双孔洞排布位置对c轴压缩镁单晶的影响

为探究双孔洞位置排布对于镁及镁合金塑性变形的影响,应用分子动力学方法模拟在300K下含不同排布位置的双孔洞镁单晶c轴压缩模型,结合3种模型的应力-应变曲线、势能曲线、径向分布函数和位错密度曲线,分析不同排布位置双孔洞镁单晶的压缩力学性能和结构演化过程。结果表明:双孔洞镁单晶在与加载方向平行时可承受的压应力峰值和势能峰值以及对应的应变程度最大,与加载方向垂直时次之,当与加载方向呈45°排布时最小,且与c轴呈90°排布的双孔洞镁单晶模型孔洞闭合速率最快。     

双轴比例加载条件下含氢化物Zr-4合金变形行为的数值分析

采用有限元数值分析方法,模拟了含氢化物Zr-4合金拉-扭双轴比例加载下的变形行为.相同外加等效应变下,加载路径对含氢化物Zr-4合金的应力、应变分量的大小和分布有明显的影响,而对其等效应力-应变曲线影响较小.不同加载路径下, Zr-4合金基体的最大静水拉应力区位于氢化物与基体的界面附近.随着拉伸-扭转应变比的增加,基体中最大静水拉应力增加,而最大静水拉应力位置与外加剪切方向的夹角由45°逐渐转向90°.     

位错密度梯度结构Cu单晶微柱压缩的三维离散位错动力学模拟

采用离散位错动力学模拟了位错密度梯度结构Cu单晶微柱的压缩过程,分析了加载方向垂直于位错密度梯度方向和平行于位错密度梯度方向对微柱压缩各向异性响应的影响。压缩应力-应变响应结果表明:加载方向平行于位错密度梯度方向时,弹-塑性转变的临界应力更高,但应变较大时的塑性流动应力不受加载方向的影响。进一步分析塑性应变和位错密度的空间分布和时间演化表明:当加载方向垂直于位错密度梯度方向时,位错密度最低区的位错源首先激活,随后位错密度更高区的位错源激活,整个变形过程伴随多个滑移带产生,整体模型的变形更加均匀;当加载方向平行于位错密度梯度方向时,位错源的开动首先在模型的中间层发生,然后向两端扩展,整个模型的塑性变形主要集中在一个滑移带。     

含铸造微孔镍基单晶合金蠕变损伤和裂纹萌生的模拟计算

基于镍基单晶合金蠕变变形过程中的细、微观组织结构变化及损伤特点,建立了考虑材质劣化和孔洞损伤的双参数蠕变损伤本构方程。利用所建模型对裂纹前缘含铸造缺陷（孔洞）的镍基单晶合金紧凑拉伸（CT）试样蠕变损伤和裂纹萌生进行了模拟计算,并考虑了晶体取向偏差和随机性的影响。计算结果表明：晶体取向和孔洞位置对试样蠕变损伤和裂纹萌生行为有着显著的影响。当孔洞距切口根部距离较近时,裂纹形核于切口附近的孔洞表面,裂纹形核时间较短;孔洞距切口根部距离较远时,裂纹形核位置位于切口表面,具体位置取决于试样的晶体取向,裂纹形核时间较长。随着加载轴晶体取向偏角的增大,裂纹形核时间明显缩短,其分散性加大,最大有34.7%的变化幅度;试样在2个不受控的晶体取向变化时,在偏角为45°和80°出现极值,裂纹形核时间最大偏差达3倍。     

镁单晶沿不同取向压缩的变形机制分子动力学研究

基于分子动力学理论,建立沿C轴以及10 10(垂直C轴)方向进行单轴压缩的模型,结合两种模型的应力-应变曲线,分析镁单晶沿不同取向压缩的微观变形机制。结果表明,沿C轴压缩时模型的压缩弹性模量较大,说明该取向难变形。且该模型先发生基面不全位错滑移(柏氏矢量b→1=1/3 10 10)以及锥面位错滑移(柏氏矢量b→2=1/6 02 23),其次在位错畸变区形核产生{10 11}孪晶。此外,在晶体内部观察到两种不同类型的{10 11}孪晶变体。沿垂直C轴方向压缩过程中,首先会形成大量的紊乱点,为位错以及孪晶的产生提供形核点。进一步加载时,会出现{10 12}孪生过程,且{10 12}孪晶迅速吞噬基体,模型变为沿C轴方向压缩变形,最后在位错堆积的畸变区形核生成{10 11}二次孪晶。     

