低温动态加载下三组元HTPB复合固体推进剂的失效判据

基于三组元端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合固体推进剂在不同热加速老化时间(0,32,74,98 d)和不同加载温度(-50,-40,-30,-20,25℃)以及不同应变率(0.40,4.00,14.29,42.86,63 s~(-1))条件下的单轴和准双轴拉伸力学性能实验以及细观损伤观测实验,分析了加载条件对推进剂初始弹性模量,强度和最大伸长率的影响规律,确定了单轴和准双轴拉伸加载下推进剂的失效判据。结果表明:动态单轴加载下推进剂易因拉伸应力作用而失效,且热老化后推进剂抵抗破坏的能力降低,拉伸时的最大伸长率可选为失效判据。其次,拉压强度比更能反映推进剂的动态单轴拉压差异性,室温和低温条件下,其数值分别接近于0.4和0.2～0.3。动态准双轴拉伸加载下,推进剂的最大伸长率较单轴加载时明显降低,降低的幅度随热老化时间增长而增大,且温度越低,降低越明显。未老化推进剂在准双轴拉伸加载下的最大伸长率约为单轴拉伸条件下数值的60%～85%,而老化后约为40%～60%。低温高应变率条件下,最大伸长率不受应力状态和应变率变化的影响。动态双轴拉伸条件下的最大伸长率可选为相应加载下推进剂的失效判据以及点火建压条件下战术导弹固体火箭发动机(SRM)药柱结构完整性分析的判据,其数值可结合主曲线和老化模型确定。     

考虑初始缺陷的HTPB推进剂粘超弹本构模型

为研究端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂存在初始缺陷对其宏观力学性能的影响,对定制的不同界面缺陷含量的HTPB推进剂开展了多步松弛和单轴拉伸试验。获得了HTPB推进剂的平衡响应曲线和拉伸曲线。采用Ogden模型拟合了不含缺陷的HTPB推进剂的平衡响应曲线,引入应变率参数M来描述HTPB推进剂单轴拉伸曲线的率相关特性。通过该曲线拟合,得到了不含缺陷的HTPB推进剂的粘超弹本构模型参数。考虑了缺陷的影响,通过引入初始缺陷损伤因子f,构建了含初始界面缺陷的HTPB推进剂的粘超弹本构模型,分步拟合得到了所有模型参数。最后,用本研究所建模型预测了单轴拉伸载荷下的HTPB推进剂的宏观力学性能,结果表明,预测结果与试验结果一致,二者最大偏差仅为4.4%,验证了模型的可靠性。     

丁羟四组元推进剂的宽温围压单向拉伸力学行为

为了研究丁羟四组元推进剂在宽温围压条件下的单向拉伸力学性能，采用宽温-围压气体试验系统研究了不同温度（-50 ℃、20 ℃和70 ℃）、不同围压（0.1 MPa、2 MPa与8 MPa）与不同拉伸速率（100 mm·min^-1、1000 mm·min^-1和4200 mm·min^-1）下推进剂力学性能的变化规律。采用SEM扫描电镜与微米CT相结合的手段从细观层面分析宏观力学性能发展的内在细观原因，以此揭示外载荷对高固含量推进剂力学性能的影响机制。研究表明，常温与高温条件下，推进剂的损伤以“脱湿”为主；低温常压下则主要为“脱湿”和颗粒的韧断，当围压增大时会向颗粒的脆断转变，但延伸率随围压的增大仍然增大，分析认为主要是围压抑制了孔洞的产生和损伤的演化；在高围压不同拉伸速率下，常温和高温下推进剂表现出来的力学性能较为接近，这是因为高温会使粘合剂基体与固体填料之间的相互作用减弱，推进剂出现更严重的脱湿，而高围压则会抑制“脱湿”而减弱温度的影响；采用时压等效叠加原理（TPSP）进行最大抗拉强度主曲线拟合分析时，在低温-50 ℃条件下，时间-压强压位移因子与对应围压之间的关系并不符合标准形式，对于高固含量的推进剂而言TPSP叠加原理具有一定的使用局限性。     

