贝氏体相变机制的研究进展

简要地总结了清华大学贝氏体相变研究组在贝氏体相变领域的主要研究成果。包括以下方面 :①利用TEM、AFM、STM发现了钢及有色合金中的贝氏体超精细结构 ;②利用STM发现贝氏体表面浮突大多是由与超亚单元相对应的“帐篷型”小浮突群组成的 ;③利用TEM和STM证实了三维巨型台阶存在的普遍性和可动性 ;④发现钢中贝氏体碳化物在α/γ界面的γ侧形核并向奥氏体内生长 ;⑤概述了贝氏体的激发形核 台阶长大机制及其理论计算 ;⑥用前述相变机制解释了贝氏体的多层次复杂结构 ,以及上贝氏体、下贝氏体等不同形态的形成原因。     

Cu—Zn—Al合金贝氏体及马氏体表面浮突的扫描隧道显微镜研究

首次用扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）观察了ＣｕＺｎＡｌ合金的贝氏体和马氏体表面浮突，发现贝氏体浮突是由许多亚单元组成的浮突群，单个亚单元浮突呈“Ｖ”型，不同于马氏体相变不变平面应变的“Ｎ”型浮突，从而说明贝氏体不可能切变形成。同时在实验结果的基础上，提出了贝氏体激发形核－台阶生长的形成机制     

贝氏体相变的形核与长大——贝氏体相变新机制(一)

研究贝氏体形核长大具有重要理论价值。实验观察了贝氏体的形核,从块状贝氏体形成机理研究起,延伸到各种碳含量钢的贝氏体相变机制,指出在超低碳钢中是γ→BF相变,在其他钢中是贫碳区(γ)→BF相变,本质上相同,仅仅组织形貌不同。奥氏体中存在贫碳区,依靠涨落形成贫碳区,贝氏体铁素体在贫碳区中形核。形核地点优先选择奥氏体晶界,仅下贝氏体可在晶内形核。计算了临界晶核尺寸和形核功。贝氏体形核-长大是界面上原子非协同热激活跃迁过程。超低碳贝氏体可呈块状、条片状,增加碳含量时,则以亚单元方式形成贝氏体铁素体(BF),形貌从块状向条片状演化。     

Fe—C—Si—Mn合金中贝氏体表面浮突的精细结构

用扫描隧道显微镜对Ｆｅ－Ｃ－Ｓｉ－Ｍｎ合金中的下贝氏体浮突进行了观察研究。发现用透射显微镜观察到的最小结构单元－－亚单元是由更小的超亚单元组成的。超亚单元的浮突为“帐篷”型,而非不变平观应变型,表明它不是切变形成;超亚单元的浮突高度为６０－１４０ｎｍ,最大形状变型量约为０．２３,贝氏体的多层次结构以及合金元素Ｃ和Ｓｉ对它的影响可用激发形核－台阶生长机制来解释。     

贝氏体和马氏体相变及应用的研究

系统总结了清华大学相变及复相新材料研究组近年来在贝氏体相变领域关键性的最新研究成果，包括三维巨型及纳米台阶存在的客观性和普遍性、台阶阶面的可动性、贝氏体片条的内部超精细结构、贝氏体浮突的特征及本质、贝氏体碳化物的来源及形成模型、马氏体浮突的扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）及原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）研究；进一步论述贝氏体相变的激发形核－台阶长大（ＳＮＬＧ）机制，并用ＳＮＬＧ机制解释了贝氏体的多层次复杂亚结构；同时，还论述了空冷贝氏体／马氏体复相钢的工业应用。     

贝氏体和马氏体浮突的扫描隧道显微镜研究

本文首次用扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）研究了Ｆｅ－Ｃ－Ｃｒ钢中贝氏体和马氏体浮突的形态，利用ＳＴＭ所独具的优异的纵向分辨率，发现贝氏体浮突实际上是贝氏体的亚片条，亚单元及超亚单元造成的表面浮突所组成的浮突群，完全不符合马氏体浮突的不变平面应变特征，说明了贝氏体相变不可能按切变机制进行。     

