分子动力学模拟不同层错能单晶Ni及其合金拉伸变形行为

采用分子动力学模拟了不同尺寸模型的单晶Ni及Ni₅₇Cr₁₉Co₁₉Al₅合金[100]晶向拉伸变形过程,确定了具有稳定塑性流变应力的模型尺寸,进一步研究了在具有稳定塑性流变应力的相同模型下单晶Ni及其合金拉伸变形行为。结果表明,层错能较低的单晶Ni₅₇Cr₁₉Co₁₉Al₅合金在小尺寸模型拉伸变形时,容易形成多层孪晶结构或变形孪晶;模型的横截面边长大于30倍的晶格常数时,塑性流变阶段流变应力、相结构及位错密度随应变起伏趋于平稳。具有稳定流变应力的相同尺寸单晶Ni及其合金拉伸时,层错能越低,塑性变形时层错面的面积越大。Shockley不全位错在单晶Ni及其合金塑性变形过程中起主导作用,多层孪晶的形成伴随着位错耗尽,变形孪晶的形成与湮灭则主要由位错饥饿机制主导。     

Al_2Cu拉伸变形的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法研究Al_2Cu的拉伸变形行为。建立Al_2Cu分子动力学模拟模型,采用嵌入原子法模拟Al2Cu模型在常温、恒定工程应变速率的拉伸环境下对Al_2Cu力学性能的影响,探讨温度和应变率对体系拉伸变形行为的影响。结果表明:发现Al_2Cu非常脆,应变ε=0.086时应力达到峰值6.4 GPa,在拉伸初期不易产生位错,从而弹性变形阶段较长。Al_2Cu对温度十分敏感,温度上升使Al_2Cu的原子动能成倍增加,导致塑性变强但抗拉强度明显下降;Al_2Cu在应变率为e(5)为0.005~0.006 ps~(-1)之间存在一个值,当Al2Cu的应变率超过这个值时,一些拉伸产生的空位来不及发生大幅移位,只能聚集在发射处附近,使体系内各处均出现大量孔洞。     

La2O3含量对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni /Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工方法在Al基体中添加不同La₂O₃含量的混合粉末(Ni+La₂O₃),制备 (Ni+La₂O₃)/Al复合材料。采用SEM、EDS、 EPMA及XRD对复合区微观结构及相组成进行分析,采用室温拉伸试验对 (Ni+La₂O₃)/Al复合材料力学性能进行了测试。结果表明,随着La₂O₃含量的增加,(Ni+La₂O₃)/Al复合材料的组织和性能先变好后变差。当La₂O₃添加量达到5%时,复合材料中Al₃Ni增强颗粒分布均匀、颗粒数量最多,块状的Ni粉团聚减少,其抗拉强度达到最大值215MPa,相比Ni/Al复合材料(抗拉强度176MPa),其抗拉强度提高了22%;当La₂O₃的添加量为7%时,复合材料中Al₃Ni增强颗粒含量减少,块状Ni粉团聚重新出现,抗拉强度下降至201MPa。     

拉伸预应变条件下基于孔洞演变分析的GTN损伤模型参数研究

利用板料预加载实验,在板料轧制方向形成4. 0%、8. 6%和11. 0%的均匀预拉伸变形。在均匀变形区沿轧制方向切取缺口拉伸试样进行第2阶段拉伸试验,对拉伸后试样进行不同区域的孔洞观察与统计,研究拉伸预应变对退火态AA6061材料后续变形诱导孔洞演变的影响。结合上述分析,进行变路径加载实验过程的数值模拟,研究拉伸预应变的存在对于GTN损伤模型参数的影响。研究结果表明:预加载阶段的预变形越大,对第2阶段加载过程中孔洞演变的影响越大,表现为孔洞体积分数随拉伸预应变值的增加而减小;拉伸预应变会影响GTN模型对孔洞演变过程的预测,f_n、ε_n、f_c和f_F4个参数的取值依赖于拉伸预应变的大小。     

