3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成研究

研究了高氮化合物3,6-双(1氢-1,2,3,4-四唑5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)的合成,并通过元素分析、IR、1H NMR、13C NMR等对其结构进行表征和确认.     

3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物的合成放大与性能研究

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2-二氢-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BDT)为起始物,经两步反应得到了30克级3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,4-二氧化物(DATZO2),总产率46.8%。其中,以用氧气取代氮氧化物为氧化剂获得了合成四嗪类高氮含能材料的重要中间体3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)。对不同合成条件和重结晶条件下获得产物的微观结构进行了表征,并对其感度进行了测试。对产物的热分解性能进行了研究,获得了DATZO2的热分解动力学参数和机理函数。     

三硝基乙基四嗪化合物的合成与表征

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)为前驱体,经亲核取代得到3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DAT),再氧化偶联合成3,3'-偶氮-双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT),DAAT与2,2,2-三硝基乙醇反应得到3,3'-偶氮双(6-(N-2,2,2-三硝基乙基)氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(BATAT)。采用核磁、质谱等分析手段对其进行表征,用Monte-carlo方法计算得到BATAT的密度为1.827 g·cm-3,用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算得到BATAT爆速和爆压分别为8.76 km·s-1和34.11 GPa。     

3,6-双（1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基）-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成及其性能

研究了低感度高氮化合物3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4．四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)的合成,并通过元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR等对其结构进行表征和确认;测试了BTATz的部分理化性能,BTATz在钝感炸药和低特征信号推进剂极具应用潜力。     

3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪及其盐的合成与表征

以三氨基胍盐酸盐和2,4-戊二酮为原材料,通过成环反应,氧化脱氢,肼基取代,三步合成了3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪,同时,对3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的含能盐的合成进行了研究。对文献报道的反应路线进行了适当的放大研究。通过红外光谱分析、元素分析、质谱分析和1HNMR等方法对产物的结构特征进行了鉴定。     

1,2,4,5-四嗪的四唑类衍生物高能量密度材料的分子设计

运用密度泛函理论DFT-wB97/6-31+G**方法研究了30种1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的几何结构、前线轨道能量和生成焓(ΔH_f)。在此基础上运用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算了衍生物的爆轰性能。分析了标题化合物的键离解能。运用统计热力学,计算了部分标题化合物在200~800 K的热力学性质。比较了1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的爆轰性能和热稳定性。结果表明,它们的生成焓为920.46~2610.45 kJ·mol~(-1),爆速为7.69~9.31 km·s~(-1)。—NO_2和—N=N—不利于增加衍生物的稳定性。随温度升高,标准摩尔热容(c_p)、标准摩尔熵(S_m)和标准摩尔焓(H_m)逐渐增大。化合物i2(3-(5-硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑)-6-硝基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)、ii2(3-(偶氮-5-硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑)-6-硝基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)和iv2(3,6-偶氮-双(5-硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪)可以作为高能量密度材料候选物。     

3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成与表征研究

介绍了3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成步骤和合成工艺,并且通过红外、元素、质谱和核磁共振氢谱等方法对其结构特征进行了鉴定.     

双肼基均四嗪十氢十硼酸盐的合成

以3,6-双(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪为原料通过肼基取代反应合成了3,6-双肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪,以十氢十硼酸双四乙基铵盐为原料通过离子交换法制备了十氢十硼酸,再经过成盐反应合成了双肼基均四嗪十氢十硼酸盐化合物,产率为80%。通过IR、1H NMR、元素分析等方法对产物的结构进行了表征。采用氧弹燃烧法,测试其燃烧热值为37.5 kJ·g-1。     

多叠氮基嗪异构化反应的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT),对3,6-二叠氮基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DiAT)和2,4,6-三叠氮基-1,3,5-三嗪(TAT)的叠氮→四唑异构化反应(关环反应)进行了研究。在B3LYP/6-311G**水平下优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、过渡态、产物)的几何构型,计算了各物种的总能量,并对总能量进行零点能校正。设计等键反应计算了各物种的生成焓,分析叠氮基向四唑环的转化对化合物分子构型、生成焓的影响。研究表明:3,6-二叠氮基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DiAT)经两步环化反应生成四唑异构体,其反应能垒分别为100.5,117.4 kJ.mol-1。2,4,6-三叠氮基-1,3,5-三嗪(TAT)经三步环化反应生成四唑异构体,其反应能垒分别为101.8,99.7,108.7 kJ.mol-1。叠氮基环化为四唑环时,分子生成焓增大。从热力学上判断,TAT关环反应比DiAT关环反应更难进行。用自洽反应场(SCRF)方法对叠氮→四唑异构化反应进行溶剂化效应的计算,分析了二甲亚砜对分子性质的影响。     

高能氧化剂N-氧化-3'3-偶氮-双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)合成与性能

以3,6-二氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪为原料,经高锰酸钾、双氧水/三氟乙酸酐两步氧化反应得到高能氧化剂N-氧化-3'3-偶氮-双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAATO3.5),总收率为53.1%。用红外光谱、核磁共振以及元素分析表征了其结构。探讨了双氧水/三氟乙酸酐氧化的反应机理。确定其适宜反应条件为:3,3'-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)/(CF3CO)2O/H2O2料比1∶12.5∶11,反应时间20 h,反应温度20~25℃。用DSC和TG-DTG研究了DAATO3.5的热行为,其热分解峰温为254.6℃,表明DAATO3.5有良好的热稳定性。DAATO3.5密度为1.840 g·cm-3,摩擦感度100%(90°摆角),撞击感度100%(10 kg,25 cm)。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.