超细HNS/HMX混晶的制备与性能

为提高超细六硝基茋HNS(HNS-Ⅳ)输出能量,采用溶剂/非溶剂法制备超细HNS/HMX混合晶体,并进行形貌表征及性能研究.结果表明: 混晶中的HMX细化晶体依然为β型,并被HNS超细粒子包覆在核内;HNS-Ⅳ与超细HNS/HMX比例为80/20和70/30时,其性能测试结果为: 比表面积(SBET): 14.25 m2·g-1、9.98 m2·g-1、9.56 m2·g-1;撞击感度: 52%、76%、78%;摩擦感度: 14%、16%、19%;起爆能: 0.49 J、0.50 J、0.58 J.     

高纯纳米HNS的制备与表征

采用溶液急冷重结晶和溶剂非溶剂重结晶相结合的方法得到了2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-六硝基茋(HNS)高纯纳米颗粒.经过纳米化后,HNS的颗粒形貌更为圆滑,粒度分布处于58.9～231.6nm之间,纯度由90.1％提高到99.44％,比表面积为19.27m2·g-1.撞击感度测试表明,纳米HNS的撞击感度较之原料HNS有所降低,冲击片感度提高.     

机械球磨法制备纳米HNS及其热分解性能

为细化六硝基茋(HNS),采用高能球磨法制备出了平均粒径为94.8 nm的纳米HNS炸药。用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外(IR)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、DSC-IR和5 s爆发点,进行了HNS样品的表征和分析。结果表明,球磨后炸药的微观形貌呈类球形,粒度呈正态分布。机械球磨作用并未改变HNS原有的晶型、分子结构、及表面元素,说明该制备纳米HNS方法十分可靠。纳米HNS热分解的表观活化能较原料HNS高12.4 kJ·mol~(-1),说明纳米HNS分子的活化需要更高的能量。纳米HNS被加热后分解成了大量的CO_2和少量H_2O,而N元素以非极性的N_2分子存在。纳米HNS的5s爆发点(T_(5s))较原料高12.2℃,说明纳米HNS具有更低的热感度。     

冲击片雷管用炸药HNS─Ⅳ

美军于1994年12月颁布了关于炸药2，2＇，4，4＇，6，6＇—六硝基，HNS—Ⅳ的军用规范MIL－E－82903（OS），代替了美国海军海洋系统司令部关于HNS－Ⅳ的技术规范WS32972A（1990年2月）。该军用规范建立了具有高热稳定性的小颗粒HNS炸药的采购要求，供海军海洋系统司令部使用，并适用于国防部所属各部局。规范规定HNS—Ⅳ应由HNS—Ⅱ粉碎沉淀而得，应为比表面积在5．0～25．0m2·g－1内的超细颗粒尺寸的材料，压制的HNS—Ⅳ装药能被沉定的冲击片组件起爆，在室温条件下测试时，其平均飞片速率应小于或等于3．00mm·μs-1和大于或…     

高纯高比表面积HNS的研究

完成了HNS的提纯和超细的研制，使HNS的纯度达到以99%以上，平均粒径小于1μm，并确定了高纯度比表面积HNS（HNS-F）百克量级的制备工艺，HNS-F的技术指标达到美国同类产品的要求，并按标准通过了8项完全性鉴定试验，药剂在冲击片雷管中的最低发火能量为0.30J。     

HNS的临界厚度测试研究

为了验证六硝基茋(HNS)的爆轰波传播性能,采用楔形装药方法对三种HNS装药的临界厚度进行了实验研究,其装药密度分别为1.00,1.570 g·cm-3,粒径分别为20 μm,9 μm,89 nm.结果表明: HNS粒度对爆轰波传播特性影响显著,粒度减小,临界截面厚度变小,即爆轰波传播性能增强;装药密度的增加利于爆轰波传递,在装药密度为1.570 g·cm-3时,HNS-Ⅳ的临界厚度只有0.46 mm.     

重结晶法级配六硝基茋(HNS)的实验研究

采用溶剂-非溶剂法重结晶级配六硝基茋(HNS),研究在同一系统中同时实现六硝基茋重结晶细化为不同粒径颗粒的粒度级配体系.以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,水为非溶剂,通过改变溶液温度﹑溶液浓度﹑搅拌速度和滴加速度4个影响因素,研究其与系统中HNS的粒度大小和分布的关系,最终确定了两种粒度(1～2μm,10～15μm)级配的最佳工艺条件,以及对级配产生主要影响的因素为溶液浓度和溶液温度,并从理论上进行了分析.     

