联氮杂芳环含能化合物研究进展

联氮杂芳环化合物是一类重要的富氮含能化合物,是国内外含能材料研究领域热点之一。氮杂芳环可通过N—N、C—N单键等不同键合方式而获得种类繁多的联氮杂芳环含能化合物,主要包含对称型与非对称型两类结构,也可按双环、三环及多环等环系特征进行分类。综述了呋咱、多氮唑等富氮环系通过N—N、C—N单键键合所形成的联氮杂芳环含能化合物研究进展,重点评述了联氮杂芳环的构建方法及其含能化合物合成技术途径探索,同时,简要介绍了典型联氮杂芳环含能化合物的物化与爆轰性能。发展简捷、高效及条件温和的新型环系合成方法,引入新型高能基团,设计新型联氮杂芳环含能化合物应是今后该领域研究的重点。     

联唑类含能化合物及其含能离子盐研究进展

联唑类含能化合物及其含能离子盐是近年发展起来的一类新型含能材料,具有高氮含量、高生成焓、高爆轰性能和相对钝感等特性,在新型炸药、低特征信号推进剂、气体发生剂、低烟或无烟烟火等领域有着广泛的应用前景。综述了有关联-1,2,4-三唑、联四唑和5-(1,2,4-三唑)四唑等联唑类含能化合物及其含能离子盐的最新合成研究成果,并对部分化合物的物化性能进行了阐述。认为下一步的工作重点为研究富氮阳离子的引入对联唑类含能化合物感度和爆轰性能的影响,合成出综合性能更好的联唑类含能化合物。设计了9种新型联唑类含能化合物,并利用量子化学方法对其性能进行预估。     

高能碳氢燃料绿色合成技术研究进展

桥联富氮杂环化合物具有丰富的多样性，良好的热稳定性和优异的能量密度，是潜在的高能量密度材料，受到了国内外学者的广泛研究和报道。其中，亚氨基（—NH—）作为桥联单元，不仅能提高化合物的生成焓和能量密度，还能通过桥联的亚氨基形成氢键而降低感度，构建高能低感含能材料。本文介绍了亚氨基桥联富氮杂环化合物及其盐的研究进展，综述了这些含能化合物的制备方法、理化性质和爆轰性能，对亚氨基桥联富氮杂环化合物未来的发展潜力和重点研究方向进行了展望，从而为亚氨基桥联富氮杂环化合物的设计与合成提供借鉴和参考。     

偶氮桥连富氮杂环含能化合物的合成及性能研究进展

偶氮键不仅是一种桥连基团,通常还能提高富氮杂环含能化合物的密度和生成焓,因此,通过这种桥连方式来构筑新型含能材料已逐渐成为该领域的研究热点.本研究围绕唑类和嗪类两大类底物,从C—NH2和N—NH2氧化偶联两个方面,综述了近二十年来偶氮桥连富氮杂环含能化合物的制备方法、理化性质和爆轰性质等,为该类化合物后续的研究和发展提供一定的参考.     

联吡唑含能化合物合成及性能研究进展

联吡唑结构具有氮含量高、结构致密、钝感且热稳定性好的性质,是构建高能量密度材料理想的含能骨架。基于单吡唑环C—C、C—N以及N—N不同键合方式,从联吡唑环构建、爆轰基团引入策略与衍生物性能评价等方面,对近几年在含能材料领域已报道的5种联吡唑结构单元2H,2'H-3,3'-联吡唑(Ⅰ)、1H,1'H-4,4'-联吡唑(Ⅱ)、1'H-1,4'-联吡唑(Ⅲ)、2'H-1,3'-联吡唑(Ⅳ),1'H,2H-3,4'-联吡唑(Ⅴ)相关含能化合物的最新进展进行了简要综述。从合成方法及物化爆轰性能等方面梳理了联吡唑含能化合物合成研究发展方向与趋势。指出以下几点是今后联吡唑含能化合物发展的重点方向:筛选已报道的性能优异的联吡唑含能化合物进行合成优化及应用研究;通过引人不同的含能基团和富氮阳离子,设计合成更多综合性能优异的联吡唑含能化合物;完善联吡唑含能化合物研究体系,加强几种报道较少的联吡唑单元(如2'H-1,3'-联吡唑(Ⅳ)、1'H,2H-3,4'-联吡唑(Ⅴ)和1,1'-联吡唑(Ⅵ))含能化合物的制备与性能研究。     

含能分子合成最新进展

从含能分子设计、合成策略与路线优化、性能评价等角度对过去两年来含能材料合成领域的最新进展进行了简要综述。梳理了含能分子(含能离子盐和共价型含能分子)合成研究的发展方向与趋势。指出以下几点是今后研究的重点方向:通过硝胺化、羟基化以及N→O化等策略实现富氮杂环类含能离子盐的靶向合成、定向调控含能离子盐的结构和性能;注重于设计合成高氮含量的稠环结构、桥连骨架、以及共轭平面离域大π键结构的含能分子;加强新型B基含能分子的制备与性能研究;将极端条件下的合成技术如超低温合成、超临界合成等充分应用于含能分子设计与合成中。     

