固溶温度对TC11钛合金组织和性能的影响

通过OM和SEM研究了固溶温度对初始状态为片层组织的TC11钛合金的组织和性能的影响.结果表明,随固溶温度的升高,TC11钛合金中α组织形态从短条状逐步转变为细长针状,其抗拉强度和屈服强度随固溶温度的升高而上升,断面收缩率和伸长率下降,特别是断面收缩率下降幅度较大;拉伸断裂方式为沿晶韧性断裂.     

固溶温度对TA19钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了固溶温度对TA19钛合金棒材显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,等轴α相含量下降较快,大致呈先快后慢的双线性下降变化趋势,而等轴α相尺寸变化较小,大致呈线性下降;β相在固溶过程中发生再结晶,且再结晶晶粒随固溶温度升高而长大。TA19钛合金棒材的抗拉强度和屈服强度随固溶温度的升高而降低,延伸率和断面收缩率基本保持在同一水平上,其强度的变化主要受滑移长度的影响,合金元素分配作用所引起的基体弱化对强度也有一定的作用。     

固溶时效对海绵钛/电解钛熔炼TC4钛合金热轧板材组织与性能的影响

以海绵钛和电解钛作为熔炼TC4钛合金的原材料,采用工业化电子束冷床炉(EB炉)熔炼为扁锭并直接进行热轧,随后进行固溶时效处理,研究不同原材料铸锭和固溶时效处理工艺对TC4钛合金板材微观组织与性能的影响规律。结果表明：海绵钛TC4和电解钛TC4钛合金的α →β转变都是一个吸热过程,电解钛TC4钛合金α →β转变温度明显高于海绵钛TC4钛合金。海绵钛TC4钛合金在超过相变点温度进行固溶时效处理后,其组织为魏氏组织,其余固溶时效条件下的组织皆为双态组织。随固溶温度的升高,海绵钛TC4钛合金板材的抗拉强度先增加后降低,延伸率持续降低,而电解钛TC4钛合金板材的抗拉强度随固溶温度的升高而增加,延伸率一直降低。二者均在890℃保温30min固溶与550℃保温3h时效后获得最佳的综合力学性能。与海绵钛TC4钛合金板材相比,电解钛TC4钛合金板材在经过固溶时效处理后,材料的强度、硬度提升更为显著。     

锻造温度对TC11钛合金组织和性能的影响

通过OM和SEM研究了锻造温度对TC11钛合金的组织和性能的影响规律.结果表明,随着锻造温度的增加,TC11钛合金中α形态从等轴状过渡到短条状,其抗拉强度和屈服强度随锻造温度的增加而上升,断面收缩率和伸长率逐渐下降;而断裂韧性随锻造温度的增加而提高.     

热处理工艺对TC11钛合金组织与性能的影响

采用正交试验法研究固溶温度和固溶时间、时效温度和时效时间4个因素对TC11钛合金力学性能和组织的影响。结果表明采用固溶温度960℃,固溶时间30 min,时效温度530℃,时效时间8 h的热处理制度,TC11钛合金可以得到最优的强塑性组合,抗拉强度1133 MPa,屈服强度1045 MPa,伸长率18.84%,断面收缩率56.49%。     

固溶处理温度对TC4钛合金组织和性能的影响

在不同温度下对TC4钛合金进行固溶处理,随后通过拉伸试验机、扫描电镜和光学显微镜等手段分别测试和观察TC4钛合金的力学性能、拉伸断口的形貌和显微组织,以研究固溶温度对其微观组织和断裂行为的影响。结果表明,随着固溶温度的升高,TC4钛合金的抗拉强度和规定塑性延伸强度持续增加,收缩率和伸长率逐渐降低,说明固溶处理有效提高了钛合金的强度,但却伴随着塑性的降低。经固溶处理后α相占比增加,且随着固溶温度升高β相逐渐向α相转变,α相强度更高,因而钛合金强度得以提高。断口的宏观形态呈暗灰色,且观察不到放射区;根据断口微观形态照片存在的大量韧窝,可以判断出其拉伸后断裂机制为韧性断裂。     

