2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的精制

研究了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)经酰化、重结晶和还原的新精制工艺,考察了精制工艺条件对ANPyO纯度、粒径分布、机械感度、摩擦感度和微观结构的影响。对比了新精制工艺样品和三氟乙酸精制样品的酸度、熔点、热安定性和撞击感度。结果表明,精制中间体2,6-二乙酰氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物采用DMF作溶剂重结晶,氨气作胺化剂,50 ℃条件下所得ANPyO产物总收率为90.5%,纯度为99.5%,样品的粒度、微观结构和安全性能较理想。新精制工艺所得产物pH为6.3,熔点355 ℃,真空安定性0.01 mL·g-1,撞击感度257 cm,摩擦感度2%,性能显著优于三氟乙酸精制所得ANPyO产物。     

包覆对新型炸药2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物某些性能的影响

采用溶液-水悬浮-蒸馏法,以氟橡胶F2311和丁腈橡胶(NBR)包覆2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO),利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析法(TG)和感度试验表征包覆前后ANPyO的结构和性能.试验结果表明,用F2311和NBR包覆后的ANPyO热分解峰值温度分别下降了8.3℃和7.8℃,分解热分别提高了282.4 J·g-1和41.5 J·g-1.包覆后颗粒变大.红外光谱中N-H特征峰分别红移了2 cm-1和3.9 cm-1至3280.6 cm-1和3367.4 cm-1,氮杂原子的特征峰红移了5.8 cm-1至1232.4 cm-1.撞击感度由16%分别下降为14%和10%,摩擦感度由30%分别下降为26%和28%.通过对F2311和NBR包覆后ANPyO结构和性质的分析,包覆对ANPyO有一定的降感作用.     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的合成与性能

以2,6-二氨基吡啶为起始原料,经硝化、氮氧化两步反应得到2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)。硝化反应和氮氧化反应收率分别为90%、84%,ANPyO总收率为75%,高于Ritter-Licht公开的方法(45%)。测试了ANPyO的爆速(7000m.s-1,1.50g.cm-3)、DSC放热峰(365℃),以及5s延滞期爆发点(400℃)、摩擦感度(360N)和落锤感度(250cm)。结果表明:ANPyO爆轰性能和安全性能与1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)接近,是一种在含能材料领域有应用前景的新型高能钝感炸药。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物晶体形貌的MD模拟

为探讨溶剂对炸药晶体形貌的影响机制和溶剂的选择依据,采用附着能(AE)模型预测2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)在真空的晶体形貌,确定其主要生长晶面;并运用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究ANPyO晶面与溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的相互作用及其本质,进而通过修正的AE模型预测其在DMF中的晶体形貌。结果表明:ANPyO在真空中的晶体形状接近椭圆,主要生长晶面为(110)、(100)、(11-2)及(10-1)面。溶剂与晶面间存在较强相互作用,径向分布函数分析表明相互作用能主要包括范德华作用,库仑作用和氢键。在溶剂DMF中,晶面的修正附着能绝对值顺序为(110)(11-2)(10-1)(100),ANPyO晶体形貌接近片状,与已有实验结果一致。此外,DMF分子在ANPyO晶面的扩散系数研究结果表明,扩散系数与修正附着能绝对值成线性关系,晶体生长形貌亦受溶剂扩散能力的影响。     

加速量热仪研究2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的绝热分解

为考察2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)的热稳定性,用绝热加速量热仪测定了ANPyO的绝热分解过程,获得了分解的温度、压力、升温速率等随时间的变化曲线以及温升速率、分解压力随温度的变化曲线。结果表明:绝热分解过程有两个放热反应阶段,其中第一阶段为主要的热分解阶段,温升速率有显著的变化。计算得表观活化能为293.61 kJ·mol-1、指前因子为1.515×1023min-1,反应热为940.92 J·g-1。ANPyO初始分解温度高达290.8℃,有良好的热稳定性。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物为基的耐热混合炸药性能

分别制备了以2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)为基,加入氟橡胶F2311、氟橡胶F2603及其两种混合物黏结剂和增塑剂组成的三种耐热混合炸药,进行了耐热性、感度、成型性、爆炸能量和破甲威力性能测试。结果表明,三种以ANPyO为基耐热炸药有良好的耐热性能,可以在200～250℃温度条件下使用;成型性能良好;机械感度比较接近,均低于单质ANPyO,撞击和摩擦感度最小值分别为10%和24%;爆速和破甲性能均高于以PYX基的混合炸药,爆速提高约400m.s-1,破甲深度提高约30mm。     

新型炸药2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的射流冲击感度实验研究

为分析新型高能钝感炸药2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)的射流冲击感度,在口径为56 mm的聚能装药和炸高为80 mm条件下,进行了45#钢隔板覆盖下无围压炸药冲击起爆感度实验。用"Langlie法"获得了ANPyO临界起爆隔板厚度,用AUTODYN计算了临界头部速度和射流直径,标定了ANPyO的临界起爆阈值,并与8701炸药的试验结果作了比较。结果表明:临界爆轰时,8701炸药覆盖的45#钢隔板临界厚度约160 mm,ANPyO炸药的临界隔板厚度约为68 mm,比8701降低了约57.5%。ANPyO炸药的临界速度为3.7 mm·μs-1,射流头部直径为4.8 mm,临界冲击起爆阈值约为32.3 mm3·μs-2,8701为7.16mm3·μs-2,ANPyO为8701炸药的4.5倍,可见ANPyO钝感于8701,是一种低射流起爆感度炸药。     

