六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的粒度控制生产工艺

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的粒度和形貌对其感度、安全性以及填药密度有重要的影响。研究通过控制和优化重结晶工艺条件,分别探索超声辅助重结晶法和反溶剂法中不同因素以及搅拌器类型对CL-20晶体粒度的影响。在超声辅助重结晶法中,考察了超声连续震动和间歇震动频率以及不同超声频率(20~40 kHz)对生产小粒经产品的影响;在反溶剂法中,以乙酸乙酯和三氯甲烷为良溶剂和不良溶剂,考察了三氯甲烷滴加速度(20、50、100 mL·h^-1)、三氯甲烷与乙酸乙酯滴加量比例(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3),重结晶时间(24、48、72 h)以及重结晶温度(30、40、50℃)对大粒径产品的影响。通过设计正交试验,确定了最优条件;在对搅拌器对产品影响的研究中,选择了四直叶开启涡轮式、六直叶涡轮式和双层分散盘三种搅拌器类型以及相应的多种转速对产品的粒度和形貌的影响。结果表明,间歇超声辅助重结晶可显著减小晶体粒度,采用频率40 kHz,每震动30 min,停5 min的超声方式,可以获得平均粒度为14μm的CL-20颗粒;反溶剂法控制粒径的研究中,结晶时间72 h、结晶温度30℃、三氯甲烷滴加速度为20 mL·h^-1、滴加量为150 mL时,可获得大粒径的CL-20产品(平均粒度为140μm);采用双层分散盘制备的CL-20晶体外形为类球形,表面光滑均匀,粒径在40~100μm之间可控。对比四直叶开启涡轮式和六直叶涡轮式搅拌器制备的晶体,采用双层分散盘制得的产品撞击感度和摩擦感度较低,撞击感度特性落高值和摩擦感度爆炸概率分别为23.5 cm和44%。     

超细CL-20的制备与测试

采用溶剂.非溶剂的方法得到了CL-20超细颗粒,并进行表征.结果表明,细化后CL-20的颗粒形貌更为圆滑,粒度分布处于0.352-1.198μm之间,晶型仍为ε型.感度测试表明,细化后的CL-20较之原材料撞击感度有所降低,冲击片感度有所提高.     

超临界CO_2反溶剂法制备CL-20超细微粒

利用超临界二氧化碳反溶剂法(SAS),以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,聚乙烯醇-200(PEG-200)为表面活性剂,在50℃、12 MPa,CL-20溶液质量百分浓度为5%的条件下,制备了CL-20超细微粒。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)对其进行了测试,研究了其撞击感度,对SAS过程中CL-20晶型的形成机理进行了分析。研究表明,所得CL-20超细微粒表面圆润,无明显棱角,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为1.33μm。     

超细CL-20/HMX共晶的制备、表征及其与推进剂组分的相容性

通过加入微量溶剂,采用超高效混合技术,在70 g的加速度条件下反应30 min制备得到摩尔比为2∶1的超细六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与奥克托今(CL-20/HMX)共晶,通过X射线粉末衍射、差示扫描量热法鉴定了CL-20/HMX共晶的形成,并对其形貌、粒度、感度等进行了表征测试。结果表明:制备的超细CL-20/HMX共晶纯度为92.6%,共晶炸药呈规则块状、表面光滑、粒径小于1μm、粒度分布均匀,其X射线衍射图在11.558°,13.264°,18.601°,24.474°,33.785°,36.269°处出现新的较强的衍射峰。超细CL-20/HMX共晶放热分解过程中只有一个放热分解峰,其放热峰温为248.3℃,其分解放热量(2192.1 J·g^-1),显著高于相同摩尔比的物理混合物(1327.3 J·g^-1)。按照GJB772A-1997《炸药试验方法》测得的摩擦感度比原料CL-20降低了16%,特性落高比原料CL-20提高28.6 cm,比原料HMX提高11.5 cm,形成共晶后安全性能更高。采用DSC法研究了超细CL-20/HMX共晶与推进剂常用组分均聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(HGAP)、硝化甘油/1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯混合物(NG/BTTN)、缩二脲三异氰酸酯(N-100)、高氯酸铵(AP)、铝粉(Al)的相容性,发现超细CL-20/HMX共晶与NG/BTTN、AP、Al的相容性较好,与HGAP、N-100不相容。     