固溶温度对TB8钛合金组织及性能的影响

研究了固溶温度对TB8钛合金显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,随固溶温度的升高,合金β晶粒明显长大;合金固溶态强度略有降低,塑性逐渐升高;合金固溶+时效处理后,β晶界及晶粒内部均匀弥散析出大量次生α相颗粒,强度呈上升趋势,塑性明显降低.TB8钛合金在770 ～ 830℃温度范围内固溶后,具有较高的强度和优异的塑性,经520℃时效后,综合性能优异,抗拉强度＞ 1300 MPa,伸长率＞15％,断面收缩率＞55％.     

固溶温度对3D打印TC4钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

对3D打印TC4钛合金进行不同温度固溶+490 ℃时效处理,通过显微组织观察和力学性能试验对其微观组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,3D打印TC4钛合金在原始沉积态时为不均匀的网篮组织,经固溶时效处理后,随着固溶温度的升高,组织中α相先以片状的形式生长于完整的原始晶界附近,再逐渐转变为粗大的板条状,强度逐渐升高而塑性有所降低,当固溶温度为920 ℃时,强度达到最大值,为1100 MPa。当固溶温度超过960 ℃时,α相逐渐被溶解,强度逐渐下降,同时塑性也表现较差。经扫描电镜观察,不同固溶温度下拉伸断口的宏观形貌均呈暗灰色,经890~960 ℃固溶+490 ℃时效处理的TC4钛合金,其微观形貌中存在的大量韧窝,可以判断出其断裂机制为韧性断裂。结合不同固溶时效处理后钛合金的显微组织及力学性能变化可以得出,经920 ℃固溶+490 ℃时效处理后的3D打印TC4钛合金具有较好的综合力学性能。     

Ti-662钛合金热处理工艺

对直径为φ95 mm的Ti-662钛合金棒材进行了热处理试验,研究了固溶和时效温度对其力学性能的影响.结果表明,时效温度600℃时,随固溶温度的升高,硬度、抗拉强度及屈服强度提高,伸长率和断面收缩率减小;固溶温度为880℃时,随时效温度的升高,抗拉强度和屈服强度减小,伸长率和断面收缩率增大.热处理工艺为880℃×1h,WQ+ 600℃×4h,AC时,材料的硬度、强度和塑性达到最佳匹配.     

热处理工艺对Ti62421s高温钛合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究固溶温度和时效温度对Ti62421s高温钛合金显微组织、相成分和常温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:在两相区进行固溶处理时,随着固溶温度的升高,合金组织中的α相减少,β转变组织(βt)增多,当固溶温度进入β相区后为篮网状β转变组织;随着时效温度的升高,α相长大;随着固溶温度和时效温度的升高,β转变组织中只有Al含量升高,其他合金元素的含量都下降;随着固溶温度的升高,强度和断面收缩率先升高后迅速降低,伸长率逐渐下降;经(980℃,1h,AC)+(550℃,8h,AC)热处理后,合金可以获得较好的综合性能,抗拉强度达1077.04MPa,伸长率达13.6%,断面收缩率为26.02%。     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

Analysis of microporous structure of carbon adsorbents in terms of the theory of volume filling of micropores

A methodology of using the theory of filling the volume of micropores when evaluating the porous structure of carbon nanomaterials and adsorbents, as well as describing the adsorption of different species, is considered. Potentialities of the mathematical means of a theory of filling the volume of micropores when differentiating homogeneous and irregular microporous structure of activated carbon, determining the micropores’ parameters (their volume and size), evaluating the degree of heterogeneity of microporous structures, and describing adsorption over wide concentration range are analyzed. The perspectives of this approach, based on the theory of filling the volume of micropores, in the prognosis of the microporous structures’ parameters and the activated carbons’ adsorbability in the process of their synthesis are demonstrated. Original Russian Text ? G.A. Petukhova, 2008, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 170–176.