SiCp颗粒含量对SiCp/ Mg–5Al–2Ca复合材料组织与性能的影响

本研究通过搅拌铸造法制备了三种不同体积分数(2%,5%, 10%)的SiCp/Mg–5Al–2Ca复合材料,并在673 K下进行了热挤压。铸态复合材料中,少量SiCp颗粒的加入就能破坏了Al₂Ca相沿基体合金晶界分布并有效细化Al₂Ca相析出尺寸。随着SiCp体积分数的增高,Al₂Ca相尺寸有所降低,但不明显。经过热挤压后,Al₂Ca相破碎并沿挤压方向排布,基体合金晶粒得到细化。晶粒尺寸以及Al₂Ca相尺寸随着SiCp体积分数的增高呈微小降低。与单组元基体合金相比较,挤压态SiCp/Mg–5Al–2Ca复合材料的屈服强度和加工硬化率随着SiCp体积分数的增高而逐渐增高,而延伸率则逐渐下降;抗拉强度最大值则出现在SiCp体积分数为5%时。复合材料中SiCp颗粒以及Al₂Ca相的脱粘以及开裂是导致复合材料断裂的主要原因。     

杂质Ca对Al-5Mg填充合金凝固组织及力学性能的影响

结合拉伸试验和冲击试验,采用SEM、EDS和XRD等分析方法研究了杂质元素Ca对铝镁焊接填充合金铸态凝固组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Ca元素的存在改变了合金相组成。当Ca小于0.28%,合金中晶界富集由块状(Ti,Cr)₂Ca(Al,Mg)₂₀金属间化合物相。当Ca大于等于0.28%时,块状(Ti,Cr)₂Ca(Al,Mg)₂₀相和不连续条状Al₂Ca相共同在晶界富集。随Ca含量的增加,合金中块状相和条状相尺寸逐渐增大,数量逐渐增加。合金抗拉强度随Ca元素的增加先升高再降低,Ca含量0.28%时抗拉强度达到峰值。Ca小于0.28%时,合金塑性和冲击韧性缓慢下降,当Ca大于0.28%时,条状Al₂Ca相和块状(Ti,Cr)₂Ca(Al,Mg)₂₀相在晶界共存,低应力下两相破裂成为裂纹源,Al₂Ca硬脆相削弱了晶间结合强度,合金塑韧性大幅下降。合金拉伸或冲击断口由穿晶延性断裂(Ca<0.28%)转变为脆性断裂(Ca>0.28%)。Ca含量0.28%为合金韧脆转变点。     

粉末冶金MR64合金超塑变形后的机械性能

快速凝固粉末冶金合金MR64在480℃、8.33×10~(-3)S~(-1)应变速率条件下进行超塑拉伸,可获得260％延伸率。研究了超塑变形后的机械性能与孔洞的关系,发现孔洞数量增加,强度和塑性下降。当超塑变形量为30～40％时,材料的强度和塑性最高,这是由于孔洞的“湮灭”造成的。超塑变形后的高温退火可以消除部分孔洞,提高材料性能。     

基于VPSC仿真的ZK60镁合金拉伸变形行为

通过实验和粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,研究了在室温下挤压态ZK60镁合金沿不同方向拉伸时的变形机制开动情况,及其与流动曲线、织构演变和显微组织的对应关系。通过调节VPSC模型的参数,建立了滑移和孪生耦合的晶体塑性力学模型。比较了不同方向拉伸过程中织构演变的差异,分析了变形机制对屈服不对称性的影响。实验和模拟结果表明：当沿垂直于挤压方向（PED）拉伸时,由于｛102｝孪晶开动,大部分晶粒发生大角度旋转（约90°）。柱面<a>滑移是导致ZK60合金沿不同方向拉伸时出现明显屈服不对称的主要变形机理。当ZK60合金沿挤压方向（ED）拉伸时,由于晶粒的择优取向分布,｛101｝孪晶难以开动,导致ZK60挤压态镁合金拉伸屈服强度较高。ZK60镁合金沿着与ED成45°的方向拉伸时,屈服应力高于沿PED拉伸,但随着拉应力逐渐增大,由于沿PED拉伸时柱面<a>滑移逐渐开动,沿PED应变后期的应力曲线逐渐高于沿与ED成45°方向应变的应力曲线。     