单轴拉伸下NEPE固体推进剂细观结构演化行为研究

为了分析硝酸酯增塑聚醚（Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether, NEPE）推进剂在单轴准静态拉伸载荷下细观结构演化行为,基于Micro-CT对拉伸过程中NEPE推进剂开展了原位观测试验,对NEPE推进剂中高氯酸铵（AP）颗粒和初始缺陷的尺寸、形状等细观结构特征进行了表征,获取了单轴拉伸过程中推进剂细观结构的失效过程,并采用孔隙率对NEPE推进剂细观损伤的变化规律进行了定量分析,基于NEPE推进剂细观尺度上结构的演变规律解释了宏观力学性能变化的原因。结果表明,NEPE推进剂初始缺陷尺寸小、体积占比低,平均值为0.12%。单轴准静态拉伸过程中,NEPE推进剂的细观失效过程主要包括孔洞形核、生长与汇聚3个阶段;AP颗粒的体积分数虽然低,但是由于容易脱湿通常成为细观损伤的起点;当AP发生一定程度脱湿后,奥克托今（HMX）也会出现明显的脱湿,在分析NEPE推进剂细观失效问题时应当考虑HMX脱湿行为的影响。大量细观缺陷的形核与生长是NEPE推进剂宏观力学性能进入非线性段的原因,而细观缺陷的不断汇聚使得宏观应力增加落后于应变增加的现象越来越明显。加载过程中孔隙率呈现出先缓慢增加再急剧增加最后增加趋于平缓的变化趋势,孔隙率的变化规律不仅能够定量地反映NEPE推进剂细观缺陷的演化阶段,与NEPE推进剂宏观力学性能的变化也具有一定的对应关系。     

HTPB推进剂温度相关性失效准则

为建立考虑温度及应变率效应的端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂失效准则,通过不同温度下的HTPB推进剂应力松弛实验(233.15,253.15,273.15,293.15,323.15,343.15 K)得到了HTPB推进剂的时温等效因子,基于累积损伤理论和线性粘弹性理论,建立了含时温等效因子αT的推进剂失效准则,结合不同温度、不同速率下的单轴拉伸实验数据获取了失效准则损伤参数。利用该失效准则预测了不同温度和拉伸速度下推进剂材料的损伤演化特性和临界失效时间,与实验结果对比分析发现,失效准则预测相对误差低于20%,表明该失效准则能在低温233.15~273.15 K,拉伸速度2~500 mm·min~(-1)和高温293.15~343.15 K,拉伸速度0.5~100 mm·min~(-1)的条件下预测HTPB推进剂的失效情况。     

温度对HTPB推进剂疲劳特性的影响

为了研究端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂不同温度下的疲劳特性,进行了不同温度下恒应力控制的疲劳循环加载试验。以峰值应变作为损伤因子,基于损伤力学和粘弹性理论,建立了HTPB推进剂含温度效应的疲劳损伤三阶段演化模型。结果表明,随着温度的升高,材料的疲劳寿命缩短,疲劳断裂应变增大。疲劳过程中的峰值应变具有明显的三阶段演化规律:初始变形阶段、稳定发展阶段和加速阶段。建立的三阶段演化模型克服了两阶段模型不能考虑宏观裂纹扩展的缺点。拟合模型参数,运用线性回归的方式预测了213 K和333 K的理论结果,该结果和试验结果较为一致,因此,它可以很好地表征材料的损伤演化规律。     

基于能量耗散率的NEPE推进剂疲劳损伤分析

为研究NEPE推进剂在应变加载条件下的疲劳损伤演化,基于循环加载过程中的推进剂耗散能变化,利用能量耗散变化比对推进剂疲劳过程进行分析。通过4个应变幅值进行了单轴拉伸疲劳试验,得到不同应变幅值下NEPE推进剂疲劳寿命,并得到在不同加载周次下的耗散能。结果表明,这种能量法能够以直观的方式解释疲劳损伤过程中损伤的累计,在对数坐标下耗散能变化比的稳定值与疲劳寿命呈明显的线性关系,稳定值随初始加载应变幅值的增大而增加。当加载应变增大时,材料稳定段相邻加载间损伤累计越快,疲劳寿命相对减小,也解释了2次循环加载间损伤发展的原理。     