贝氏体相变新机制的研究

21世纪以来,内蒙古科技大学在贝氏体相变理论研究方面取得了新成果。指出了过渡性是贝氏体相变的主要特征;提出了贝氏体的新定义和贝氏体相变的新机制;贝氏体相变在晶界形核,晶核是单相贝氏体铁素体（BF）,不是BF共析分解;在贫碳区形核,是贫碳的γ→α理的无扩散相变,不是切变过程,而是以界面替换原子非协同热激活跃迁方式形核长大;钢中贝氏体碳化物（Bc）在γ/α相界面上形核,向BF中长大,最终被铁素体包围,也是以界面原子热激活跃迁方式进行的。     

Cu－Zn－Al合金中马氏体和贝氏体浮突的原子力显微镜研究

首次采用原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）对Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金中的马氏体浮突和贝氏体浮突进行了定量观测。在此基础上，将ＡＦＭ的测量结果与马氏体相变表象理论（ＰＴＭＣ）进行了对比，发现马氏体浮突角与ＰＴＭＣ理论相符合，而贝氏体浮突角与ＰＴＭＣ理论不符合，说明贝氏体相变机制与马氏体不同，不可能是切变机制；同时发现贝氏体浮突是一组贝氏体亚单元所造成的浮突组成的浮突群     

钢中贝氏体相变研究新进展

最近支持扩散或切变机制的学派都提供了很多实验观察的事实和理论计算的结果。目前对贝氏体相变机制争论的重点在于:碳原子和合金元素原子在贝氏体相变时的行为,贝氏体的形核理论和整体动力学,贝氏体相变造成的表面浮凸及贝氏体相变晶体学等。对最近这些方面的研究成果以及外界条件(应力、磁场)对贝氏体相变的影响总结分析后发现,钢中贝氏体相变机制可能与钢的成分和相变温度相关而非单一的相变机制。日后需对贝氏体相变与钢的成分和温度之间的关系进行深入研究而并不是仅限于论证贝氏体是由单纯的扩散还是切变机制形成。     

贝氏体相变简介

钢、有色合金和一些陶瓷材料中都存在贝氏体相变。贝氏体钢正成为有益的工程材料。总结评述切变学派和扩散学派作者们以形貌、动力学或晶体学对贝氏体相变机制所持的论点。钢中贝氏体相变以过饱和铁素体开始形成之说迄未得到支持。一些实验已发现替代（置换）型合金元素在相界面上的偏聚，并以此所呈现的拖曳效应说明相变的不完全现象，切变学者以切变机制来解释这个现象，但此现象不是钢中贝氏体相变的普遍情况。贝氏体形成时呈现帐篷形浮突，不具不变平面应变特征；有时马氏体相变晶体学表象理论能近似地应用于贝氏体相变晶体学，但不能以此来判定其相变机制为扩散或切变。溶质拖曳效应以及高分辨电镜对相界面结构实验、热力学研究、磁场和应力场对贝氏体相变影响以及一些预相变现象都确证贝氏体相变籍扩散机制进行。本文作者定义贝氏体为：在Ms温度以上，经扩散相变的产物，多呈片状，形成时会在自由表面上呈现帐篷形浮突。提出贝氏体相变机制进一步研究和应用的展望。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis     

Preface

<正>We are pleased to present this Special Issue of Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China containing selected papers from the First Asian Conference on Aluminum Alloys(ACAA-2013),held in Beijing,China,13–17 October 2013.This conference has been initiated,with approval of     

Information for Contributors

The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China, is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology, including mineral processing, extraction metallurgy, metallic materials and heat treatments, metal working, physical metallurgy, powder metallurgy, with the emphasis on fundamental science. It is the unique preeminent publication in English for scientists, engineers, under/post-graduates on the field of nonferrous metals industry. This journal is covered by many famous abstract/index systems and databases such as SCI Expanded, Ei Compendex Plus, 1NSPEC, CA, METADEX, AJ and JICST.