均匀化退火处理对AZ91镁合金轧制成形行为的影响

为改善铸态AZ91镁合金组织不均匀性,提高其轧制成形能力,本文研究了均匀化退火处理对AZ91镁合金轧制变形前后微观组织及力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：均匀化退火处理可以有效改善合金组织中第二相分布;经400℃、多道次轧制后,沿晶界附近分布的细长条状Mg₁₇Al₁₂相数量显著减少,部分脆性Mg₁₇Al₁₂相发生断裂,以小颗粒状弥散分布于晶界附近和基体内部。均匀化后轧制组织比原始轧制组织强度略有提高,而伸长率提高达50%。轧制后的拉伸断口形貌也显示合金塑性得到明显改善。这为后续进一步研究AZ91镁合金在不同工艺参数条件下的轧制成形奠定基础。     

单晶/多晶镍轴向拉伸力学性能的分子动力学模拟

为提高航空发动机推重比采用整体叶盘新技术却带来了盘叶连接区域高风险失效问题。本文采用分子动力学对连接区单晶/多晶镍(SPSNi)的力学性能进行模拟,首先通过对比了不同晶态镍拉伸原子图。发现,由于单晶/多晶界面的存在使得拉伸后界面处的非晶化程度加剧,易于孔洞萌生,加剧了SPSNi突然断裂的风险。最后重点研究了单晶/多晶镍的应变率效应与温度效应。当应变率大于1í10_⁸s_^-1小于2í10_¹⁰s_^-1时,SPSNi对加载应变率几乎不敏感,屈服强度小幅上升。超过2í10_¹⁰s_^-1之后,其屈服强度随着应变率的增加而迅速下降。这是因为在高应变率下,SPSNi的FCC原子大规模迅速转变为无序的非晶结构,导致了晶体镍承载能力迅速下降。可以将应变率2í10_¹⁰s_^-1作为SPSNi拉伸变形的阈值。不同温度下,SPSNi屈服强度随温度的增大而线性下降。这是由于在温度的影响下,位错网络的初始镶嵌结构逐渐变得不规则,初始失配应力随着温度的升高而下降。     

Void formation in nanocrystalline Cu film during uniaxial relaxation test

Void formation in nanocrystalline Cu thin films with a grain size of 100 nm during uniaxial tensile relaxation experiments is quantitatively studied. Cu thin films with a two-dimensional fiber structure were deposited on heat-resistant polyimide substrates and subject to various subcritical uniform uniaxial tensile strains at an elevated temperature (∼0.3T_m), to observe void formations in nanocrystalline metals with a reduced amount of dislocation-based deformation. Microstructural observations were carried out at several stages of deformation, and the evolutions of void formation in subcritical strain levels are quantitatively discussed. A void formation model is proposed for approximating the nucleation and growth rate of voids. The resulting model shows a reasonable agreement with the observed number density and area fraction of voids for various strain levels and grain sizes. On the basis of the results, the stress and grain size dependences of the void formation process are further discussed.     

FCC晶体中晶体取向对孔洞长大和聚合的影响

通过编制率相关有限元用户子程序，采用包含一个和两个球形孔洞的单胞探求了FCC晶体中晶体取向对孔洞长大和聚合的影响。计算结果表明：晶体取向对孔洞长大的影响较大，孔洞的形状和长大方向与晶体取向密切相关：由于变形不均匀，孔洞在晶界处产生尖角，易形成裂纹。由于约束较少，孔洞周围和两孔洞间的区域塑性变形较大，晶体的转动和滑移主要集中在孔洞周围以及两孔洞间的区域。     

Effect of heat treatment on tensile and fatigue deformation behavior of extruded Al-12 wt%Si alloy