不同应力状态下铝合金变形及损伤机理的研究

利用改装的Arcan夹具对铝合金（6063）的蝶形试样进行0°，30°，45°，60°，90°的拉伸及拉伸卸载试验，研究了铝合金在不同应力状态下变形及损伤机理。结果表明：铝合金在不同应力状态下的工程应力一应变曲线明显不同。0°加载时，在蝶形中心产生微孔洞，微孔洞之间剪切，从而产生了微裂纹。随着微裂纹的扩展、连接导致试样断裂。随着试样中三轴应力度的减小，在蝶形试样中心的剪切应力不断增大，同时在蝶形试样中的剪切变形带越来越集中。显微裂纹首先在剪切带中产生，随着微裂纹的扩展导致试样的断裂。90°拉伸时，在蝶形中心形成明显的剪切变形带。90°加载时，在试样中产生的剪切带是形变剪切带而非相变剪切带。利用有限元软件ABAQUS对不同角度拉伸试验进行模拟，从而得出了不同应力状态下的塑性区的形状和大小。     

热加工过程AISI1215钢动态再结晶临界条件

根据AISI1215钢热模拟压缩实验的结果,采用Poliak和Jonas提出的计算动态再结晶临界应变(εc)和临界应力(σc)方法,研究了形变温度和应变速率对εc和σc的影响规律。结果表明,在应变速度较低时(小于30 s-1),采用指数函数形式可以较好描述热加工参数Z(Zener-Hollomon参数)与εc,σc,εP(峰值应变)和σP(峰值应力)间的关系,实验分析的结果表明,峰值应变(临界应变)与Z参数之间表现为正比关系,Z参数增大(形变温度降低或应变速度增加),材料发生动态再结晶的临界应变增加,应力应变曲线上表现出的表观峰值应变增加。根据模型计算的结果,在实验数据的范围内,动态再结晶临界应变与应力应变曲线的峰值应变之间的比值约为0.4~0.5之间,明显小于一般工程应用中估计的0.7。根据模型的计算的结果,用中断淬火试验进行了验证,结果表明与模型计算值吻合良好。     

应变速率对藕状多孔镁垂直于气孔方向压缩变形行为与力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

利用定向凝固法制备藕状多孔镁,采用GLEEBLE^(-1)500型材料模拟实验机和分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,在以1×10^(-3)~1650 s^(-1)的应变速率范围内沿垂直于气孔方向进行压缩实验,研究应变速率对藕状多孔镁压缩变形行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:当垂直于气孔方向压缩时,藕状多孔镁的应力-应变曲线分为应力线性增加的弹性阶段、应力缓慢增加的平台阶段和应力急剧增加的密实化阶段,应力随应变的增加持续增大,无应力峰值的出现。而当垂直于气孔方向压缩时,应变速率对藕状多孔镁的变形行为影响显著,在应变速率ε<60 s^(-1)条件下,主要变形方式为气孔先发生椭圆化变形,然后部分气孔的孔壁率先向气孔内发生弯月形塌陷并形成垂直于压缩方向的先变形带,随后变形带不断产生,从而逐步实现密实化;而较高应变速率(ε=450~1650 s^(-1))下的变形方式虽然气孔也是先后发生椭圆化、孔壁向气孔内的弯曲塌陷等变形并形成先变形带,但先变形带沿试样对角线方向率先形成,并随压缩进行不断向与对角线垂直的方向扩展。应变速率对藕状多孔镁的力学性能有较明显的影响,其影响机制主要是由于不同应变速率时气孔的变形方式发生了变化。     

