合金试样经过1200 ℃固溶处理后,其表面相为单相γ奥氏体以及WC,处理前后试样表面主要相组成不变,均为奥氏体和Cr23C6。经过时效处理100 h后,GH3044合金沿晶析出大量尺寸较大的碳化物,表面残余应力值约为-28.5 MPa,疲劳寿命约为1.013×106。通过LSPwC处理后,碳化物链式分布被打破,分布更加均匀弥散,表面残余应力值约为-479.3 MPa,其疲劳寿命提高至3.448×106,为时效试样的2.4倍;经过800 ℃保温120 min处理,试样表面残余应力为-324.2 MPa,下降约32%,说明该强化工艺处理后的试样具有较好的热稳定性。结论 LSPwC能够有效提高时效退化GH3044合金的疲劳性能。     

激光冲击强化对7050-T7451铝合金凹槽结构疲劳寿命的影响

研究了激光冲击强化对7050-T7451铝合金凹槽结构疲劳寿命的影响。采用45°激光入射角对应力集中R区进行冲击强化,其余区域采用90°激光入射角冲击。随后对强化后和未强化的实验件分别进行拉-拉疲劳实验。结果表明,在置信度99%情况下,经强化的实验件比未经强化的疲劳寿命提高1.566～2.725倍;激光冲击强化处理后,断裂部位远离凹槽R区。激光冲击强化对凹槽强化效果明显。     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

Analysis of microporous structure of carbon adsorbents in terms of the theory of volume filling of micropores

A methodology of using the theory of filling the volume of micropores when evaluating the porous structure of carbon nanomaterials and adsorbents, as well as describing the adsorption of different species, is considered. Potentialities of the mathematical means of a theory of filling the volume of micropores when differentiating homogeneous and irregular microporous structure of activated carbon, determining the micropores’ parameters (their volume and size), evaluating the degree of heterogeneity of microporous structures, and describing adsorption over wide concentration range are analyzed. The perspectives of this approach, based on the theory of filling the volume of micropores, in the prognosis of the microporous structures’ parameters and the activated carbons’ adsorbability in the process of their synthesis are demonstrated. Original Russian Text ? G.A. Petukhova, 2008, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 170–176.