宽温域宽应变率下丁羟四组元HTPB推进剂单轴压缩力学行为

为研究丁羟四组元端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）推进剂在宽温域宽应变率下的单轴压缩力学行为,基于万能材料试验机、高速液压伺服试验机、分离式霍普金森压杆,结合可程式恒温恒湿试验机等温控手段,开展了宽温域宽应变率下的推进剂单轴压缩力学性能实验,获取了-40,-25,-10,20,50 ℃ 5个温度下10^-4~10³ s^-1应变率的丁羟四组元HTPB推进剂的应力应变曲线,并建立了HTPB推进剂的分段式单轴压缩率温本构关系。结果表明,HTPB推进剂的力学响应存在显著的率温相关性,在任意应变率下其力学响应都呈阶段性变化,即线弹性阶段-非线性屈服阶段-应变软化阶段或应变硬化阶段;且在高应变率下,非线性屈服行为后的应变软化现象明显弱于低、中应变率。此外,高应变率时,随着温度的降低,应力应变曲线的变化速率逐渐减缓;而低、中应变率却恰恰相反,随着温度的降低,应力应变曲线的变化速率逐渐加快。HTPB推进剂的力学强度随着温度的降低显著增大,温度从50 ℃降低至-40 ℃时,HTPB推进剂试件在宽应变率作用下的最大应力从2.2~8.8 MPa增长至约11~22 MPa。同时基于实验数据构建了分段式率温本构关系,发现其在温度较高时拟合效果更好,能够较好地预测HTPB推进剂的力学行为。     

复合改性双基推进剂黏弹性-黏塑性-黏损伤本构模型研究

为描述复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂复杂的力学性能,推导出黏弹性-黏塑性-黏损伤本构模型。进行一系列蠕变-回复试验,获得了本构模型参数。通过不同应力水平和不同加载时间下的蠕变-回复试验和恒加载率-回复试验,验证了本构模型的有效性。结果表明：黏弹性-黏塑性-黏损伤本构模型能够预测CMDB推进剂的蠕变-回复响应和恒加载率-回复响应;与黏弹性-黏塑性本构模型相比,黏弹性-黏塑性-黏损伤模型对CMDB推进剂力学性能的预测能力明显提高;损伤变量随着应变增大,在经过缓慢增大和快速增大后逐渐趋于稳定,应变变化越慢,损伤变量越大,黏弹性-黏塑性-黏损伤模型和黏弹性-黏塑性模型的预测结果差别就越大。     

HTPB/IPDI复合固体推进剂细观界面率相关参数的反演识别研究

为研究HTPB/IPDI(hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/isophorone diisocyanate)复合固体推进剂细观界面性能随加载速率的变化规律,基于分子动力学算法生成了HTPB/IPDI复合固体推进剂的细观颗粒填充模型。颗粒与基体间粘接作用通过结合粘弹性标准机械单元及指数型率无关内聚本构所构建出的率相关内聚力模型模拟。通过HTPB/IPDI基体胶片的应力松弛试验得到细观模型中基体材料的松弛参数。基于模型对HTPB/IPDI推进剂在不同加载速率下(0.1,5,20 mm·min~(-1))的宏观力学响应进行仿真计算。利用数值仿真结果与HTPB/IPDI推进剂单轴拉伸试验结果曲线,通过Hooke-Jeeves优化算法对率相关内聚力模型参数进行反演分析,得到了优化后的界面参数数值。利用所建立的模型对50,100 mm·min~(-1)加载速率下的HTPB/IPDI复合固体推进剂材料的宏观力学行为进行预测。结果显示,预测结果与实际试验结果较为一致。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.