不同状态膨化硝酸铵的自敏化结构研究

采用真空析晶法制备不同状态膨化硝酸铵(EAN)样品，利用密度测试法、N2吸附法、扫描电镜法、板痕试验法测试普通硝酸铵(AN)和不同状态EAN的孔隙率、孔隙结构、比表面积、粒子表面形貌及雷管起爆感度和作功能力。结果表明：普通AN颗粒表面比较规则光滑、密实、孔隙率和比表面积低；EAN样品颗粒表面不规则，存在大量棱角、突起、晶形严重歧化，比表面积大、孔隙率高，具有典型的自敏化结构特征；用不同状态EAN样品制得的铵油炸药(ANFO)的雷管起爆感度和作功能力与AN结构密切相关，膨化ANFO样品的雷管起爆感度和作功能力较普通ANFO样品高。实验所采用的表征技术可用于揭示不同状态EAN的自敏化结构。     

膨化硝酸铵晶体特性研究

膨化硝酸铵是一种改性硝酸铵晶体,具有显著自敏化特征,成功应用于各类膨化硝铵炸药及震源药柱中.在膨化剂(表面活性剂)的作用下改善了膨化硝酸铵的物理性能和晶体结构及其特征.本文通过硝酸铵固体表面接触角的测量,算出了膨化硝酸晶体表面能;利用差热分析(DSC)技术给出了膨化剂对硝酸铵晶变的影响;采用x射线衍射分析了膨化硝酸铵晶体的晶格特性.     

自敏化硝酸铵安全性能及其应用研究

本文在研究表面活性理论基础上,应用真空析晶技术制得了颗粒内部含有大量微气孔的硝酸铵,这种硝酸铵易粉碎、比表面大、具有自敏化的特征,其起爆感度增加.文中对自敏化硝酸铵的机械感度、热感度、静电感度、雷管感度等进行了全面的研究.结果表明,自敏化硝酸铵的雷管感度在工业生产过程中是可以控制的,用自敏化硝酸铵代替普通硝酸铵可以制得性能优良的硝铵炸药.     

自敏化硝酸铵安全性能及其应用研究

本文在研究表面活性理论基础上，应用真空析晶技术制得了颗粒内部含有大量微气孔的硝酸铵，这种硝酸铵易粉碎、比表面大、具有自敏化的特征，其起爆感度增加。文中对自敏化硝酸铵的机械感度、热感度、静电感度、雷管感度等进行了全面的研究。结果表明，自敏化硝酸铵的雷管感度在工业生产过程中是可以控制的，用自敏化硝酸铵代替普通硝酸铵可以制得性能优良的硝铵炸药。     

膨化硝铵震源药柱配方的优化设计

在普通硝酸铵中 ,加入专用表面活性剂和水 ,进行溶化 -真空结晶处理 ,制得一种含有微气泡的自敏化硝酸铵 ,这种改性硝酸铵称为膨化硝酸铵。用膨化硝酸铵替代原用普通硝酸铵 ,震源药柱内装药中的梯恩梯含量降低 50 %。文中建立了震源药柱内装药配方设计的数学模型。给出了高、中、低爆速膨化硝铵震源药柱的三个配方和爆炸特征数据。     

评自敏化理论最新专著———《膨化硝铵炸药 自敏化理论》

由我国炸药领域著名学者、专家、博士生导师、南京理工大学原副校长吕眷绪教授撰写的《膨化硝铵炸药自敏化理论》一书，己于2008年5月在兵器工业出版社隆重出版，目前正在《爆破器材》编辑部发行。     

疑似危险物的鉴定与评估

为配合公安机关对疑似危险物进行鉴定和评估,由国家颁布的国家标准《化学品物理危险性测试导则》和《GB/T 13226-1991工业雷管铅板试验方法》,被系统地应用于危险物的爆炸性试验鉴定与评估标准。其中,联合国隔板试验1(a)、克南试验1(b)和时间/压力试验1(c)用于鉴别危险物是否具有爆炸性;雷管敏感度试验5(a)用于确定危险物对强烈机械刺激的敏感度;铅板试验用于鉴定各种火雷管、电雷管和导爆管雷管是否具有爆炸性。利用上述试验方法,对硝酸铵(AN)和高氯酸铵(AP)样品,以及某公安机关缴获的疑似黑火药和导火索、疑似硝铵炸药、疑似电雷管和火雷管等危险物,进行了燃烧性或爆炸性的鉴定和评估。结果表明,AN不能用工业雷管起爆,AP以及与AN的混合物均具有爆炸性,能用工业雷管起爆,验证了该爆炸性试验鉴定与评估标准的有效性。疑似硝铵炸药可用联合国隔板试验1(a)鉴别出是否具有爆炸性,疑似黑火药和疑似导火索可用燃烧试验定性鉴别出是否具有燃烧性,疑似电雷管和疑似火雷管可用铅板试验鉴别出是否具有爆炸性。     

有机玻璃法测试硝铵炸药的爆压

为更好地理解硝铵炸药状态对爆轰性能的影响，采用有机玻璃法测试硝铵炸药的爆速和爆压。简要介绍了有机玻璃法测炸药爆压的原理和实验装置，采用该法测试了普通硝铵炸药及3种膨化硝铵炸药的爆速、爆压。结果表明，硝铵炸药具有低爆速和低爆压的非理想爆轰特征，膨化硝铵炸药较普通硝铵炸药具有更高的爆速和爆压，颗粒粒度减小有利于提高膨化硝铵炸药的爆压性能。有机玻璃法是同时获得硝铵炸药爆速和爆压数据的简便方法。     

铵油炸药微观结构及其对雷管起爆感度的影响

炸药微观结构对性能影响显著,为更好认识铵油炸药(ANFO)微观结构及其对起爆感度的影响,采用扫描电镜法(SEM)和密度测试法表征不同状态铵油炸药颗粒的微观结构,通过切片技术观测ANFO炸药颗粒内部的微观特征,借鉴板痕试验原理测试样品雷管起爆感度。结果表明,未膨化ANFO炸药颗粒内部及外部孔洞和裂纹很少,颗粒表面较膨化ANFO炸药光滑;膨化ANFO炸药颗粒表面存在大量孔洞、裂纹和突起,表面凹凸不平,颗粒内部存在大量毛孔和孪晶。研究同时表明,膨化AN颗粒内的晶体生长过程并未进行完全。多孔的颗粒结构和凹凸不平的颗粒表面有利于提高ANFO的雷管起爆感度。     

硝酸铵的膨化机理研究

膨化硝酸铵是一种自敏化改性硝酸铵,由硝酸铵溶液在专用表面活性剂作用下,经真空强制析晶工艺制得.文中研究了膨化硝酸铵制备的膨化过程和专用表面活性剂的作用,结果表明:在真空和表面活性剂作用下,硝酸铵溶液由不饱和状态至饱和状态,进而达到过饱和状态,最终导致硝酸铵的快速结晶和体系的膨胀.在真空干燥过程中,形成中心空穴、微细孔道和裂缝,它们使膨化硝酸铵的起爆感度提高;专用表面活性剂具有降低硝酸铵溶液表面张力、发泡剂和加快结晶成核的作用.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.