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment on tensile and high-cycle fatigue deformation behavior of extruded Al-12 wt%Si alloy. The material used in this study was extruded at a ratio of 17.7: 1 through extrusion process. To identify the effects of heat treatment, T6 heat treatment (515 °C/1 h, water quenching, and then 175 °C/10 h) was performed. Microstructural observation identified Si phases aligned in the extrusion direction in both extruded alloy (F) and heat treated alloy (T6). The average grain size of F alloy was 8.15 °C, and that of T6 alloy was 8.22 °C. Both alloys were composed of Al matrix, Si, Al₂Cu, Al₃Ni and AlFeSi phases. As T6 heat treatment was applied, Al₂Cu phases became more finely and evenly distributed. Tensile results confirmed that yield strength increased from 119.0 MPa to 329.0 MPa, ultimate tensile strength increased from 226.8 MPa to 391.4 MPa, and the elongation decreased from 16.1% to 5.0% as T6 heat treatment was applied. High-cycle fatigue results represented F alloy’s fatigue limit as 185 MPa and T6 alloy’s fatigue limit as 275 MPa, indicating that high-cycle fatigue properties increased significantly as heat treatment was conducted. Through tensile and fatigue fracture surface analysis, this study considered the deformation behaviors of extruded and heat treated Al-Si alloys in relation to their microstructures.     

Effects of residual S on Kirkendall void formation at Cu/Sn–3.5Ag solder joints

Solder joints of Cu/Sn–3.5Ag were prepared using Cu foil or electroplated Cu films with or without SPS additive. With a high level of SPS in the Cu electroplating bath, voids tended to localize at the Cu/Cu₃Sn interface during subsequent aging at 150 °C, which was highly detrimental to the drop impact resistance of the solder joints. In situ Auger electron spectroscopy of fractured joints revealed S segregation on the Cu/Cu₃Sn interface and void surfaces, suggesting that segregation of S to the Cu/Cu₃Sn interface lowered interface energy and thereby the free energy barrier for Kirkendall void nucleation. Once nucleated, voids can grow by local tensile stress, originating from residual stress in the film and/or the Kirkendall effect. Vacancy annihilation at the Cu/Cu₃Sn interface can induce tensile stress which drives the Kirkendall void growth.     

粒度和界面原子调控对SiC/Al复合材料强度的影响

SiC/Al复合材料作为一种轻质高强材料,因其优异的物理化学性能被外界广泛关注。本研究利用分子动力学方法,构建了不同SiC粒径的SiC/Al复合材料模型,根据拉伸变形模拟结果得出更小的SiC粒径有利于材料获得更高的抗拉强度。随着拉伸形变的逐渐增加,SiC颗粒在沿拉伸方向的两侧与Al基体发生分离从而产生孔隙,再从孔隙缺陷处产生位错形核并扩展至Al基体内形成塑性形变。在调节SiC/Al界面上C、Si的占位情况后,界面富Si的条件下结合更强,孔隙产生的难度增大从而对SiC/Al复合材料产生强化作用。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu/Al joints brazed using (Cu,Ni, Zr,Er)-modified Al—Si filler alloys

To design a promising Al—Si filler alloy with a relatively low melting-point, good strength and plasticity for the Cu/Al joint, the Cu, Ni, Zr and Er elements were innovatively added to modify the traditional Al—Si eutectic filler. The microstructure and mechanical properties of filler alloys and Cu/Al joints were investigated. The result indicated that the Al—Si—Ni—Cu filler alloys mainly consisted of Al(s,s), Al₂(Cu,Ni) and Si(s,s). The Al—10Si—2Ni—6Cu filler alloy exhibited relatively low solidus (521 °C) and liquidus (577 °C) temperature, good tensile strength (305.8 MPa) and fracture elongation (8.5%). The corresponding Cu/Al joint brazed using Al—10Si—2Ni—6Cu filler was mainly composed of Al₈(Mn,Fe)₂Si, Al₂(Cu,Ni)₃, Al(Cu,Ni), Al₂(Cu,Ni) and Al(s,s), yielding a shear strength of (90.3±10.7) MPa. The joint strength was further improved to (94.6±2.5) MPa when the joint was brazed using the Al—10Si—2Ni—6Cu—0.2Er—0.2Zr filler alloy. Consequently, the (Cu, Ni, Zr, Er)-modified Al—Si filler alloy was suitable for obtaining high-quality Cu/Al brazed joints.     