偶氮桥联氮杂环化合物结构与热化学性能的DFT研究（英）

为了探寻含能化合物结构与热化学性能的关系,用密度泛函理论方法研究了15种偶氮桥联氮杂环化合物的结构与热化学性能.在B3 LYP/6-31 G(d,p)水平上,优化了它们的结构,计算了它们的熵和等压热容,通过等键反应设计,估算了它们的生成焓.结果表明,杂环上的N原子与C原子均为sp2杂环原子,所有杂环,几乎在同一平面上.化合物生成焓与氮原子数目成正比,对于氮原子数目相同的化合物,化合物的生成焓随着偶氮桥与杂环上氮原子的距离和杂环上氮原子之间的距离的增加而减小.不同温度下的等压比热容与化合物的氮含量(杂环上的氮原子数)成反比.     

三唑类含能化合物研究进展

三唑类含能化合物是近些年发展的一类新型含能化合物,具有高生成焓、高氮含量和高热稳定性的特点。本文从分子结构出发,综述了单三唑类、双三唑类、吡唑基三唑类、噁二唑基三唑类和四唑基三唑类等40余系列含能化合物的最新合成研究成果,对部分化合物性能进行了阐述。并结合三唑类含能化合物的性能特点,指出基于构效关系设计新型三唑化合物,平衡能量-安全间的矛盾关系,是发展高能钝感三唑含能化合物的有效策略;在此基础上,设计合成笼状三唑含能化合物是较具潜力的发展方向,并提出筛选综合性能优异的三唑化合物开展应用研究。     

直链取代五唑共价化合物的稳定性和热解机理理论研究

五唑离子化合物是当前新型含能材料的一个研究热点,其制备通常以五唑共价化合物为前体实现.多数情况下,五唑共价化合物的稳定性对能否成功制备五唑离子化合物有很大影响.采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G**方法重点研究了18个直链取代五唑共价化合物(R—N5或N5—R—N5)的侧链化学键的解离能EBD和N5环的分解能垒Ea,分析了侧链对其稳定性和热解机理的影响.发现当R为羟基或氨基时,侧链容易断裂,N5环也容易破裂,难以得到N5-;当R为烷基时,N5环裂解的Ea相对较大,更可能得到N5-,且侧链C—N键和N5环的稳定性受烷基链长短影响不大;在双环分子中,两个N5环的裂解是先后发生的,后一个环的裂解能垒比前者高,裂解生成氮气和叠氮化物;分子侧链上的C—C键会先于C—N键断裂,从而可能使C—N键的EBD明显降低而对N5环的Ea影响不大,因此,在由五唑共价化合物制备五唑盐的过程中,先切断C—C键可能更利于得到N5-.     

双阳离子型咪唑含能盐的合成及性能

以2?甲基咪唑为原料,二溴甲烷为桥联试剂,经过亚甲基桥联、季铵化、硝化反应得到了双阳离子含能化合物3,3′?亚甲基双(2?甲基?1?硝酰氧乙基咪唑)二硝酸盐,然后通过复分解反应得到一系列分别以苦味酸负离子、二硝酰胺负离子、3,5?二硝基?1,2,4?三氮唑负离子和5?硝基四唑负离子为阴离子的双阳离子型含能盐。所合成的含能盐经紫外可见光谱(UV?Vis)、红外光谱(IR)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)、元素分析和热重分析(TGA)等分析表征。采用Kamlet?Jacobs方程估算了所合成双阳离子含能盐的爆速和爆压等爆轰参数。结果表明,双阳离子含能盐具有良好的热稳定性,其分解温度均高于169℃,第一阶段的热分解峰值温度均接近200℃。除了5?硝基四唑双阳离子盐,其余双阳离子含能盐均较对应单阳离子咪唑含能盐具有更高的热分解温度;同时所有双阳离子含能盐较对应单阳离子含能盐具有更高的熔点;部分双阳离子咪唑含能盐较对应单阳离子含能盐具有更高的密度。3,3′?亚甲基双(2?甲基?1?硝酰氧乙基咪唑)二(3,5?二硝基?1,2,4?三唑)盐和3,3′?亚甲基双(2?甲基?1?硝酰氧乙基咪唑)二(5?硝基四唑)盐的爆速和爆压介于2,4,6?三硝基甲苯(TNT)和黑索今(RDX)之间,表现出较好的爆轰性能。     

咪唑类含能化合物的研究进展

主要介绍了咪唑类含能化合物1,4-二硝基咪唑、2,4-二硝基咪唑、4,5-二硝基咪唑、2,4,5-三硝基咪唑、叠氮咪唑及其衍生物的研究现状与进展,并对咪唑类含能化合物的发展方向进行了展望.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.