应变速率对藕状多孔镁垂直于气孔方向压缩变形行为与力学性能的影响

利用定向凝固法制备藕状多孔镁,采用GLEEBLE~(-1)500型材料模拟实验机和分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,在以1×10~(-3)~1650 s~(-1)的应变速率范围内沿垂直于气孔方向进行压缩实验,研究应变速率对藕状多孔镁压缩变形行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:当垂直于气孔方向压缩时,藕状多孔镁的应力-应变曲线分为应力线性增加的弹性阶段、应力缓慢增加的平台阶段和应力急剧增加的密实化阶段,应力随应变的增加持续增大,无应力峰值的出现。而当垂直于气孔方向压缩时,应变速率对藕状多孔镁的变形行为影响显著,在应变速率ε60 s~(-1)条件下,主要变形方式为气孔先发生椭圆化变形,然后部分气孔的孔壁率先向气孔内发生弯月形塌陷并形成垂直于压缩方向的先变形带,随后变形带不断产生,从而逐步实现密实化;而较高应变速率(ε=450~1650 s~(-1))下的变形方式虽然气孔也是先后发生椭圆化、孔壁向气孔内的弯曲塌陷等变形并形成先变形带,但先变形带沿试样对角线方向率先形成,并随压缩进行不断向与对角线垂直的方向扩展。应变速率对藕状多孔镁的力学性能有较明显的影响,其影响机制主要是由于不同应变速率时气孔的变形方式发生了变化。     

纯锆的压缩变形行为

利用材料试验机和SHPB装置研究了常态下纯锆的静、动态压缩宏观力学性能。塑性变形阶段的流变应力及硬化率随应变率提高而增大,应变10％～20％段应力-应变曲线表现出凹向上趋势。金相观测表明,孪生是纯锆的重要变形机制,孪晶密度随应变及应变率的增长而增大。大应变时,动态压缩试样侧面观测到与压缩轴呈45&#176;度的宏观裂纹。试样纵向剖开后,金相观测到发展的绝热剪切带。     

A constrained domain-switching model for polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Part I: Model formulation and application to tetragonal materials

A micromechanical model is proposed to study the constrained domain-switching process in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. It is assumed that the depolarization field induced by domain switching is completely compensated by free charges, while the stress caused by non-180° switching is considered in an Eshelby inclusion manner. The model assumes that each grain contains multi-domains and the domain-switching criterion is based on potential energy density. Two switching options, which are based on Hwang et al. [Hwang SC, Lynch CS, McMeeking RM. Acta Metall Mater 1995;43:2073] and Berlincourt and Krueger [Berlincourt D, Krueger HHA. J Appl Phys 1959;30:1804], are used in the model development. Details of the switching process are analyzed for tetragonal ferroelectric/ferroelastic ceramics under electric loading or uniaxial compression (tension) by using an inverse-pole-figure method. Numerical results show that during electric poling, only a few per cent 90° switching can occur in BaTiO₃ ceramics, which agrees well with experimental observations.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Orientation Effect on the Initial Plastic Deformation of Magnesium Single Crystals

Molecular dynamics simulation is employed to study the tension and compression deformation behaviors of magnesium single crystals with different orientations.The angle between the loading axis and the basal a direction ranges from 0° to 90°.The simulation results show that the initial defects usually nucleate at free surfaces,but the initial plastic deformation and the subsequent microstructural evolutions are various due to different loading directions.The tension simulations exhibit the deformation mechanisms of twinning,slip,crystallographic reorientation and basal/prismatic transformation.The twinning,crystallographic reorientation and basal/prismatic transformation can only appear in the crystal model loaded along or near the a-axis or c-axis.For the compression simulations,the basal,prismatic and pyramidal slips are responsible for the initial plasticity,and no twinning is observed.Moreover,the plastic deformation models affect the yield strengths for the samples with different orientations.The maximum yield stresses for the samples loaded along the c-axis or a-axis are much higher than those loaded in other directions.     