单晶合金中孔洞对蠕变行为的影响

通过对有/无缺陷单晶镍基合金蠕变性能测试、组织形貌观察及采用有限元对近孔洞区域的应力场分析,研究了组织缺陷对单晶合金蠕变行为及组织演化的影响。结果表明:组织缺陷可明显降低单晶镍基合金的塑性和蠕变寿命。在高温蠕变期间,近孔洞区域的应力等值线具有碟形分布特征,并沿与施加应力轴成45°角方向有较大值,该应力分布特征可使合金中γ′相转变成与施加应力轴成45°角的筏状结构,并使圆形孔洞沿应力轴方向伸长成椭圆状。蠕变期间,在合金圆形孔洞缺陷的上、下区域具有较小的应力值,而在圆形孔洞的两侧极点处具有最大应力值,随蠕变时间延长,应力值增大,促使裂纹在该处萌生,并沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展是降低合金蠕变寿命的主要原因。     

准静态加载下时效态Inconel 718薄板的各向异性屈服准则及硬化模型构建

当金属件的特征尺寸缩小到微尺度时,会产生尺寸效应,从而使对微成形的理解变得复杂。本文以0.1mm厚的时效态Inconel 718薄板为研究对象,对其进行了力学性能测试。基于力学测试数据,探究了时效态Inconel 718薄板在相同应变速率、不同拉伸方向上各向异性、延伸率、屈服强度及最大抗拉强度的变化规律,并建立了介微观尺度下各向异性及屈服强度的预测模型和考虑应变量及应变速率的准静态硬化模型。结果表明：时效态Inconel 718薄板具有明显的各向异性,其延伸率以45°为极值点呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,屈服强度和最大抗拉强度的变化规律与之相反。由于尺寸效应的存在需要两组不同的材料参数对各向异性及屈服强度进行预测。当应变速率大于0.1 s_^-1时,材料屈服强度表现出明显的应变速率敏感性,该硬化模型不再适用。     

Mechanical Properties and Thermal Shock Resistance of Al2O3-TiC-Co Composites

Ductile cobalt was introduced into Al₂O₃-TiC (AT) composites by using a chemical deposition method to improve toughness and resistance to thermal shock. The mixture of Co-coated Al₂O₃ and TiC powders was hot-pressed into an Al₂O₃-TiC-Co (ATC) composite. The flexure strength and fracture toughness of the ATC composites have been improved considerably, compared with AT and Al₂O₃. The fracture surface of ATC shows a large proportion of transgranular cracks with some intergranular type, unlike the intergranular fracture modes of AT and Al₂O₃. The thermal shock properties of the composites were evaluated by water quenching technique and compared with the traditional AT and Al₂O₃. The composites containing only 3.96 vol.% cobalt exhibited higher critical temperature difference and retained flexure strength. The SEM examination of the fracture surfaces of the ATC composites after single thermal cycle showed that voids increased in number and size, and most isolated voids coalesced with increasing temperature difference, which caused the density and strength to decrease. The ATC composite is less sensitive to repeated thermal shock than the AT composite.     

Superplasticity in alumina enhanced by co-dispersion of 10% zirconia and 10% spinel particles

Superplastic deformation behavior is examined for Al₂O₃-based ceramics dispersed with 10 vol% ZrO₂ and 10 vol% spinel (MgO·1.3 Al₂O₃) particles. The multiple-phase dispersion considerably decreases the rate of grain growth during deformation, leading to enhanced superplasticity (larger tensile elongation and higher strain rate). Maximum tensile elongation reaches 850% at a strain rate of 5.0×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ and at 1500°C. Grain growth during deformation is found to follow a theoretical model based on a grain boundary diffusion mechanism. The creep parameters corrected for concurrent grain growth are 2.2 as the stress exponent, 3.2 as the grain size exponent and 751 kJ/mol as the activation energy. Spherical ZrO₂ particles embedded in elongated Al₂O₃ grains in deformed specimens suggest that the deformation mechanism of the present material is strongly related to grain boundary diffusion. Being different from other superplastic aluminas, cavities in the present material tended to grow in the direction parallel to the stress axis.