原位XRD方法研究HNS/Dioxane溶剂化物去溶剂化过程中的微观结构与性能

炸药与溶剂形成的溶剂化物晶体结构极不稳定,在特定条件下易失去溶剂分子重新形成炸药晶体。为考察六硝基茋(HNS)与1,4-二氧六环(Dioxane)的溶剂化物在快速去溶剂化过程中的结构和性能变化,采用X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)原位热解的去溶剂化方式使其分解,并对其微观结构变化与宏观性能进行初步研究。结果表明:采用原位XRD的方式可实现HNS/Dioxane溶剂化物的去溶剂化分解,得到具有超细多孔的HNS团簇结构。与原料HNS相比,去溶剂化HNS的比表面积显著增大,由1.6 m~2·g~(-1)增为3.7 m~2·g~(-1),特性落高H_(50)由109.3 cm降为29.9 cm,静电火花感度的起爆所需能量E_(50)值由原料HNS的0.896 J降为0.413J,摩擦感度由原料HNS的36%降为12%,表明溶剂化物快速去溶剂的方式不仅可以得到具有微纳米多孔的HNS,还可以有效地提高其对不同刺激的响应程度。     

六硝基茋的高效液相色谱法分析

建立了分析主成分六硝基茋(HNS)和主杂质六硝基联苄(HNBB)的高效液相色谱法。该法在Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm)进行,以乙腈和水为流动相,比例为56∶44,流速为0.7 mL·min-1,用紫外-可见检测器,检测波长226 nm,柱温25℃,进样量10μL。在优化的色谱条件下,HNS和HNBB分别在5~100 mg·L-1和2~50 mg·L-1浓度范围内,线性关系良好,线性相关系数r0.999,检出限分别为0.60,0.31 mg·L-1,定量限分别为2.00,1.02 mg·L-1,加标回收率为99.60%~100.39%,相对标准偏差为1.63%~2.07%。该方法线性范围广,灵敏度高,重现性好,结果准确可靠,可用于HNS产品中有关物质的检测分析,满足实际样品分析的需求。     

TATB和HNS超细炸药的微结构和分形特性（英文）

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶方法制备了TATB超细炸药和六硝基茋(HNS)超细炸药,对其微结构行了扫描电镜测试、比表面积测试、氮气吸附法分析和分形分析。结果表明,HNS超细炸药是由腰果状纳米颗粒以或紧密或疏松方式堆积而成的团聚体,比表面积为11.8 m2·g~(-1)。TATB超细炸药是由纳米颗粒互相连接而成的团聚体,比表面积24.77 m2·g~(-1)。氮气吸附结果显示,HNS和TATB两个样品均呈现IV型吸附曲线,滞后环均位于相对压力较高的区域。Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)和Horvaih-Kawazoe(HK)曲线显示,在孔径12以下和80以上区域中,TATB样品的孔体积和表面积大于HNS样品,在孔径12~80区域则相反,由此可见TATB的高孔体积和高表面积源于微孔区的作用,而非介孔区的作用。两个样品的吸附曲线均展现出分形微结构,分维数在p/p_0处于0.005~0.04区间较低,在p/p_0处于0.04~0.10区间中等,在p/p_0处于0.1~0.2区间则较高,这三个区间里,TATB样品的分维数均都高于HNS样品。与样品表面积数据相比,BJH、HK数据和分形分析提供的微结构信息更为详细,这将有助于对超细炸药团聚体微结构和微结构-性能关系的理解。     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

Finite Element Analysis of Fretting Behavior Between an Engine Cylinder Block and a Main Bearing Cap

The finite element analysis of the fretting behavior between a cylinder block and a main bearing cap is presented. The stresses, relative fretting slip, fretting friction work parameter W and crack initiation location parameter G on the fretting contact surface of the cylinder block are obtained and analyzed. It shows that the fretting fatigue problem of the cylinder block can be quantitatively explained by W or G. The effects of pretightening force, friction factor and material combination of the cylinder block and the main bearing cap are studied. The computational results indicate that the fretting fatigue of the cylinder block can be allayed by increasing the elastic modulus of the cylinder block, but not by changing the other two factors.     

An Efficient Key Agreement Framework to MANET

Protocols for key management are compared and evaluated from the point of view on mobile ad hoe networks （MANET）. The issues of fault-tolerance and efficiency of key distribution protocols for group communications in MANET are addressed. Most key distribution protocols existing today are primarily designed for wlre-line networks. These protocols either fail to work as intended or cannot work at all when they are applied to the demanding environment of MANET. Parameters and performance of different protocols are analyzed, and then a fiat is given out, on which new protocols or existing ones are designed and modified, so that they can be robust, scalable and efficient in MANET.     

A Physical Model of Electromagnetic Force from PEMA Acted on Metal Projectiles

Electromagnetic armor is a new conceptual combat vehicle technology, which improves remarkably the defensive capability and maneuverability of vehicles. The authors present definitely to apply the electromagnetic theory to analyze the electromagnetic armor. Based on electromagnetics, the experienced expression of projectile and the physical model of PEMA （passive electromagnetic armor） are obtained when electric current flows through the system, and a computer sim- ulation is given.     

The Kinematics Analysis of the Hydraulic Mine-clearing Mechanical Manipulator

Through analyzing the kinematics of the hydraulic manipulator operating system, according to the rules for set-ing up the D-H coordinate system, the generalized coordinate of the manipulator system is established. The rotating and moving joints are selected from the mechanism as joint variables. Each generalized transformation matrix of joints is worked out. The kinematics equation at the finger end of the manipulator is calculated. The obverse solution for the manipulator is gained. The geometrical operating parameters and primary technical specification of the manipulator system are simulated through the computer. The simulative result has shown that the manipulator operating system meets the working task requirements. This research provides theoretical basis for optimizing structural parameters of the manipulator operating. So it also is justified the feasibility for mechanical manipulators to be used in the engineering equipment platform of the hydraulic excavator.