Anisotropic mechanical properties of amorphous Zr-based foams with aligned,elongated pores

Equal-channel angular extrusion is used to consolidate a blend of amorphous Zr_56.3Nb_5.1Cu_15.6Ni_12.9Al_10.0 and crystalline W powders into dense composites. Chemical dissolution of the crystalline phase results in amorphous foams with elongated pores, aligned at a 22–28° angle with respect to the extrusion direction, whose compressive properties are studied for various orientations. As the angle between the pore long direction and the applied stress direction increases from 0° to 68°, there is a significant decrease in loading stiffness and peak stress, as expected from predictive analytical models; however, the observed increase in stiffness and peak stress observed when the pores are oriented 90° to the direction of loading is not predicted by all of the models. Foams with pores aligned 24–68° to the direction of loading show increased plastic bending in individual walls and accumulation in microscopic damage without failure, leading to increased compressive ductility and absorbed energy over other orientations.     

135°周向轧制对高纯铌组织均匀性的优化

传统工业上获取铌板多采用单向轧制(Unidirectional-Rolling)，该工艺下获得的铌板在晶粒尺寸和织构分布上常表现出强烈的不均匀性，导致其在现代工业的使用上具有一定局限性。本实验采用135°周向轧制(135° Clock-Rolling)和单向轧制获得铌板，研究了两种工艺条件下获得的铌板在厚度方向上的组织差异。实验结果表明，135°周向轧制有助于减小高纯Nb板材在厚度方向上的织构梯度。此外，135°周向轧制工艺条件下可以获得具有更高{001}择优取向程度的铌板，且再结晶后，仍然具有较强的{001}择优取向，该织构的占优有助于获得微观组织更均匀的铌板，本实验的显微硬度曲线、再结晶组织显微表征、储存能的半定量计算结果都印证了这一点。还有一点值得注意，相比于单向轧制，135°周向轧制下获得的Nb板材在厚度方向上{111}、{100}取向的储存能差异较小，不会显示明显的能量梯度，这一点同样有助于对高纯铌组织均匀性的优化。     

Texture development and hardening characteristics of steel sheets under plane-strain compression

Crystallographic texture development and hardening characteristics of a hot-rolled, low-carbon steel sheet due to cold rolling were investigated by idealizing the cold rolling process as plane-strain compression. The starting anisotropy of the test material was characterized by examination of the grain structure by optical microscopy and the preferred crystal orientation distribution by x-ray diffraction. Various heat treatments were used in an effort to remove the initial deformation texture resulting from hot rolling. The plastic anisotropy of the starting material was investigated with tensile tests on samples with the tensile axis parallel, 45°, and perpendicular to the rolling direction. The grain structure after plane-strain compression was studied by optical microscopy, and the new deformation texture was characterized by x-ray diffraction pole figures. These figures are compared with the theoretical pole figures produced from a Taylor-like polycrystal model based on a pencil-glide slip system. The uniaxial tensile stress-strain curve and the plane-strain, compressive stress-strain curve of the sheet were used to calibrate the material parameters in the model. The experimental pole figures were consistent with the findings in the theoretical study. The experimental and theoretical results suggest that the initial texture due to hot rolling was insignificant as compared with the texture induced by large strains under plane-strain compression.     