重结晶方法对2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物晶体特性及性能影响

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)是性能优异的耐热炸药,其晶体形状对安全及加工性能有较大影响,重结晶溶剂和方法直接影响所得LLM-105的晶体特性。用二甲基亚砜和65%硝酸为溶剂,分别采用降温法、正相和反相溶剂/非溶剂法及超声波辅助结晶的方法,对LLM-105进行了重结晶研究。研究结果表明:无论用何种溶剂,直接降温法重结晶得到的LLM-105,晶体形状均不规则;用溶剂/非溶剂正相滴加法在超声作用下可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用溶剂/非溶剂反相滴加法也可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的规则颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用65%浓度的HNO3水溶液反相滴加重结晶得到的LLM-105晶体平均粒径适中,粒度跨度小,撞击感度最低。获得了纯度和晶型好,感度大幅度降低LLM-105的制备方法:65%HNO3水溶液反相滴加法。     

2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶及其氮氧化物的氧化胺化反应

以氨水为胺化剂,KMnO4为氧化剂,在不同反应条件下实现2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ANPy)和2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)4位的氧化胺化反应,目标化合物2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(TANPy)和2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(TANPyO)的收率分别达到81.5%和85.4%.探讨了溶剂类型、氨水浓度等反应条件对目标化合物产率影响,并讨论了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物)氧化胺化反应结果与3-硝基吡啶不同的原因.采用1H NMR, IR和MS对目标化合物的结构进行了表征.     

TMPSHSO4催化N2O5/有机溶剂硝化2,6-二乙酰氨基吡啶-1-氧化物

以2，6-二乙酰氨基吡啶-1-氧化物（DAPO）为原料，在Ⅳ，Ⅳ，Ⅳ-三甲基-N-丙磺酸基-硫酸氢铵（TMPSHSO4）催化条件下，采用N2O5／有机溶剂硝化2，6-二乙酰氨基毗啶制得2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物（ANPyO）。考察了在TMPSHSO4催化条件下反应溶剂、温度和时间对ANPyO产率的影响，结果表明最佳反应条件为：反应溶剂为CH3NO2，反应温度为60℃，反应时间为5h，ANPyO产率为92．5％。用^1HNMR，IR和MS对ANPyO的结构进行了表征。     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

Finite Element Analysis of Fretting Behavior Between an Engine Cylinder Block and a Main Bearing Cap

The finite element analysis of the fretting behavior between a cylinder block and a main bearing cap is presented. The stresses, relative fretting slip, fretting friction work parameter W and crack initiation location parameter G on the fretting contact surface of the cylinder block are obtained and analyzed. It shows that the fretting fatigue problem of the cylinder block can be quantitatively explained by W or G. The effects of pretightening force, friction factor and material combination of the cylinder block and the main bearing cap are studied. The computational results indicate that the fretting fatigue of the cylinder block can be allayed by increasing the elastic modulus of the cylinder block, but not by changing the other two factors.     

An Efficient Key Agreement Framework to MANET

Protocols for key management are compared and evaluated from the point of view on mobile ad hoe networks （MANET）. The issues of fault-tolerance and efficiency of key distribution protocols for group communications in MANET are addressed. Most key distribution protocols existing today are primarily designed for wlre-line networks. These protocols either fail to work as intended or cannot work at all when they are applied to the demanding environment of MANET. Parameters and performance of different protocols are analyzed, and then a fiat is given out, on which new protocols or existing ones are designed and modified, so that they can be robust, scalable and efficient in MANET.     

A Physical Model of Electromagnetic Force from PEMA Acted on Metal Projectiles

Electromagnetic armor is a new conceptual combat vehicle technology, which improves remarkably the defensive capability and maneuverability of vehicles. The authors present definitely to apply the electromagnetic theory to analyze the electromagnetic armor. Based on electromagnetics, the experienced expression of projectile and the physical model of PEMA （passive electromagnetic armor） are obtained when electric current flows through the system, and a computer sim- ulation is given.     

The Kinematics Analysis of the Hydraulic Mine-clearing Mechanical Manipulator

Through analyzing the kinematics of the hydraulic manipulator operating system, according to the rules for set-ing up the D-H coordinate system, the generalized coordinate of the manipulator system is established. The rotating and moving joints are selected from the mechanism as joint variables. Each generalized transformation matrix of joints is worked out. The kinematics equation at the finger end of the manipulator is calculated. The obverse solution for the manipulator is gained. The geometrical operating parameters and primary technical specification of the manipulator system are simulated through the computer. The simulative result has shown that the manipulator operating system meets the working task requirements. This research provides theoretical basis for optimizing structural parameters of the manipulator operating. So it also is justified the feasibility for mechanical manipulators to be used in the engineering equipment platform of the hydraulic excavator.