晶形控制剂对HMX炸药晶体生长影响的实验研究

为了防止奥克托今(HMX)炸药晶体聚集和长大,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为晶形控制剂,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,去离子水为非溶剂,采用喷射结晶超细化方法和热干燥方式,研究了PVP的不同添加量对HMX晶体生长的影响。利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对PVP-HMX的形貌和官能团进行了表征。用标准方法 GJB772A-1997测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,PVP的添加量为0.4%时,HMX的晶体粒径分布与热干燥前一致。HMX颗粒为近球形,其粒径分布在1～3μm。HMX红外峰没有出现新的官能团峰。PVP-HMX的特性落高H50比原料HMX提高了248.3%。     

超细CL-20/TNT共晶炸药的喷雾干燥制备与表征

采用喷雾干燥法制得超细CL-20/TNT共晶炸药。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对其大小和形貌进行表征,利用X射线衍射法(XRD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其是否形成共晶进行判定,并对其进行撞击安全性能测试与分析。结果表明,所制得的样品不是CL-20与TNT简单的混合,而是形成了超细CL-20/TNT共晶炸药,粒径小于1μm并团聚成1~10μm的微球;超细CL-20/TNT共晶炸药的熔点为132.32℃,热分解过程分两个阶段,第一阶段和第二阶段的分解放热峰温分别为218.98℃和253.15℃,特性落高为49.3 cm,比原料CL-20高36.2 cm。     

不同晶体特性CL‍-20热晶变规律与动力学

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）的晶型转变与控制技术是含能材料领域的热点,也是其应用推广时必须解决的关键问题。为了更加深入掌握不同晶体特性ε-CL-20的晶型转变规律与机制,采用原位X射线粉末衍射仪技术,对其热晶变行为及等温晶变动力学进行研究,探讨了晶体表面及内部缺陷对CL-20的ε→γ热晶变行为的影响,计算了不同晶体特性ε-CL-20的等温晶变动力学并获得了相关参数。结果表明,温度是影响ε-CL-20热晶变的主导因素,对于几十到几百微米的ε-CL-20,随着晶体内部及表面缺陷的增多,热晶变起始温度降低、热晶变速率增大。与粒径100μm的ε-CL-20晶体相比,超细ε-CL-20(0.5～1μm)的热晶变起始温度更高,热晶变速率也较快,并从晶体缺陷的两面性解释了超细ε-CL-20的异常热晶变行为。CL-20在热刺激作用下发生ε→γ晶变时,晶体的表面缺陷及内部缺陷作为相变过程的薄弱环节对其有诱导作用,γ晶型在ε-CL-20晶体上成核势垒较低的空位、杂质或位错等缺陷处优先成核,随后在这些位置逐渐长大。     

超细CL-20/Cr2O3复合物的制备、表征与性能

为降低六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷（简称HNIW,CL-20）的机械感度,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术,制备出了平均粒径为1~2μm的超细CL-20/Cr2O3复合含能材料。用扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）对CL-20/Cr2O3复合物的形貌、粒径大小、复合方式进行了表征,并对其撞击感度、摩擦感度进行了测试。结果表明,CL-20与多孔性Cr 2 O 3气凝胶之间为物理复合,超细CL-20/Cr 2 O 3复合物撞击感度的特性落高值提高了230.2%,摩擦感度降低了30%。     

HNS-IV的制备及粒径、形貌控制

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶方法制备了超细六硝基芪(HNS-IV),研究了溶解溶剂、非溶剂、洗涤溶剂及干燥方式对HNS-IV粒径及形貌的影响.采用扫描电镜和激光粒度对HNS-IV晶体的形貌、粒径进行了分析.结果表明,较适宜的溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶解溶剂,H2O非溶剂,CH3OH洗涤溶剂;较适宜的干燥方式为室温...     

细颗粒LLM-105的制备及粒度控制技术研究

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶法制备了粒度D505μm的LLM-105颗粒,并对影响粒度的加料方式、非溶剂温度、溶剂量、搅拌速度、表面活性剂以及干燥方式等工艺条件进行研究,得到制备细颗粒LLM-105(D505μm)的工艺参数为:反式滴加法,非溶剂H_2O温度小于35℃,mLLM-105∶VDMSO≤1g∶15m L。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.