选区激光熔化成形点阵结构的各向异性对力学性能的影响

选区激光熔化技术（selective laser melting, SLM）成形的金属点阵结构由于具有结构设计自由度大、轻量化、缓冲吸能等优势,在航空航天等领域具有广泛的工程应用前景,然而对其力学性能的研究不够充分。本研究设计了不同方向的体心立方（body-centered cubic, BCC）和金刚石（Dia）两种晶胞点阵结构,基于SLM技术成形了AlSi10Mg点阵结构,并对成形试样进行了压缩试验,结合有限元分析（finite element analysis, FEA）研究了点阵结构的各向异性对其压缩响应和吸能特性的影响。结果表明,两种点阵结构均存在明显的各向异性。在相对密度基本一致的情况下,点阵结构方向从0°到45°,随着角度的增大,屈服强度明显增大,BCC点阵结构的各向异性对其压缩屈服强度的影响更加明显,Dia点阵结构的屈服强度明显高于BCC点阵结构。不同方向点阵结构的比吸能(specific energy absorption, SEA)存在明显差异,点阵结构方向从0°到45°,随着角度的增大,SEA明显增大,Dia点阵结构的SEA明显高于BCC点阵结构。不同方向点阵结构的碰撞载荷效率(crash load efficiency, CLE)存在明显差异,BCC点阵结构在0°方向取得最大值1.07,并随着点阵结构角度的增大逐渐减小,Dia点阵结构CLE随着点阵结构角度的增大而增大,并在45°方向上取得最大值1.01。     

单晶镍纳米薄膜单向拉伸破坏的分子动力学模拟

应用分子动力学方法模拟了单晶镍纳米薄膜受单向拉伸破坏的过程, 得出纳米尺度单晶镍薄膜的应力-应变关系、能量演化曲线和镍薄膜构型的变化及微损伤的形成和扩展过程. 模拟采用原子镶嵌势描述原子间作用, 得到镍单晶薄膜的弹性模量, 分析了拉伸过程中系统原子能量、应力变化和外荷载的关系. 结果表明: 纳米薄膜的自由表面影响拉伸过程中原子的运动和薄膜整体力学性能, 纳米薄膜破坏的几何特征是原子空位的连接和晶胞缺陷的扩展; 单晶的断裂接近脆性断裂, 模拟得到纳米薄膜的断裂强度符合Griffith脆性断裂的能量平衡理论.     

围压卸载下高应力岩石动力扰动的破坏特性(英文)

利用改造后的动?静组合加载SHPB装置,系统研究砂岩预先经三维加载再围压卸载的动?静组合加载的破坏特性。结果表明:采用动?静组合加载,当动载荷较大时,试样整体失稳,应力—应变曲线为典型的I型曲线;随着动载荷的减小,应力—应变曲线逐渐向II型曲线转变,即向岩爆曲线过渡,揭示了高应力下动力扰动诱发岩爆,释放弹性储能的现象。使用高速摄像仪拍摄试样破坏过程,直观反映试样的动态破坏过程。剥落碎片的断口表面形貌特征分析显示,用较低能量冲击时,试样受到张剪性破坏和膨胀性破坏的共同作用;当用较高能量冲击时,试样以膨胀破坏为主。碎块分形结果表明,采用高应力动?静组合加载,当用小能量冲击时,引发弹性储能释放能提高试样的破碎程度。     

Microstructure evolution and hot deformation behavior of Cu−3Ti−0.1Zr alloy with ultra-high strength

The hot compression deformation behavior of Cu–3Ti–0.1Zr alloy with the ultra-high strength and good electrical conductivity was investigated on a Gleeble–3500 thermal-mechanical simulator at temperatures from 700 to 850 °C with the strain rates between 0.001 and 1 s⁻¹. The results show that work hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur in the alloy during hot deformation. The hot compression constitutive equation at a true strain of 0.8 is constructed and the apparent activation energy of hot compression deformation Q is about 319.56 kJ/mol. The theoretic flow stress calculated by the constructed constitutive equation is consistent with the experimental result, and the hot processing maps are established based on the dynamic material model. The optimal hot deformation temperature range is between 775 and 850 °C and the strain rate range is between 0.001 and 0.01 s⁻¹.     

Crystallographic research of spangle on hot dip galvanized steel sheets

The spangles on hot dip galvanized steel sheet were investigated on an X-ray diffraction(XRD) meter by the rotating crystal method. The correlations between the crystallographic orientations of spangles and their morphologies were analyzed. The results show that the correlation can be classified into three types: β=0°, 0°<β<90° and β=90° by β. Crystallographic model of single spangle under the ideal condition was established based on the experimental results. The correlation between α and β can be deduced by their geometric relation as an equation.