国外四嗪四唑类高氮含能材料研究进展

对国外正在研究的四嗪、四唑类高氮含能材料进行了综述,介绍了部分四嗪、四唑类高氮化合物及其衍生物的合成、理化性质和应用前景,对国外研究的3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DHT)、3,3′-偶氮(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)、3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)、联四唑(BHT)等进行了重点描述。     

五种呋咱衍生物的新法合成

改进3-(N-2,4,6-三硝基苯基)-氨基-4-硝基呋咱、3-氨基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱、3-硝基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱、 3,3′-(1H-5-四唑基)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱及3-氨基-4-(4-氰基-5-氨基-1-1,2,3-三唑基) 呋咱的合成方法,反应条件相对温和,产率相应提高: 3-氨基-4-硝基呋咱与2,4,6-三硝基氯苯(苦基氯) 反应以36.1%的收率制得3-(N-2,4,6-三硝基苯基)-氨基-4-硝基呋咱; 3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱和叠氮基成环得到3-氨基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱,产率90.9%; 以高锰酸钾为氧化剂氧化3-氨基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱合成出86.8%的3,3′-(1H-5-四唑基) -4,4′-偶氮呋咱,以30%的双氧水、钨酸钠及甲磺酸为氧化体系则得到75.6%的3-硝基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱; 3-氨基-4-叠氮基呋咱与丙二腈作用制得3-氨基-4-(4-氰基-5-氨基-1-1,2,3-三唑基) 呋咱,产率为91.8%; 采用核磁、红外、质谱等分析手段对所合成化合物进行结构表征。      

富氮含能化合物合成方法研究进展

富氮化合物作为一种高能量密度化合物具有绿色和高能量的特性,5-氨基四唑（5-AT 也叫5-ATZ）、1,5-二氨基四唑（DAT）和3,4-二氨基呋咱（DAF）作为富氮含能材料基础对于后续大分子富氮化合物的合成具有重要用途;本文综述了3种5-AT 的合成方法,4种 DAT 的合成方法,两大类5种 DAF 的合成方法;并对这些方法的优缺点给以论述,对于指导实验室条件下选取合适的合成方法具有参考价值。     

3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成研究

研究了高氮化合物3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)的合成,并通过元素分析、IR、1H NMR、13C NMR等对其结构进行表征和确认.     

含能快递

<正>南洋大学成功地合成出高氮化合物1-(1 H-四唑-5-基)胍及其硝酸盐四唑基胍是一个已知的、含氮量高达85.2%高氮化合物,但是没有详细的合成方法和结构表征报道。近来,新加坡南洋大学详细地报道了1-(1 H-四唑-5-基)胍及其硝酸盐的合成方法(右图)、完整的结构表征及其热化学表征。由于这两个化合物都是负氧平衡,可望用作热化学方面的冷却剂,特别是1-(1 H-四唑-5-基)胍硝酸盐具有负生成焓(-281.7kJ·mol-1)、氧平衡好、热稳定性高(分解温度191℃)、高气体产出、低火焰温     

3,6-双（1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基）-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成及其性能

研究了低感度高氮化合物3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4．四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)的合成,并通过元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR等对其结构进行表征和确认;测试了BTATz的部分理化性能,BTATz在钝感炸药和低特征信号推进剂极具应用潜力。     

3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物的合成与表征

以3，6-对（3，5-二甲基吡唑）-1，2，4，5-四嗪（BT）为起始物，经取代反应合成了3，6-二氨基-1，2，4，5-四嚷（DATZ），产率95．3％，再经过氧蚁酸氧化得到四嗪类高氮低感度炸药——3，6-二氨基-1，2，4，5-四嗪-1，4-二氧化物（DATZO2），产率60．2％；利用IR、NMR、MS、元素分析和DSC等对其结构进行了表征和确认，并对合成反应条件进行了初步探讨，认为最佳反应条件为DATZ1．12g（0．01mol），甲酸20ml，双氧水4ml，25℃反应1h。     

1,2,4,5-四嗪的四唑类衍生物高能量密度材料的分子设计

运用密度泛函理论DFT-wB97/6-31+G**方法研究了30种1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的几何结构、前线轨道能量和生成焓(ΔH_f)。在此基础上运用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算了衍生物的爆轰性能。分析了标题化合物的键离解能。运用统计热力学,计算了部分标题化合物在200~800 K的热力学性质。比较了1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的爆轰性能和热稳定性。结果表明,它们的生成焓为920.46~2610.45 kJ·mol~(-1),爆速为7.69~9.31 km·s~(-1)。—NO_2和—N=N—不利于增加衍生物的稳定性。随温度升高,标准摩尔热容(c_p)、标准摩尔熵(S_m)和标准摩尔焓(H_m)逐渐增大。化合物i2(3-(5-硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑)-6-硝基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)、ii2(3-(偶氮-5-硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑)-6-硝基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)和iv2(3,6-偶氮-双(5-硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪)可以作为高能量密度材料候选物。     

三硝基乙基四嗪化合物的合成与表征

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)为前驱体,经亲核取代得到3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DAT),再氧化偶联合成3,3'-偶氮-双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT),DAAT与2,2,2-三硝基乙醇反应得到3,3'-偶氮双(6-(N-2,2,2-三硝基乙基)氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(BATAT)。采用核磁、质谱等分析手段对其进行表征,用Monte-carlo方法计算得到BATAT的密度为1.827 g·cm-3,用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算得到BATAT爆速和爆压分别为8.76 km·s-1和34.11 GPa。     

4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-1H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶的合成与性能（英）

以4-氨基-2,6-二氯吡啶为原料,经过硝化和缩合两步反应,合成出一种新型耐热炸药,4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-1H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ABDP),总收率为36%。采用核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对产物结构进行表征。分别研究了3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑和5-氨基四唑与4-氨基-2,6-二氯-3,5-二硝基吡啶的缩合反应,结果发现,3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑中伯胺和仲胺的亲核性相近,5-氨基四唑中仲胺的亲核性优于伯胺。用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了ABDP的热分解性能,发现其在322 ℃有一个热分解峰,322 ℃时总热失重量为97%,采用Rothstein方法计算4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-2H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶的爆速为8823 m·s^-1,爆压为36.72 GPa。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Finite Element Analysis of Fretting Behavior Between an Engine Cylinder Block and a Main Bearing Cap

The finite element analysis of the fretting behavior between a cylinder block and a main bearing cap is presented. The stresses, relative fretting slip, fretting friction work parameter W and crack initiation location parameter G on the fretting contact surface of the cylinder block are obtained and analyzed. It shows that the fretting fatigue problem of the cylinder block can be quantitatively explained by W or G. The effects of pretightening force, friction factor and material combination of the cylinder block and the main bearing cap are studied. The computational results indicate that the fretting fatigue of the cylinder block can be allayed by increasing the elastic modulus of the cylinder block, but not by changing the other two factors.     

An Efficient Key Agreement Framework to MANET

Protocols for key management are compared and evaluated from the point of view on mobile ad hoe networks （MANET）. The issues of fault-tolerance and efficiency of key distribution protocols for group communications in MANET are addressed. Most key distribution protocols existing today are primarily designed for wlre-line networks. These protocols either fail to work as intended or cannot work at all when they are applied to the demanding environment of MANET. Parameters and performance of different protocols are analyzed, and then a fiat is given out, on which new protocols or existing ones are designed and modified, so that they can be robust, scalable and efficient in MANET.